How the world's longest underwater tunnel was built - Alex Gendler

3,740,770 views ใƒป 2020-03-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Flanked by two powerful European nations, the English Channel
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ืžืื•ื’ืคืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ืชืขืœืช ืœืžืื ืฉ
00:12
has long been one of the worldโ€™s most important maritime passages.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:16
Yet for most of its history,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:17
the channelโ€™s rocky shores and stormy weather
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ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืกืœืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืกื•ืขืจ
00:20
made crossing a dangerous prospect.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื—ืฆื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
00:23
Engineers of the early 1800's proposed numerous plans
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ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”19 ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:27
for spanning the 33 kilometer gap.
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ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ืŸ 33 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
00:31
Their designs included artificial islands linked by bridges,
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืœืœื• ืื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืฉืจื™ื,
00:35
submerged tubes suspended from floating platforms,
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ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื ืžืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืช,
00:39
and an underwater passage more than twice the length of any existing tunnel.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืชืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื ื”ืจื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
00:44
By the end of the century,
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”,
00:45
this last proposal had captured European imagination.
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ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื›ื“ื” ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื.
00:50
The invention of the tunnel boring machine
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ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช
00:52
and the discovery of a stable layer of chalk marl below the seabed
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกืœืข ืžืฉืงืข ื’ื™ืจื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื
00:57
made this fantastic tunnel more feasible.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ืจื” ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
01:00
But the projectโ€™s most urgent obstacles were ones no engineer could solve.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ.
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
01:06
At the time,
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01:07
Britons viewed their geographic isolation as a strategic advantage,
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™,
01:11
and fears about French invasion shut down plans for the tunnel.
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ื•ืคื—ื“ ืžืคืœื™ืฉื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื—ื™ืกืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ืจื”.
ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืœืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
01:16
The rise of aerial warfare rendered these worries obsolete,
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01:20
but new economic concerns arose to replace them.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ.
01:24
Finally, 100 years after the initial excavation,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, 100 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
01:27
the two countries reached an agreementโ€”
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืกื›ื --
01:29
the tunnel would proceed with private funding.
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ื”ืžื ื”ืจื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™.
01:33
In 1985, a group of French and British companies
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ื‘ 1985, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆืจืคืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
01:36
invested the modern equivalent of 14 billion pounds,
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ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ 14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื’,
01:40
making the tunnel the most expensive infrastructure project to date.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ืจื” ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
01:46
The design called for three separate tunnelsโ€”
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงืจื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช --
01:49
one for trains to France, one for trains to England,
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ืื—ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆืจืคืช, ืื—ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
01:52
and one service tunnel between them.
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ื•ืžื ื”ืจืช ืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ.
01:55
Alongside crossover chambers, emergency passages, and air ducts,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื—ืจื•ื, ื•ืชืขืœื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ,
01:59
this amounted to over 200 kilometers of tunnels.
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ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 200 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช.
02:04
In 1988, workers began excavating from both sides,
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ื‘ 1988, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื,
02:08
planning to meet in the middle.
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืข.
02:10
Early surveys of the French coast revealed the site was full of fault lines.
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ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืงื•ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืจ.
02:15
These small cracks let water seep into the rock,
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ื”ืกื“ืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžื™ื ืœื—ืœื—ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœืข,
02:19
so engineers had to develop waterproof boring machines.
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ืื– ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžื™ื.
02:23
The British anticipated drier conditions, and forged ahead with regular borers.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฆื™ืคื• ืœืชื ืื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช.
02:28
But only months into the work, water flooded in through undetected fissures.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืคื• ื“ืจืš ืกื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื–ื•ื”ื•.
02:34
To drill in this wet chalk, the British had to use grout
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื•ื— ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื™ืจ ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื™ื—
02:37
to seal the cracks created in the borerโ€™s wake,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื˜ื•ื ืืช ื”ืกื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
02:40
and even work ahead of the main borer
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช
02:43
to reinforce the chalk about to be drilled.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœื”ืงื“ื—.
02:46
With these obstacles behind them, both teams began drilling at full speed.
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ืขื ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื”ื, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืงื“ื•ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:52
Boring machines weighing up to 1,300 tons drilled at nearly 3.5 meters per hour.
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื” ืฉืฉืงืœื• ืขื“ 1300 ื˜ื•ืŸ
ืงื“ื—ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 3.5 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”.
03:00
As they dug, they installed lining rings to stabilize the tunnel behind them,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ืคืจื•, ื”ื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื™ื”ื,
03:05
making way for support wagons following each machine.
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ืžืคื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืขื’ืœื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
03:09
Even at top speed, work had to proceed carefully.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:13
The chalk layer followed a winding path between unstable rock and clay,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืชืขืงืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืกืœืข ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืžืจ.
03:18
punctured by over 100 boring holes made by previous surveyors.
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ืžื—ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื ื”ื•ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืงืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.
03:23
Furthermore, both teams had to constantly check their coordinates
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
03:27
to ensure they were on track to meet within 2 centimeters of each other.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ 2 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
03:32
To maintain this delicate trajectory,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ,
03:34
the borers employed satellite positioning systems,
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ื”ืงื•ื“ื—ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
03:38
as well as paleontologists who used excavated fossils
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืคืœืื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืคืจื•
03:42
to confirm they were at the right depth.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืฉืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:45
During construction, the project employed over 13,000 people
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”, ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 13,000 ืื ืฉื™ื
03:49
and cost the lives of ten workers.
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ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
03:52
But after two and a half years of tunneling,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืคื™ืจื”,
03:55
the two sides finally made contact.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
03:58
British worker Graham Fagg emerged on the French side,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’ืจืื”ื ืคืื’ ื™ืฆื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™,
04:02
becoming the first human to cross the channel by land since the Ice Age.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืื– ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื—.
04:07
There was still work to be doneโ€”
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช --
04:09
from installing crossover chambers and pumping stations,
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ืžื”ืชืงื ืช ืชืื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื‘ื”,
04:12
to laying over a hundred miles of tracks, cables, and sensors.
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ืœื”ื ื—ืช ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื.
04:17
But on May 6, 1994, an opening ceremony marked the tunnelโ€™s completion.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 6 ื‘ืžืื™ 1994, ื˜ืงืก ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืžื ื”ืจื”.
04:23
Full public service began 16 months later,
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ืฉืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžืœื ื”ื—ืœ 16 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
04:26
with trains for passengers and rail shuttles for cars and trucks.
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ืขื ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื™ืœืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช.
04:31
Today, the Channel Tunnel services over 20 million passengers a year,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ืžืฉืจืชืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 20 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
04:36
transporting riders across the channel in just 35 minutes.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืชืขืœื” ืชื•ืš 35 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:41
Unfortunately, not everyone has the privilege of making this trip legally.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืœื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™.
04:46
Thousands of refugees have tried to enter Britain through the tunnel
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ืืœืคื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื ื”ืจื”
04:50
in sometimes fatal attempts.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช.
04:52
These tragedies have transformed the tunnelโ€™s southern entrance
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ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืจื”
04:56
into an ongoing site of conflict.
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ืœืžืงื•ื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืžืชืžืฉืš.
04:59
Hopefully, the structureโ€™s history can serve as a reminder
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืชืฉืจืช ื›ืžื–ื›ืจืช
05:02
that humanity is at their best when breaking down barriers.
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ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื’ืฉืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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