A brief history of Spanish - Ilan Stavans

385,984 views ・ 2022-08-02

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: 유경 이 κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:07
Beginning in the 3rd century, before the coming era,
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기원전 3μ„ΈκΈ° 초반
00:10
the Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula.
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λ‘œλ§ˆκ°€ 이베리아 λ°˜λ„λ₯Ό μ •λ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
This period gave rise to several regional languages in the area that's now Spain,
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이 μ‹œκΈ°μ— μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ 슀페인 μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ” λͺ‡ 가지 지역어듀이 μƒκ²¨λ‚¬λŠ”λ°,
00:18
including Castilian, Catalan and Galician.
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μΉ΄μŠ€ν‹°μ•Όμ–΄, μΉ΄νƒˆλ£¨λƒμ–΄, κ°ˆλ¦¬μ‹œμ•„μ–΄ 등이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
One of these would become Spanishβ€” but not for another 1,500 years.
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이 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄κ°€ λ˜μ§€λ§Œ, 그것은 1,500λ…„ ν›„μ˜ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
Those years tell the origin story of what’s become a global modern language.
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1,500λ…„μ˜ 세월을 거쳐 세계적인 ν˜„λŒ€ μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ 기원이 마련된 것이죠.
00:32
During the Roman occupation,
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둜마 μ λ ΉκΈ°μ—λŠ”
00:34
colloquial spoken Latin, often called β€œVulgar Latin,”
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ν”νžˆ β€˜ν†΅μ† 라틴어’ 라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” ꡬ어체 라틴어가
00:38
mixed with Indigenous languages.
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ν† μ°©μ–΄λ“€κ³Ό μœ΅ν•©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
Approximately 75% of modern Spanish comes from Latin, including syntactic rules.
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ν˜„λŒ€ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ˜ μ•½ 75%λŠ” λΌν‹΄μ–΄μ—μ„œ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ꡬ문 κ·œμΉ™λ„ λΌν‹΄μ–΄μ—μ„œ μ™”μ£ .
00:47
For instance, verbs are conjugated in a similar way as in Latin.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 동사 λ³€ν˜• 방식도 라틴어와 μœ μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
And like other Roman languages, nouns have gender:
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그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ 둜마 μ–Έμ–΄λ“€μ²˜λŸΌ λͺ…사에도 성별이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
el sol, the sun, is masculine, whereas la luna, the moon, is feminine.
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νƒœμ–‘μ€ 남성 λͺ…μ‚¬μ΄μ§€λ§Œ 달은 μ—¬μ„± λͺ…사죠.
01:02
After the Roman Empire collapsed,
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둜마 제ꡭ이 λͺ°λ½ν•œ 이후,
01:04
a series of other powers conquered the region.
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연이어 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ ꢌλ ₯듀이 이 지역을 μ •λ³΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
First came the Visigoths starting in the 5th century of the common era.
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μ„œκΈ° 5세기에 좜λͺ°ν•œ μ„œκ³ νŠΈ 쑱이 κ°€μž₯ λ¨Όμ € 이곳을 μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆμ£ .
01:12
They spoke an eastern Germanic language
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그듀은 ν›—λ‚  λ…μΌμ–΄μ˜ 일뢀가 될 λ™κ²Œλ₯΄λ§Œμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
01:14
that would eventually become part of German
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01:17
and lent a few words to the language that would become Spanish.
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λͺ‡ 가지 μ°¨μš©μ–΄λ“€μ΄ ν›—λ‚  μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ— λ‚¨μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
Then the Umayyad Caliphate ousted the Visigoths.
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κ·Έ λ’€ μš°λ§ˆμ΄μ•Ό μ™•μ‘°κ°€ μ„œκ³ νŠΈ 쑱을 λͺ°μ•„λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
They spoke Arabic, which left a strong mark on modern Spanish:
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μš°λ§ˆμ΄μ•Ό μ™•μ‘°λŠ” μ•„λžμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆκ³ , ν˜„λŒ€ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ— 큰 흔적을 λ‚¨κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
over a thousand words come from Arabic.
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1,000 개 μ΄μƒμ˜ 단어가 μ•„λžμ–΄μ—μ„œ μœ λž˜ν–ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
01:33
These often have a starting β€œa” or β€œz” sound,
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그런 단어듀은 λŒ€κ°œ β€˜aβ€™λ‚˜ β€˜z’ μ†Œλ¦¬λ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:37
and sometimes include an β€œh.”
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β€˜h’λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
In 1492, the Catholic Church consolidated its power through two monarchs,
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1492λ…„μ—λŠ”
가톨릭ꡐ가 이사벨과 페λ₯΄λ‚œλ„ 두 κ΅°μ£Όλ₯Ό 톡해 ꢌλ ₯을 κ°•ν™”ν•˜κ³ 
01:45
Isabella and Ferdinand,
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01:46
expelling Muslims and Jews,
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μ΄μŠ¬λžŒκ΅μ™€ μœ λŒ€κ΅ μ„Έλ ₯을 μ™„μ „νžˆ λͺ°μ•„λ‚΄μ–΄
01:49
combining the distinct regional kingdoms into one nation,
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지역별 왕ꡭ을 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κ΅­κ°€λ‘œ ν†΅μΌν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°
01:53
and adopting one of the local languages as the official state language.
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지역어 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό κ³΅μš©μ–΄λ‘œ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
That language was Castellano, or Castilian, from the Kingdom of Castile,
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κ·Έ μ–Έμ–΄κ°€ λ°”λ‘œ μΉ΄μŠ€ν‹°μ•Ό μ™•κ΅­μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ μΉ΄μŠ€ν‹°μ•Όμ–΄λ‘œ
02:02
which was centrally located in Spain and home to Madrid.
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μΉ΄μŠ€ν‹°μ•Ό 왕ꡭ은 슀페인 μ€‘μ•™μ—μ„œ λ§ˆλ“œλ¦¬λ“œλ₯Ό 끼고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
Thereafter Castellano became EspaΓ±ol, or Spanish.
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κ·Έ ν›„ μΉ΄μŠ€ν‹°μ•Όμ–΄λŠ” μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
But the Spanish of 1492 was Old Spanish, very different from Spanish today.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 1492λ…„μ˜ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λŠ” κ³ λŒ€ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ‘œ,
ν˜„μž¬ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ™€λŠ” μ „ν˜€ λ‹¬λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
That same year, Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean,
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같은 ν•΄ ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€ν† νΌ μ½œλŸΌλ²„μŠ€κ°€ λŒ€μ„œμ–‘μ„ νš‘λ‹¨ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
02:20
marking the start of the Spanish conquest of the Americas.
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슀페인의 아메리카 λŒ€λ₯™ 정볡이 μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
The Indigenous population of the Americas
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아메리카 토착민듀은
02:26
spoke an estimated 2,000 different languages.
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μ•½ 2천 개둜 μΆ”μ •λ˜λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Over the next few decades,
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κ·Έ ν›„ μˆ˜μ‹­ 년을 거쳐
02:31
most of them were forced to adopt Spanish at the expense of their own languages.
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토착민듀은 μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό 버리고 κ°•μ œλ‘œ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λ₯Ό λ°›μ•„λ“€μ—¬μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
Still, words from Indigenous languages became part of Spanish.
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ 토착민듀이 μ“°λ˜ 단어듀은 μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ˜ 일뢀가 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
From Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec Empire,
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μ•„μ¦ˆν… 제ꡭ의 κ³΅μš©μ–΄μΈ λ‚˜μ™€ν‹€μ–΄λ₯Ό 톡해
02:44
came words with β€œch” and β€œy” like β€œchapulin” and β€œcoyote.”
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β€˜μ²΄[ch]’와 β€˜μœ [y]’가 μœ μž…λ˜μ–΄
β€˜μ°¨ν’€λ¦°(λ©”λšœκΈ°)’, β€˜μ½”μš”ν…Œβ€™ 같은 단어가 μƒκ²¨λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
From Quechua, a language spoken in the Peruvian Andes,
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페루 μ•ˆλ°μŠ€ 지역에 널리 퍼진 μΌ€μΆ”μ•„μ–΄λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
02:55
came words with β€œch” like β€œcancha,” β€œchullo,” and β€œponcho.”
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β€˜μ²΄[ch]’가 λ“€μ–΄κ°„ 단어가 μƒκ²¨λ‚˜
β€˜κΉμ°¨(곡터)’, β€˜μΆ”μš”(λͺ¨μž)’, β€˜λ½„μ΄ˆ(판초)’ 같은 단어가 생겨났죠.
03:01
Some of these words describe things
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 단어 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ”
03:03
that hadn’t existed in the Spanish lexicon before,
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μ›λž˜ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄ μ–΄νœ˜μ—λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒλ“€μ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
03:06
while others replaced existing Spanish words even in Spain.
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ— 있던 단어듀을 λŒ€μ²΄ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
By the time Miguel de Cervantes published the first part of β€œDon Quixote” in 1605,
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1605λ…„ λ―Έκ΅¬μ—˜ λ“œ μ„Έλ₯΄λ°˜ν…ŒμŠ€κ°€ β€˜λˆν‚€ν˜Έν…Œβ€™ μ „νŽΈμ„ μΆœκ°„ν•  무렡,
03:16
the language was arguably more similar to modern Spanish
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λŠ” ν˜„λŒ€ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ™€ 거의 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ μˆ˜μ€€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
than plays of one of his contemporaries, William Shakespeare,
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λ™μ‹œλŒ€ μœŒλ¦¬μ—„ μ…°μ΅μŠ€ν”Όμ–΄μ˜ 희곑이 ν˜„λŒ€ μ˜μ–΄μ™€ λ‹¬λžλ˜ 것에 λ°˜ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
03:24
were to modern English.
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03:26
Starting in the 18th century,
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18μ„ΈκΈ°λΆ€ν„°
03:28
French language and culture were extremely fashionable in Spain,
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ˜ 언어와 λ¬Έν™”κ°€ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ—μ„œ ꡉμž₯히 μœ ν–‰ν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
03:32
and later Hispanic America.
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄κΆŒ 아메리카 μ „μ²΄λ‘œ νΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:34
While the two languages already had commonalities
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μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ™€ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄λŠ” κ³΅ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 라틴어에 뿌리λ₯Ό 두고 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:37
from their shared roots in Latin,
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03:39
Spanish gained new words from French during this period.
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κ·Έ μ‹œκΈ°μ— μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 단어듀을 λ°›μ•„λ“€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
In the 19th century, all over Central and South America,
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19μ„ΈκΈ°μ—λŠ” 쀑앙아메리카와 남아메리카 μ „λ°˜μ—μ„œ
03:47
people revolted to gain independence from Spain.
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μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ…λ¦½ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 저항이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
In the newly sovereign nations,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 주ꢌꡭ이 μƒκ²¨λ‚¬μ§€λ§Œ
03:53
people continued to speak the language of their former oppressors.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이전 μ •λ³΅μžλ“€μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
Today, there are approximately 415 million inhabitants of Hispanic America.
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄κΆŒ μ•„λ©”λ¦¬μΉ΄μ—λŠ” μ•½ 4μ–΅ 1,500만 λͺ…이 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:04
Spanish is the official language of 21 countries and Puerto Rico.
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μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λŠ” 21개ꡭ과 푸에λ₯΄ν† λ¦¬μ½”μ˜ κ³΅μš©μ–΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
As of 2021, only English, Mandarin, and Hindi have more speakers.
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2021λ…„ ν˜„μž¬, μ˜μ–΄, 쀑ꡭ어, νžŒλ””μ–΄ λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ 많이 μ“°μ΄λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄μ£ .
04:16
How does a language with so many speakers around the world
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μ „ 세계 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•œ μ–Έμ–΄μ˜€μŒμ—λ„
04:19
not break apart into new languages the way Vulgar Latin did?
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톡속 λΌν‹΄μ–΄μ²˜λŸΌ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ–Έμ–΄λ“€λ‘œ λ‚˜λ‰˜μ–΄μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μ΄μœ λŠ” λ­˜κΉŒμš”?
04:24
There's no easy answer to this question.
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μ‰½κ²Œ λ‹΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:26
Other languages that spread through colonialism, like French,
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μ‹λ―Όμ£Όμ˜λ₯Ό 톡해 νΌμ Έλ‚˜κ°„ ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ–΄ 같은 언어듀은
04:30
have mixed with Indigenous languages to form entirely new ones.
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ν† μ°©μ–΄λ“€κ³Ό μœ΅ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ–Έμ–΄κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
Some would argue that Spanglish, a mixture of Spanish and English,
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μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ™€ μ˜μ–΄κ°€ ν˜Όν•©λœ μŠ€νŒ½κΈ€λ¦¬μ‰¬κ°€
04:39
is a distinct language or on its way to becoming one.
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이미 λ³„κ°œμ˜ μ–Έμ–΄μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ κ·Έ 과정에 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•˜λŠ” 이도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:43
But although a person in Buenos Aires occasionally might use words
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λΆ€μ—λ…ΈμŠ€μ•„μ΄λ ˆμŠ€μ— μ‚¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ“°λŠ” 단어λ₯Ό
04:47
that aren’t fully intelligible to someone in BogotΓ‘ or Mexico City,
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λ³΄κ³ νƒ€λ‚˜ λ©•μ‹œμ½”μ‹œν‹°μ— μ‚¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ „ν˜€ μ•Œμ•„λ“£μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
04:52
Spanish retains enough unity of syntax, grammar, and vocabulary
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μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄λŠ” ꡬ문, 문법, μ–΄νœ˜κ°€ 톡일성을 μœ μ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
04:57
to remain one language.
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ 남아 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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