How does the thyroid manage your metabolism? - Emma Bryce

1,088,480 views ใƒป 2015-03-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Nestled in the tissues of your neck is a small unassuming organ
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ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืจืงืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื ืžืฆื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฆื ื•ืข
00:11
that wields enormous power over your body.
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ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:14
It's called the thyroid.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก.
00:17
Like the operations manager in a company,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
00:20
its role is to make sure that the cells in your body are working properly.
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:24
It does that by using hormones to deliver messages to every single one of them.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืžืกืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
00:29
This high-ranking organ is made up of lobules
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ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื•ืช
00:32
that each contains smaller cells called follicles,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืชืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื–ืงื™ืงื™ื,
00:36
which store the hormones the thyroid sends out into your blood.
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ืฉืื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื.
00:39
Two of the most important hormones it produces
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช
00:41
are thyroxine and triiodothyronine, or T3 and T4.
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ื”ื ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืงืกื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ื“ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืŸ, ืื• T3 ื• T4.
00:48
As messengers, the hormone's job
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ื›ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื, ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื
00:50
is to instruct every cell in the body when to consume oxygen and nutrients.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชื™ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื—ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
00:55
That maintains the body's metabolism,
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
00:57
the series of reactions our cells perform to provide us with energy.
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ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:02
This hormonal notification from the thyroid
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ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก
01:05
gets the heart pumping more efficiently,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืœื‘ ืœืคืขื•ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:08
and makes our cells break down nutrients faster.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคืจืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:11
When you need more energy,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:12
the thyroid helps by sending out hormones to increase metabolism.
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
01:17
Ultimately, the thyroid allows our cells to use energy, grow and reproduce.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:24
The thyroid is controlled by the pituitary gland,
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:27
a hormonal gland deep in the brain that oversees the thyroid's tasks,
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืคืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก,
01:32
making sure it knows when to send out its messengers.
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ื•ื“ื•ืื’ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
01:35
The pituitary's role is to sense if hormone levels in the blood
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืื ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื
01:39
are too low or too high,
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ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžื“ื™ ืื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื“ื™,
01:40
in which case it sends out instructions
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
01:43
in the form of the thyroid- stimulating hormone.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ืชืจื™ืก.
01:46
Even in this tightly controlled system, however,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื” ื”ื–ื•, ืขื ื–ืืช,
01:49
management sometimes slips up.
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ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืคืกืคืกืช.
01:51
Certain diseases,
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
01:53
growths in the thryoid
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก
01:54
or chemical imbalances in the body can confuse the organ
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ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ
01:58
and make it deaf to the pituitary's guiding commands.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืจืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
02:02
The first problem this causes is hyperthyroidism,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืคืจ ืชื™ืจื•ืื™ื–ื.
02:05
which happens when the organ sends out too many hormones.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืœื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื.
02:09
That means the cells are overloaded with instructions
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืžื•ืขืžืกื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
02:11
to consume nutrients and oxygen.
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ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:14
They become overactive as a result,
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”,
02:17
meaning a person with hyperthyroidism experiences a higher metabolism
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื“ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืคืจ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:21
signaled by a faster heartbeat, constant hunger, and rapid weight loss.
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ืฉืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจืขื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ื™, ื•ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฉืงืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
02:27
They also feel hot, sweaty, anxious, and find it difficult to sleep.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื, ื”ื–ืขื”, ื•ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ.
02:32
The opposite problem is hypothyroidism,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื• ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืื™ื–ื,
02:35
which happens when the thyroid sends out too few hormones,
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื,
02:38
meaning the body's cells don't have as many messengers to guide them.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
02:42
In response, cells grow listless and metabolism slows.
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ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ืกืจื™ ืžืจืฅ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ืžืื˜.
02:47
People with hypothyroidism see symptoms in weight gain,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืคื• ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ,
02:51
sluggishness, sensitivity to cold, swollen joints and feeling low.
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ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืงื•ืจ, ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื ืคื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
02:57
Luckily, there are medical treatments
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื
02:59
that can help trigger the thyroid's activities again,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ืฉื•ื‘,
03:02
and bring the body back to a steady metabolic rate.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงืฆื‘ ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
03:05
For such a little organ, the thyroid wields an awful lot of power.
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ืœืื™ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืงื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืชืจื™ืก ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘,
03:10
But a healthy thyroid manages our cells so effectively
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ืชืจื™ืก ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžื ื”ืœืช ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
03:13
that it can keep us running smoothly without us even noticing it's there.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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