History through the eyes of the potato - Leo Bear-McGuinness

2,472,531 views ใƒป 2015-12-14

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeonggyu Kang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:06
Baked or fried,
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์ฐŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํŠ€๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
00:08
boiled or roasted,
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์‚ถ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ตฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:09
as chips or fries.
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์นฉ์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜น์€ ํŠ€๊น€์œผ๋กœ
00:11
At some point in your life, you've probably eaten a potato.
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์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ฏค์€ ๊ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๋“œ์…”๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
Delicious, for sure,
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์ •๋ง ๋ง›์žˆ์ฃ .
00:16
but the fact is potatoes have played a much more significant role in our history
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ์ž๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
00:20
than just that of the dietary staple we have come to know and love today.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Without the potato,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:27
our modern civilization might not exist at all.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ์•„์˜ˆ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
8,000 years ago in South America, high atop the Andes,
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8์ฒœ๋…„ ์ „, ๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋†’๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ์•ˆ๋ฐ์Šค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜
00:35
ancient Peruvians were the first to cultivate the potato.
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
Containing high levels of proteins and carbohydrates,
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๋†’์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์น˜์— ์ด์–ด
00:41
as well as essential fats, vitamins and minerals,
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ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ๋น„ํƒ€๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋„ค๋ž„๊นŒ์ง€, ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์–‘์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š”
00:44
potatoes were the perfect food source to fuel a large Incan working class
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๊ฐ์ž๋Š” ์ž‰์นด์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ผ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์Œ์‹์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
as they built and farmed their terraced fields,
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๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๋ฉด ๋†๊ฒฝ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:52
mined the Rocky Mountains,
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๋กœํ‚ค์‚ฐ๋งฅ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ๋“ค์„ ์ฑ„๊ตดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
00:53
and created the sophisticated civilization of the great Incan Empire.
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์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ์ž‰์นด ๋Œ€์ œ๊ตญ์„ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
But considering how vital they were to the Incan people,
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์ž‰์นด์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์‹์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ์ž์˜€์ง€๋งŒ
01:01
when Spanish sailors returning from the Andes
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์•ˆ๋ฐ์Šค ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์„ ์›๋“ค์ด
01:03
first brought potatoes to Europe,
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์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์„ ๋•Œ
01:05
the spuds were duds.
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๊ฐ์ž๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ์ž‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
Europeans simply didn't want to eat
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ
01:09
what they considered dull and tasteless oddities from a strange new land,
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์‹ฑ๊ฒ๊ณ  ๋ง›์ด ์—†๋˜ ๊ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ ,
01:14
too closely related to the deadly nightshade plant belladonna for comfort.
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๋…์„ฑ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋˜ ๋ฒจ๋ผ๋„๋‚˜์—ฝ๊ณผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‹ฎ์•„ ๊ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•ด ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
So instead of consuming them,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ,
01:20
they used potatoes as decorative garden plants.
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๊ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ƒ์šฉ ์‹๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ธธ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
More than 200 years would pass before the potato caught on
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๋ฌด๋ ค 200๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธด ์„ธ์›”์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ
01:28
as a major food source throughout Europe,
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๊ฐ์ž๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
though even then,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ๊ฐ์ž๋Š”
01:31
it was predominantly eaten by the lower classes.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
However, beginning around 1750,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ 1750๋…„ ๋ฌด๋ ต์—
01:37
and thanks at least in part
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์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์–‘๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€
01:38
to the wide availability of inexpensive and nutritious potatoes,
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๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ๋•๋ถ„์—
01:42
European peasants with greater food security
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์ด ์™”์„ ๋•Œ,
01:45
no longer found themselves
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๊ณก๋ฌผ ๋Œ€์‹  ๊ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๋จน์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ
01:47
at the mercy of the regularly occurring grain famines of the time,
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๊ตถ์–ด ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
and so their populations steadily grew.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
As a result, the British, Dutch and German Empires
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์˜๊ตญ, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์™€ ๋…์ผ ์ œ๊ตญ๋“ค์€
01:57
rose on the backs of the growing groups of farmers, laborers, and soldiers,
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๋†๋ฏผ, ๋…ธ๋™์ž, ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
02:02
thus lifting the West to its place of world dominion.
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์„œ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:06
However, not all European countries sprouted empires.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ตญ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
After the Irish adopted the potato,
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์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋ฉด์„œ,
02:12
their population dramatically increased,
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์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
02:14
as did their dependence on the tuber as a major food staple.
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๊ฐ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
But then disaster struck.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘, ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์žฌ๋‚œ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
From 1845 to 1852,
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1845๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1852๋…„๊นŒ์ง€
02:23
potato blight disease ravaged the majority of Ireland's potato crop,
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์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์— ๊ฐ์ž์žŽ๋งˆ๋ฆ„๋ณ‘์ด ๋Œ๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
02:28
leading to the Irish Potato Famine,
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๊ทธํ›„ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฐ์ž ๊ธฐ๊ทผ ์‚ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
one of the deadliest famines in world history.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฐธํ˜นํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์ฃ .
02:34
Over a million Irish citizens starved to death,
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100๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ตถ์–ด ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
02:37
and 2 million more left their homes behind.
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๊ทธ์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ 200๋งŒ๋ช…์€ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
But of course, this wasn't the end for the potato.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
The crop eventually recovered,
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๊ฐ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:45
and Europe's population, especially the working classes,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋…ธ๋™์ž ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š”
02:49
continued to increase.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
Aided by the influx of Irish migrants,
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์ด๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
02:53
Europe now had a large, sustainable, and well-fed population
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€ ๊ฐ“ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:58
who were capable of manning the emerging factories
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
that would bring about our modern world via the Industrial Revolution.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
03:06
So it's almost impossible to imagine a world without the potato.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ์ž ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ด๋ž€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
Would the Industrial Revolution ever have happened?
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๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:12
Would World War II have been lost by the Allies
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2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „๋•Œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์„ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:15
without this easy-to-grow crop that fed the Allied troops?
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์€ ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:19
Would it even have started?
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์•„๋‹ˆ, 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:20
When you think about it like this,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด,
03:22
many major milestones in world history can all be at least partially attributed
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์˜ ์–ธ๋•์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ž๋ž€ ๊ฐ์ž์™€ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€, ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
to the simple spud from the Peruvian hilltops.
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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