The myth of Sisyphus - Alex Gendler

8,114,858 views ใƒป 2018-11-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:08
Whether itโ€™s being chained to a burning wheel, turned into a spider,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ื‘ื•ืขืจ, ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
00:12
or having an eagle eat oneโ€™s liver,
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ืื• ืฉืขื™ื˜ ื™ืื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:15
Greek mythology is filled with stories of the gods
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ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืœื™ื
00:18
inflicting gruesome horrors on mortals who angered them.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ื–ื• ืื•ืชื.
00:23
Yet one of their most famous punishments is not remembered
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ื•ืจ
00:26
for its outrageous cruelty, but for its disturbing familiarity.
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ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืขื™ืกื” ืฉืœื•, ืืœื ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
00:33
Sisyphus was the first king of Ephyra, now known as Corinth.
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ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคื™ืจื™ื”, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืงื•ืจื™ื ืชื™ื”.
00:38
Although a clever ruler who made his city prosperous, he was also a devious tyrant
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื—ื›ื ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ืขื™ืจื• ืœืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืขืจื™ืฅ ืขืจืžื•ืžื™
00:44
who seduced his niece and killed visitors to show off his power.
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ืฉืคื™ืชื” ืืช ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืชื• ื•ื”ืจื’ ืืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•.
00:49
This violation of the sacred hospitality tradition greatly angered the gods.
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ื”ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื.
00:55
But Sisyphus may still have avoided punishment
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžื ืข ืžืขื•ื ืฉ
00:58
if it hadnโ€™t been for his reckless confidence.
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ืื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ืกืจ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:03
The trouble began when Zeus kidnapped the nymph Aegina,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ื›ืฉื–ืื•ืก ื—ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืžืคื” ืืื’'ื™ื ื”,
01:08
carrying her away in the form of a massive eagle.
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ื•ื—ื˜ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื˜ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
01:12
Aeginaโ€™s father, the river god Asopus, pursued their trail to Ephyra,
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ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืื’'ื™ื ื”, ืืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืื–ื•ืคื•ืก, ืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืœืื™ืคื™ืจื™ื”,
01:18
where he encountered Sisyphus.
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ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก.
01:20
In exchange for the god making a spring inside the city,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืืœ ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ,
01:25
the king told Asopus which way Zeus had taken the girl.
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ื”ืžืœืš ืืžืจ ืœืื–ื•ืคื•ืก ืœืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงื— ื–ืื•ืก ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื”.
01:30
When Zeus found out, he was so furious that he ordered Thanatos, or Death,
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ื›ืฉื–ืื•ืก ื’ื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื–ืขื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืช'ืื ื˜ื•ืก, ืื• ืžื•ื•ืช,
01:35
to chain Sisyphus in the underworld so he couldnโ€™t cause any more problems.
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ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
01:42
But Sisyphus lived up to his crafty reputation.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืžื“ ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื•.
01:46
As he was about to be imprisoned,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื›ืœื,
01:48
the king asked Thanatos to show him how the chains worked
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ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืช'ืื ื•ืก ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื• ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
01:52
โ€“ and quickly bound him instead, before escaping back among the living.
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-- ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื— ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:57
With Thanatos trapped, no one could die, and the world was thrown into chaos.
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ื›ืฉืช'ืื ื˜ื•ืก ืœื›ื•ื“, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ืื•ืก.
02:04
Things only returned to normal when the god of war Ares,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื ืจืง ื›ืฉืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืจืก,
02:07
upset that battles were no longer fun, freed Thanatos from his chains.
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ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืŸ ืžื–ื” ืฉืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื™ืคื™ื™ื, ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืช'ืื ื˜ื•ืก ืžืฉืœืฉืœืื•ืชื™ื•.
02:14
Sisyphus knew his reckoning was at hand.
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ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ื™ื“ืข ืฉื’ื•ืจืœื• ืงืจื‘.
02:18
But he had another trick up his sleeve.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืชืขืœื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจื•ื•ืœ.
02:21
Before dying, he asked his wife Merope to throw his body in the public square,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืช, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืืฉืชื• ืžืจื•ืคื” ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื• ืœื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช,
02:27
from where it eventually washed up on the shores of the river Styx.
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ืžืฉื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื˜ืฃ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ื”ืจ ืกื˜ื™ืงืก.
02:32
Now back among the dead, Sisyphus approached Persephone,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ืคื ื” ืœืคืจืกืคื•ื ื”,
02:35
queen of the Underworld, and complained
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ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ
02:38
that his wife had disrespected him by not giving him a proper burial.
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ืฉืืฉืชื• ืœื ื›ื™ื‘ื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœื• ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื ืื•ืชื”.
02:44
Persephone granted him permission to go back to the land of living
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ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ื ืชื ื” ืœื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
02:48
and punish Merope, on the condition that he would return when he was done.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ื.
02:54
Of course, Sisyphus refused to keep his promise,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ืกืจื‘ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื•,
02:58
now having twice escaped death by tricking the gods.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจื— ืžื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื.
03:03
There wouldnโ€™t be a third time,
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ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
03:05
as the messenger Hermes dragged Sisyphus back to Hades.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื— ื”ืจืžืก ื’ืจืจ ืืช ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืื“ืก.
03:10
The king had thought he was more clever than the gods,
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ื”ืžืœืš ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื›ื ืžื”ืืœื™ื,
03:13
but Zeus would have the last laugh.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืื•ืก ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
03:17
Sisyphusโ€™s punishment was a straightforward task
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ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”:
03:20
โ€“ rolling a massive boulder up a hill.
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ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืกืœืข ืขื ืง ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”.
03:24
But just as he approached the top, the rock would roll all the way back down,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืคืกื’ื”, ื”ืกืœืข ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื˜ื”,
03:30
forcing him to start over
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื‘
03:34
โ€ฆand over, and over, for all eternity.
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... ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืฆื—.
03:40
Historians have suggested that the tale of Sisyphus may stem from ancient myths
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ืื•ืœื™ ื ื‘ืข ืžืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
03:46
about the rising and setting sun, or other natural cycles.
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ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ื—ืช ื•ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื”, ืื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:51
But the vivid image of someone condemned to endlessly repeat a futile task
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื–ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืขืงืจื”
03:55
has resonated as an allegory about the human condition.
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ื”ื“ื”ื“ื” ื›ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:00
In his classic essay The Myth of Sisyphus,
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ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉืœื•, "ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก",
04:03
existentialist philosopher Albert Camus compared the punishment
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืกื™ืืœื™ ืืœื‘ืจ ืงืืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ
04:07
to humanityโ€™s futile search for meaning and truth
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ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื—ืกืจ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืืžืช
04:11
in a meaningless and indifferent universe.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื—ืกืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
04:14
Instead of despairing, Camus imagined Sisyphus defiantly meeting his fate
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ, ืงืืžื™ ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ื‘ื”ืชืจืกื”
04:19
as he walks down the hill to begin rolling the rock again.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืœืข ืฉื•ื‘.
04:25
And even if the daily struggles of our lives
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
04:27
sometimes seem equally repetitive and absurd,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื—ื–ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ื™ื,
04:31
we still give them significance and value by embracing them as our own.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื•ืฆื ื›ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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