History through the eyes of the potato - Leo Bear-McGuinness

2,445,589 views ใƒป 2015-12-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Baked or fried,
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ืืคื•ื™ ืื• ืžื˜ื•ื’ืŸ,
00:08
boiled or roasted,
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ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืื• ืฆืœื•ื™,
00:09
as chips or fries.
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ื›ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื• ื›ืฆ'ื™ืคืก.
00:11
At some point in your life, you've probably eaten a potato.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื, ื›ื ืจืื” ืื›ืœืชื ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”.
00:15
Delicious, for sure,
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ื˜ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
00:16
but the fact is potatoes have played a much more significant role in our history
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
00:20
than just that of the dietary staple we have come to know and love today.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœืื”ื•ื‘.
00:26
Without the potato,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”,
00:27
our modern civilization might not exist at all.
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
00:31
8,000 years ago in South America, high atop the Andes,
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ืœืคื ื™ 8,000 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืื ื“ื™ื,
00:35
ancient Peruvians were the first to cultivate the potato.
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ืคืจื•ืื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ืคื— ืืช ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”.
00:38
Containing high levels of proteins and carbohydrates,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช,
00:41
as well as essential fats, vitamins and minerals,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื,
00:44
potatoes were the perfect food source to fuel a large Incan working class
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ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื“ืœืง ืžืขืžื“ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืงื”
00:49
as they built and farmed their terraced fields,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื• ื•ื”ื™ื• ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืืกื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
00:52
mined the Rocky Mountains,
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ื›ืจื• ื‘ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืกืœืขื™ื™ื,
00:53
and created the sophisticated civilization of the great Incan Empire.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื ืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
00:58
But considering how vital they were to the Incan people,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื ืงื”,
01:01
when Spanish sailors returning from the Andes
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ื›ืฉืžืœื—ื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืžื”ืื ื“ื™ื
01:03
first brought potatoes to Europe,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
01:05
the spuds were duds.
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ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•.
01:08
Europeans simply didn't want to eat
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ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ
01:09
what they considered dull and tasteless oddities from a strange new land,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืžื•ื–ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื˜ืขื ืžืื“ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื”,
01:14
too closely related to the deadly nightshade plant belladonna for comfort.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœืฆืžื— ื”ืกื•ืœื ื•ื ื‘ืœื“ื•ื ื” ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื•ื—.
01:19
So instead of consuming them,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื,
01:20
they used potatoes as decorative garden plants.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื ื”.
01:24
More than 200 years would pass before the potato caught on
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 200 ืฉื ื” ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ืชืคืก
01:28
as a major food source throughout Europe,
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ื›ืžืงื•ืจ; ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
01:30
though even then,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื–,
01:31
it was predominantly eaten by the lower classes.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš.
01:34
However, beginning around 1750,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1750,
01:37
and thanks at least in part
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช
01:38
to the wide availability of inexpensive and nutritious potatoes,
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ืœื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื” ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื,
01:42
European peasants with greater food security
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ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:45
no longer found themselves
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ืœื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:47
at the mercy of the regularly occurring grain famines of the time,
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ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืกื“ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
01:51
and so their populations steadily grew.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช.
01:54
As a result, the British, Dutch and German Empires
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช
01:57
rose on the backs of the growing groups of farmers, laborers, and soldiers,
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ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื,
02:02
thus lifting the West to its place of world dominion.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:06
However, not all European countries sprouted empires.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื• ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช.
02:10
After the Irish adopted the potato,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืื™ืจื™ื ืืžืฆื• ืืช ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
02:12
their population dramatically increased,
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช,
02:14
as did their dependence on the tuber as a major food staple.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืคืงืขืช ื‘ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:19
But then disaster struck.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ืคื’ืข.
02:21
From 1845 to 1852,
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ืž 1845 ืœ 1852,
02:23
potato blight disease ravaged the majority of Ireland's potato crop,
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ืžื—ืœืช ืฉื™ื“ืคื•ืŸ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“,
02:28
leading to the Irish Potato Famine,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืจืขื‘ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืื™ืจื™,
02:31
one of the deadliest famines in world history.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:34
Over a million Irish citizens starved to death,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื™ืจื™ื ืจืขื‘ื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช,
02:37
and 2 million more left their homes behind.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื.
02:41
But of course, this wasn't the end for the potato.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”.
02:44
The crop eventually recovered,
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ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ืงืžื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
02:45
and Europe's population, especially the working classes,
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ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
02:49
continued to increase.
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ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:51
Aided by the influx of Irish migrants,
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ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืจื™ื,
02:53
Europe now had a large, sustainable, and well-fed population
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ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื•ืžื•ื–ื ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
02:58
who were capable of manning the emerging factories
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืื™ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื
03:01
that would bring about our modern world via the Industrial Revolution.
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ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
03:06
So it's almost impossible to imagine a world without the potato.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืœื™ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”.
03:09
Would the Industrial Revolution ever have happened?
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช?
03:12
Would World War II have been lost by the Allies
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ื”ืื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
03:15
without this easy-to-grow crop that fed the Allied troops?
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืื›ื™ืœื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช?
03:19
Would it even have started?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”?
03:20
When you think about it like this,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš,
03:22
many major milestones in world history can all be at least partially attributed
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื‘ื ื™ ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช
03:27
to the simple spud from the Peruvian hilltops.
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ืœืชืคื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืื ื™ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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