How the world's longest underwater tunnel was built - Alex Gendler

3,792,525 views ・ 2020-03-30

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Do-yoon Byeon κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:07
Flanked by two powerful European nations, the English Channel
0
7633
4472
κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 두 유럽 κ΅­κ°€ 사이에 μžˆλŠ” 영ꡭ ν•΄ν˜‘μ€
00:12
has long been one of the world’s most important maritime passages.
1
12105
4240
μ˜ˆλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 해상 ν†΅λ‘œ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
Yet for most of its history,
2
16345
1604
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ·Έ μ—­μ‚¬μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ„ 보면
00:17
the channel’s rocky shores and stormy weather
3
17949
2911
ν•΄ν˜‘μ˜ λ°”μœ„νˆ¬μ„±μ΄ ν•΄λ³€κ³Ό ν—˜μ•…ν•œ λ‚ μ”¨λ‘œ 인해
00:20
made crossing a dangerous prospect.
4
20860
3070
νš‘λ‹¨μ€ μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μΌμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
Engineers of the early 1800's proposed numerous plans
5
23930
3870
1800λ…„λŒ€ 초의 κΈ°μˆ μžλ“€μ€ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ κ³„νšμ„ μ œμ•ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
for spanning the 33 kilometer gap.
6
27800
3330
33kmλ₯Ό κ°€λ‘œμ§€λ₯΄λ €κ³ μš”.
00:31
Their designs included artificial islands linked by bridges,
7
31130
4070
κ·Έλ“€μ˜ κ³„νšμ—λŠ” λ‹€λ¦¬λ‘œ μ—°κ²°λœ 인곡섬과
00:35
submerged tubes suspended from floating platforms,
8
35200
3865
λΆ€μœ μ‹ ν”Œλž«νΌμ— 맀단 μˆ˜μ€‘κ΄€,
00:39
and an underwater passage more than twice the length of any existing tunnel.
9
39065
5414
κΈ°μ‘΄ μ–΄λ–€ 터널보닀 두 λ°° 이상 κΈ΄ μˆ˜μ€‘ ν†΅λ‘œλ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
By the end of the century,
10
44479
1520
세기말 무렡,
00:45
this last proposal had captured European imagination.
11
45999
4151
이 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ œμ•ˆμ€ μœ λŸ½μΈλ“€μ˜ 상상λ ₯을 μžκ·Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
The invention of the tunnel boring machine
12
50150
2620
터널 κ΅΄μ°© μž₯λΉ„μ˜ 발λͺ…κ³Ό
00:52
and the discovery of a stable layer of chalk marl below the seabed
13
52770
4466
ν•΄μ € μ•„λž˜μ— μžˆλŠ” λ°±μ•… μ΄νšŒμ•”μ—μ„œμ˜ μ•ˆμ •μΈ΅ 발견으둜
00:57
made this fantastic tunnel more feasible.
14
57236
3095
이 ν™˜μƒμ μΈ 터널은 λ”μš± μ‹€ν˜„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
But the project’s most urgent obstacles were ones no engineer could solve.
15
60331
5879
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–€ κΈ°μˆ μžλ„ 이 κ³„νšμ˜ κ°€μž₯ 큰 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
At the time,
16
66210
950
κ·Έ μ‹œκΈ°μ—,
01:07
Britons viewed their geographic isolation as a strategic advantage,
17
67160
4496
μ˜κ΅­μΈλ“€μ€ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 지리적인 고립을 μ „λž΅μ  이점이라 보고,
01:11
and fears about French invasion shut down plans for the tunnel.
18
71656
4357
ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ˜ μΉ¨λž΅μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ‘λ €μ›€μœΌλ‘œ 터널 κ³„νšμ„ μ€‘λ‹¨ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
The rise of aerial warfare rendered these worries obsolete,
19
76013
4151
곡ꡰλ ₯이 λ°œλ‹¬ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 걱정은 μ“Έλͺ¨κ°€ μ—†μ–΄μ‘Œμ§€λ§Œ,
01:20
but new economic concerns arose to replace them.
20
80164
3869
λŒ€μ‹ μ— 경제적인 μš°λ €κ°€ μƒˆλ‘œ μƒκ²¨λ‚˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
Finally, 100 years after the initial excavation,
21
84033
3513
λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 터널 μ°©κ³΅μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 100λ…„ 후에
01:27
the two countries reached an agreementβ€”
22
87546
2270
두 λ‚˜λΌλŠ” ν•©μ˜μ— 이λ₯΄λ €κ³ 
01:29
the tunnel would proceed with private funding.
23
89816
3390
λ―Όκ°„ 투자λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„ μΆ”μ§„ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
In 1985, a group of French and British companies
24
93206
3601
1985λ…„, ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ™€ 영ꡭ의 기업듀은
01:36
invested the modern equivalent of 14 billion pounds,
25
96807
4005
ν˜„μž¬ κ°€μΉ˜λ‘œ 140μ–΅ νŒŒμš΄λ“œ (μ•½ 21μ‘° 원)λ₯Ό νˆ¬μžν–ˆλŠ”λ°
01:40
making the tunnel the most expensive infrastructure project to date.
26
100812
5641
이둜써 터널은 κ·Έλ•ŒκΉŒμ§€μ˜ κΈ°λ°˜μ‹œμ„€ 쀑 κ°€μž₯ λΉ„μ‹Ό 것이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
The design called for three separate tunnelsβ€”
27
106453
2700
μ„€κ³„μƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λΆ„λ¦¬λœ 터널이 μ„Έ 개 ν•„μš”ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
01:49
one for trains to France, one for trains to England,
28
109153
3544
ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” ν”„λž‘μŠ€ν–‰ μ—΄μ°¨, 또 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” μ˜κ΅­ν–‰ μ—΄μ°¨,
01:52
and one service tunnel between them.
29
112697
2800
λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ€ κ·Έ λ‘˜ 사이에 μžˆλŠ” 보수용 ν„°λ„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
Alongside crossover chambers, emergency passages, and air ducts,
30
115497
4330
ꡐ차 μ—°κ²° 곡간, 비상 ν†΅λ‘œ, ν†΅ν’κ΄€κΉŒμ§€ ν•˜λ©΄
01:59
this amounted to over 200 kilometers of tunnels.
31
119827
4317
200kmκ°€ λ„˜λŠ” 규λͺ¨μ˜ ν„°λ„μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
In 1988, workers began excavating from both sides,
32
124144
4336
1988λ…„, μž‘μ—…μžλ“€μ€ μ–‘μ•ˆμ—μ„œ ꡴착을 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκ³ 
02:08
planning to meet in the middle.
33
128480
2328
κ°€μš΄λ°μ—μ„œ μ—°κ²°ν•  κ³„νšμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
Early surveys of the French coast revealed the site was full of fault lines.
34
130808
4961
ν”„λž‘μŠ€ ν•΄μ•ˆμ—μ„œμ˜ 기초 μΈ‘λŸ‰ κ²°κ³Ό λΆ€μ§€λŠ” λ‹¨μΈ΅μ„ μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λ“ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
These small cracks let water seep into the rock,
35
135769
3530
λ―Έμ„Έν•œ κ· μ—΄λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 암석 μ†μœΌλ‘œ 물이 μŠ€λ©°λ“€κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
02:19
so engineers had to develop waterproof boring machines.
36
139299
3860
κΈ°μˆ μžλ“€μ€ λ°©μˆ˜κ°€ λ˜λŠ” κ΅΄μ°© μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
The British anticipated drier conditions, and forged ahead with regular borers.
37
143159
5539
μ˜κ΅­μ€ κ·Έλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 건쑰할 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆμƒν–ˆκ³  μΌλ°˜ν˜• κ΅΄μ°© κΈ°κ³„λ‘œ λ°€κ³  λ‚˜κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
But only months into the work, water flooded in through undetected fissures.
38
148698
5414
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ‡ 달 λ§Œμ—, κ°μ§€ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ ν‹ˆμƒˆλ‘œ 물이 λ„˜μ³ ν˜λ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
To drill in this wet chalk, the British had to use grout
39
154112
3640
젖은 백악암을 뚫기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ˜κ΅­μ€ νšŒλ°˜μ£½μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ
02:37
to seal the cracks created in the borer’s wake,
40
157752
3227
κ΅΄μ°© λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 생긴 균열을 막아야 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
and even work ahead of the main borer
41
160979
2400
심지어 μ£Ό ꡴착기에 μ•žμ„œμ„œ
02:43
to reinforce the chalk about to be drilled.
42
163379
3270
미리 κ΅΄μ°©ν•  백악암을 κ°•ν™”ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
With these obstacles behind them, both teams began drilling at full speed.
43
166649
5492
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μž₯μ• λ₯Ό 뚫고, μ–‘ κ³΅μ‚¬νŒ€μ€ 전속λ ₯으둜 κ΅΄μ°©ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
Boring machines weighing up to 1,300 tons drilled at nearly 3.5 meters per hour.
44
172141
7930
μ²œμ‚Όλ°± 톀이 λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” κ΅΄μ°© μž₯λΉ„λŠ”
μ‹œκ°„λ‹Ή μ•½ 3.5mλ₯Ό κ΅΄μ°©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
As they dug, they installed lining rings to stabilize the tunnel behind them,
45
180071
5332
꡴착을 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλŠ” λ’€μͺ½μ˜ 터널 μ•ˆμ •ν™”λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ λ‚΄λ²½ 링을 μ„€μΉ˜ν•΄μ„œ
03:05
making way for support wagons following each machine.
46
185403
4070
각 μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” 지원 μ°¨λŸ‰μ— 길을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
Even at top speed, work had to proceed carefully.
47
189473
3714
κ³΅μ‚¬λŠ” 전속λ ₯μ΄λ©΄μ„œλ„, μ‹ μ€‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
The chalk layer followed a winding path between unstable rock and clay,
48
193187
4927
λ°±μ•…μ•” 측이 λΆˆμ•ˆμ •ν•œ 암석과 점토 μ‚¬μ΄λ‘œ ꡴곑져 있고,
03:18
punctured by over 100 boring holes made by previous surveyors.
49
198114
5533
μ΄μ „μ˜ μΈ‘λŸ‰μ—μ„œ 생긴 100κ°œκ°€ λ„˜λŠ” κ΅΄μ°© ꡬ멍이 남아 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
Furthermore, both teams had to constantly check their coordinates
50
203647
3970
κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ μ–‘ κ³΅μ‚¬νŒ€μ€ λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ’Œν‘œλ₯Ό λ³΄λ©΄μ„œ
03:27
to ensure they were on track to meet within 2 centimeters of each other.
51
207617
4814
μ„œλ‘œ 2cm μ΄λ‚΄μ—μ„œ λ§Œλ‚ λŠ”μ§€ 확인해야 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
To maintain this delicate trajectory,
52
212431
2280
이 λ―Έμ„Έν•œ ꢀ적을 μœ μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄,
03:34
the borers employed satellite positioning systems,
53
214711
3748
μž‘μ—…μžλ“€μ€ μœ„μ„± μœ„μΉ˜ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆκ³ 
03:38
as well as paleontologists who used excavated fossils
54
218459
3970
화석 λ°œκ΅΄μ— μˆ™λ‹¬λœ κ³ μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ„ κ³ μš©ν•΄μ„œ
03:42
to confirm they were at the right depth.
55
222429
2840
κΉŠμ΄κ°€ μ μ ˆν•œμ§€ ν™•μΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
During construction, the project employed over 13,000 people
56
225269
4560
곡사λ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ λ§Œμ‚Όμ²œ λͺ…이 λ„˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ κ³ μš©ν–ˆκ³ 
03:49
and cost the lives of ten workers.
57
229829
2777
μ—΄ λͺ…μ˜ μž‘μ—…μžλ“€μ΄ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ μžƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
But after two and a half years of tunneling,
58
232606
2703
2λ…„ 반의 터널 곡사 끝에
03:55
the two sides finally made contact.
59
235309
3250
양츑이 λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ λ§Œλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
British worker Graham Fagg emerged on the French side,
60
238559
3530
영ꡭ μž‘μ—…μžμΈ 그라함 νŽ˜κ·Έκ°€ ν”„λž‘μŠ€ 츑으둜 뚫고 λ‚˜μ˜€λ©΄μ„œ
04:02
becoming the first human to cross the channel by land since the Ice Age.
61
242089
5430
λΉ™ν•˜κΈ° 이후 윑둜둜 영ꡭ ν•΄ν˜‘μ„ κ±΄λ„Œ 졜초의 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
There was still work to be doneβ€”
62
247519
2020
μ—¬μ „νžˆ 끝내야 ν•  μž‘μ—…μ΄ 남아 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
04:09
from installing crossover chambers and pumping stations,
63
249539
3140
ꡐ차 μ—°κ²° 곡간과 νŽŒν”„μ‹€μ„ μ„€μΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것뢀터 μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ
04:12
to laying over a hundred miles of tracks, cables, and sensors.
64
252679
4720
160kmκ°€ λ˜λŠ” μ² λ‘œμ™€ μ „μ„  그리고 감지기λ₯Ό λ†“λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
But on May 6, 1994, an opening ceremony marked the tunnel’s completion.
65
257399
5970
1994λ…„ 5μ›” 6일, κ°œλ§‰μ‹μ΄ 터널 완곡을 μ•Œλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
Full public service began 16 months later,
66
263369
3530
전면적인 일반 μ΄μš©μ€ 16κ°œμ›” 이후에 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκ³ 
04:26
with trains for passengers and rail shuttles for cars and trucks.
67
266899
4580
여객 μ—΄μ°¨, μ°¨λŸ‰ μˆ˜μ†‘μš© 왕볡 μ—΄μ°¨λ₯Ό μš΄ν–‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
Today, the Channel Tunnel services over 20 million passengers a year,
68
271479
5166
1년에 2천만 λͺ… μ΄μƒμ˜ μŠΉκ°λ“€μ΄ ν˜„μž¬ ν•΄ν˜‘ 터널을 μ΄μš©ν•˜κ³  있으며
04:36
transporting riders across the channel in just 35 minutes.
69
276645
4729
35λΆ„ λ§Œμ— ν•΄ν˜‘ κ±΄λ„ˆνŽΈμœΌλ‘œ 이동할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
Unfortunately, not everyone has the privilege of making this trip legally.
70
281374
5021
μœ κ°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œλ„ λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ ν•©λ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬ν–‰ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 건 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
Thousands of refugees have tried to enter Britain through the tunnel
71
286395
3910
수천 λͺ…μ˜ λ‚œλ―Όλ“€μ΄ 터널을 톡해 μ˜κ΅­μ— λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λ € μ‹œλ„ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
04:50
in sometimes fatal attempts.
72
290305
2452
가끔은 치λͺ…적인 κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
These tragedies have transformed the tunnel’s southern entrance
73
292757
3530
μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 비극은 터널 남μͺ½μ˜ μΆœμž…κ΅¬λ₯Ό
04:56
into an ongoing site of conflict.
74
296287
2934
κ³„μ†λ˜λŠ” κ°ˆλ“±μ˜ μž₯μ†Œλ‘œ λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
Hopefully, the structure’s history can serve as a reminder
75
299221
3440
ν„°λ„μ˜ 역사가 μƒκΈ°μ‹œμΌœ 쀄 수 있기λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:02
that humanity is at their best when breaking down barriers.
76
302661
3730
μž₯벽을 λ¬΄λ„ˆλœ¨λ¦΄ λ•Œ 인λ₯˜μ• κ°€ κ°€μž₯ λ†’μ•„μ§„λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ„μš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7