Should you trust your first impression? - Peter Mende-Siedlecki

3,153,798 views ใƒป 2013-08-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Imagine you're at a football game
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ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ
00:08
when this obnoxious guy sits next to you.
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ืš.
00:11
He's loud,
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00:11
he spills his drink on you,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืœื ื™,
ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืคืš ืขืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงื” ืฉืœื•
00:13
and he makes fun of your team.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
00:14
Days later, you're walking in the park
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ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืคืืจืง
00:17
when suddenly it starts to pour rain.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืคืชืข ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช ื’ืฉื.
00:19
Who should show up at your side
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ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืฆื™ื“ืš
00:21
to offer you an umbrella?
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืš ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื”?
00:22
The same guy from the football game.
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ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ.
00:25
Do you change your mind about him
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœื™ื•
00:26
based on this second encounter,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™,
00:28
or do you go with your first impression
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ืขื ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™
00:29
and write him off?
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ื•ืžืชื ืขืจ ืžืžื ื•?
00:31
Research in social psychology suggests
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžืจืื™ื
00:34
that we're quick to form lasting impressions of others
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ืฉื ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื
00:37
based on their behaviors.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
00:39
We manage to do this with little effort,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžืืžืฅ,
00:41
inferring stable character traits
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ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
00:43
from a single behavior,
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ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื—ืช,
00:44
like a harsh word
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ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื” ืงืฉื”
00:45
or a clumsy step.
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ืื• ืฆืขื“ ืžื’ื•ืฉื.
00:46
Using our impressions as guides,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื,
00:48
we can accurately predict
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง
00:50
how people are going to behave in the future.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
00:53
Armed with the knowledge
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข
00:54
the guy from the football game
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ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ
00:55
was a jerk the first time you met him,
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ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืคื’ืฉืช ืื•ืชื•,
00:57
you might expect more of the same down the road.
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ืืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
00:59
If so, you might choose to avoid him
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ืื ื›ืš, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืžื ื•
01:01
the next time you see him.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืจืื” ืื•ืชื•.
01:03
That said, we can change our impressions
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
01:05
in light of new information.
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ืœืื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ.
01:07
Behavioral researchers have identified
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•
01:09
consistent patterns that seem to guide
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ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื ื—ื™ื
01:12
this process of impression updating.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช.
01:14
On one hand, learning very negative,
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข
01:17
highly immoral information about someone
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ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
01:19
typically has a stronger impact
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:21
than learning very positive, highly moral information.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืžืื•ื“, ืขื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
01:25
So, unfortunately for our new friend
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ืื–, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
01:27
from the football game,
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ืžืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ,
01:28
his bad behavior at the game
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง
01:30
might outweigh his good behavior at the park.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืืจืง.
01:33
Research suggests that this bias occurs
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
01:35
because immoral behaviors are more diagnostic,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื‘ื—ื ื”
01:38
or revealing,
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ืื• ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™
01:39
of a person's true character.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
01:42
Okay, so by this logic,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
01:43
bad is always stronger than good
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ืจืข ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื•ื‘
01:46
when it comes to updating.
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:47
Well, not necessarily.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—.
01:49
Certain types of learning don't seem to lead
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื
01:51
to this sort of negativity bias.
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
01:54
When learning about another person's abilities and competencies,
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ื›ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ,
01:57
for instance,
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ืœืžืฉืœ,
01:58
this bias flips.
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ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืชื”ืคื›ื•ืช.
01:59
It's actually the positive information
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
02:01
that gets weighted more heavily.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:03
Let's go back to that football game.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื.
02:05
If a player scores a goal,
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ืื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžื‘ืงื™ืข ืฉืขืจ,
02:06
it ultimately has a stronger impact
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ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:08
on your impression of their skills
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ืขืœ ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืชืš ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:10
than if they miss the net.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื”ื ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฉืช.
02:11
The two sides of the updating story
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื“ื›ืŸ
02:13
are ultimately quite consistent.
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ื”ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ืขืงื‘ื™ื™ื.
02:16
Overall, behaviors that are perceived
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื•ืช
02:18
as being less frequent are also the ones
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ื›ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืืœื”
02:20
that people tend to weigh more heavily
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืจืืฉ.
02:23
when forming and updating impressions,
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ื‘ืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื•ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ื,
02:25
highly immoral actions
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ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช
02:26
and highly competent actions.
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ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื“.
02:29
So, what's happening at the level of the brain
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ?
02:32
when we're updating our impressions?
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื“ื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
02:33
Using fMRI,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช FMRI,
02:35
or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,
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ืื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช,
02:37
researchers have identified
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•
02:39
an extended network of brain regions
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ืจืฉืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
02:41
that respond to new information
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ
02:43
that's inconsistent with initial impressions.
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ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช.
02:46
These include areas typically associated
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ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
02:48
with social cognition,
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ืขื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
02:49
attention,
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ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
02:50
and cognitive control.
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ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
02:52
Moreover, when updating impressions
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ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืช ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ื
02:54
based on people's behaviors,
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:56
activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
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ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ื ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื—ื•ื ื™ืช-ืฆื™ื“ื™ืช
02:59
and the superior temporal sulcus
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ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื•ืจ ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœ ืกื•ืœืงื•ืก
03:02
correlates with perceptions
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ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช
03:03
of how frequently those behaviors occur in daily life.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.
03:07
In other words, the brain seems to be tracking
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืขื•ืงื‘
03:10
low-level, statistical properties of behavior
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ืื—ืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
03:13
in order to make complex decisions
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
03:15
regarding other people's character.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:17
It needs to decide
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
03:18
is this person's behavior typical
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ื”ืื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื–ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช
03:20
or is it out of the ordinary?
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ?
03:22
In the situation
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘
03:23
with the obnoxious-football-fan-turned-good-samaritan,
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ืขื ืื•ื”ื“ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘,
03:26
your brain says,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœืš ืื•ืžืจ
03:27
"Well, in my experience,
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™,
03:28
pretty much anyone would lend someone their umbrella,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืข ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•,
03:31
but the way this guy acted at the football game,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ.
03:34
that was unusual."
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ."
03:36
And so, you decide to go with your first impression.
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ืื–, ืืชื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืœื›ืช ืขื ื”ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœืš.
03:39
There's a good moral in this data:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”:
03:40
your brain, and by extension you,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœืš, ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืืชื”,
03:43
might care more about
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื›ืคืช
03:44
the very negative, immoral things
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ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื
03:46
another person has done
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืขืฉื”
03:47
compared to the very positive, moral things,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื,
03:50
but it's a direct result
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”
03:52
of the comparative rarity of those bad behaviors.
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ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
03:55
We're more used to people being basically good,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื,
03:58
like taking time to help a stranger in need.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืชืช ืžื–ืžื ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”.
04:00
In this context, bad might be stronger than good,
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ืจืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื•ื‘.
04:04
but only because good is more plentiful.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืคืข.
04:06
Think about the last time you judged someone
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.ืฉืฉืคื˜ืชื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
04:08
based on their behavior,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื•.
04:10
especially a time when you really feel
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
04:11
like you changed your mind about someone.
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื™ืชื ืืช ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
04:14
Was the behavior that caused you
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ื”ืื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืš
04:15
to update your impression
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ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœืš
04:16
something you'd expect anyone to do,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ืžืฆืคื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืขืฉื”,
04:19
or was it something totally out of the ordinary?
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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