A brief history of Spanish - Ilan Stavans

439,167 views ใƒป 2022-08-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Beginning in the 3rd century, before the coming era,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-3, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘,
00:10
the Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula.
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ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™.
00:13
This period gave rise to several regional languages in the area that's now Spain,
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ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืกืคืจื“,
00:18
including Castilian, Catalan and Galician.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืื ื™ืช, ืงื˜ืœืื ื™ืช ื•ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ืื ื™ืช.
00:22
One of these would become Spanishโ€” but not for another 1,500 years.
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ืื—ืช ืžืืœื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกืคืจื“ื™ืช - ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืขื•ื“ 1,500 ืฉื ื”.
00:26
Those years tell the origin story of whatโ€™s become a global modern language.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืฉืคื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
00:32
During the Roman occupation,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืžื™,
00:34
colloquial spoken Latin, often called โ€œVulgar Latin,โ€
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ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช โ€œืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืชโ€
00:38
mixed with Indigenous languages.
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ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
00:40
Approximately 75% of modern Spanish comes from Latin, including syntactic rules.
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ื›-75% ืžื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ื™ื.
00:47
For instance, verbs are conjugated in a similar way as in Latin.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืคืขืœื™ื ืžืฆื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.
00:52
And like other Roman languages, nouns have gender:
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืฉืžื•ืช ืขืฆื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืŸ:
00:55
el sol, the sun, is masculine, whereas la luna, the moon, is feminine.
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ืืœ ืกื•ืœ, ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœื” ืœื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ืจื—, ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื”.
01:02
After the Roman Empire collapsed,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช,
01:04
a series of other powers conquered the region.
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ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ.
01:07
First came the Visigoths starting in the 5th century of the common era.
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-5 ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
01:12
They spoke an eastern Germanic language
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื’ืจืžืื ื™ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช
01:14
that would eventually become part of German
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ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ืช
01:17
and lent a few words to the language that would become Spanish.
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคื” ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกืคืจื“ื™ืช.
01:21
Then the Umayyad Caliphate ousted the Visigoths.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ื.
01:25
They spoke Arabic, which left a strong mark on modern Spanish:
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื—ื•ืชื ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช:
01:30
over a thousand words come from Arabic.
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืœืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
01:33
These often have a starting โ€œaโ€ or โ€œzโ€ sound,
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ืœืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ โ€œaโ€ ืื• โ€œzโ€,
01:37
and sometimes include an โ€œh.โ€
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช โ€œhโ€.
01:39
In 1492, the Catholic Church consolidated its power through two monarchs,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1492, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื,
01:45
Isabella and Ferdinand,
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ืื™ื–ื‘ืœื” ื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื ื“,
01:46
expelling Muslims and Jews,
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ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื,
01:49
combining the distinct regional kingdoms into one nation,
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื” ืื—ืช,
01:53
and adopting one of the local languages as the official state language.
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ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช.
01:57
That language was Castellano, or Castilian, from the Kingdom of Castile,
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืกื˜ืœืื ื•, ืื• ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืช, ืžืžืžืœื›ืช ืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื”,
02:02
which was centrally located in Spain and home to Madrid.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื“ืจื™ื“.
02:07
Thereafter Castellano became Espaรฑol, or Spanish.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืงืกื˜ืœืื ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืกืคื ื™ื•ืœ, ืื• ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช.
02:11
But the Spanish of 1492 was Old Spanish, very different from Spanish today.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ 1492 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:16
That same year, Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื”ืคืœื™ื’ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
02:20
marking the start of the Spanish conquest of the Americas.
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ืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
02:24
The Indigenous population of the Americas
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
02:26
spoke an estimated 2,000 different languages.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืขืจืš, 2,000 ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:30
Over the next few decades,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
02:31
most of them were forced to adopt Spanish at the expense of their own languages.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:36
Still, words from Indigenous languages became part of Spanish.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžืกืคืจื“ื™ืช.
02:41
From Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec Empire,
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ืžื ืื•ืื˜ืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ืช,
02:44
came words with โ€œchโ€ and โ€œyโ€ like โ€œchapulinโ€ and โ€œcoyote.โ€
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ื‘ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขื โ€œchโ€ ื•-โ€œyโ€ ื›ืžื• โ€œchapulinโ€ ื•โ€œcoyoteโ€œ.
02:51
From Quechua, a language spoken in the Peruvian Andes,
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ืžืงืฆโ€™ื•ืื”, ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื ื”ืคืจื•ืื ื™ื™ื,
02:55
came words with โ€œchโ€ like โ€œcancha,โ€ โ€œchullo,โ€ and โ€œponcho.โ€
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ื‘ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขื โ€œchโ€ ื›ืžื• โ€œืงื ืฆโ€˜ื”โ€œ, โ€œืฆโ€˜ื•ืœื•โ€ ื•โ€œืคื•ื ืฆโ€™ื•โ€œ.
03:01
Some of these words describe things
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชืืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
03:03
that hadnโ€™t existed in the Spanish lexicon before,
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
03:06
while others replaced existing Spanish words even in Spain.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“.
03:10
By the time Miguel de Cervantes published the first part of โ€œDon Quixoteโ€ in 1605,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื™ื’ืœ ื“ื” ืกืจื•ื•ื ื˜ืก ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ โ€œื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜โ€ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1605,
03:16
the language was arguably more similar to modern Spanish
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
03:20
than plays of one of his contemporaries, William Shakespeare,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•, ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ,
03:24
were to modern English.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
03:26
Starting in the 18th century,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-18,
03:28
French language and culture were extremely fashionable in Spain,
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ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืคื ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื“,
03:32
and later Hispanic America.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื”ื™ืกืคืื ื™ืช.
03:34
While the two languages already had commonalities
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื
03:37
from their shared roots in Latin,
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ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
03:39
Spanish gained new words from French during this period.
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ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•.
03:43
In the 19th century, all over Central and South America,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
03:47
people revolted to gain independence from Spain.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื“.
03:51
In the newly sovereign nations,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
03:53
people continued to speak the language of their former oppressors.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:57
Today, there are approximately 415 million inhabitants of Hispanic America.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ื›-415 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื”ื™ืกืคืื ื™ืช.
04:04
Spanish is the official language of 21 countries and Puerto Rico.
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ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ 21 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื• ืจื™ืงื•.
04:09
As of 2021, only English, Mandarin, and Hindi have more speakers.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืช 2021, ืจืง ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืžื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:16
How does a language with so many speakers around the world
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ืื™ืš ืฉืคื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:19
not break apart into new languages the way Vulgar Latin did?
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ืœื ืžืชืคืจืงืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืช?
04:24
There's no easy answer to this question.
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ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงืœื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:26
Other languages that spread through colonialism, like French,
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ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื“ืจืš ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื, ื›ืžื• ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช,
04:30
have mixed with Indigenous languages to form entirely new ones.
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ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื• ืขื ืฉืคื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:34
Some would argue that Spanglish, a mixture of Spanish and English,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืกืคื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ืช,
04:39
is a distinct language or on its way to becoming one.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ืื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื–ื•.
04:43
But although a person in Buenos Aires occasionally might use words
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื
04:47
that arenโ€™t fully intelligible to someone in Bogotรก or Mexico City,
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ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ื’ื•ื˜ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืกื™ื˜ื™,
04:52
Spanish retains enough unity of syntax, grammar, and vocabulary
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ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ, ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื•ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื
04:57
to remain one language.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉืคื” ืื—ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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