What happens to your body at the top of Mount Everest - Andrew Lovering

1,520,691 views ใƒป 2022-06-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
If someone teleported from sea level to the top of Mt. Everest,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื’ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืคืกื’ืช ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜,
00:11
things would go bad fast.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
00:14
At an altitude of 8,848 meters,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 8,848 ืžื˜ืจ,
00:18
barometric pressure is approximately 33% of what it is at sea level.
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 33% ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
00:23
This means there's significantly less oxygen in the air,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ,
00:27
and our teleported individual would likely suffocate in minutes.
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ื•ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื—ื ืง ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:32
However, for people that make this same journey over the course of a month,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืกืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
00:37
it's possible to survive at the peak for hours.
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืคืกื’ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช.
00:40
So what can happen to our bodies in just one month
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
00:44
that allows us to endure this incredible altitude?
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื”?
00:47
Letโ€™s imagine youโ€™re one of the 5.8 billion people
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืื—ื“ ืž 5.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื
00:51
living less than 500 meters above sea level.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 500 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
00:55
When you take a breath at this altitude,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื”,
00:58
your lungs fill up with air composed of numerous gases and compounds.
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ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืชืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื’ื–ื™ื ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:02
Most important among these are oxygen molecules,
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
01:06
which bind to the hemoglobin in your red blood cells.
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ืฉื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
01:09
Blood then circulates throughout your body,
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ื”ื“ื ืื– ื–ื•ืจื ื“ืจืš ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
01:12
bringing essential oxygen to all your cells.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื.
01:14
But as altitude increases, the air starts to get thinner.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœ, ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:19
The relative amounts of each compound remain the same
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ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช
01:22
well into the upper atmosphere,
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”,
01:24
but overall, there is less oxygen for our bodies to absorb.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืกืคื•ื’.
01:29
And if you ascend to altitudes above 2,500 meters,
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ื•ืื ืชืขืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืžืขืœ 2,500 ืžื˜ืจ,
01:34
the resulting oxygen deprivation can cause a form of altitude sickness
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ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื
01:39
known as AMS,
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื› AMS,
01:41
often causing headaches, fatigue and nausea.
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ, ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื”.
01:45
Fortunately, AMS only happens when we ascend too fast,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, AMS ืงื•ืจื” ืจืง ื›ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™,
01:50
because our bodies have numerous ways of adapting to high altitudes.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
01:55
Within minutes or even seconds of reaching altitudes of 1,500 meters,
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ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืขื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 1,500 ืžื˜ืจ,
02:01
carotid chemoreceptors in your neck sense your bloodโ€™s low oxygen pressure.
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ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื.
02:06
This triggers a response that increases the rate and depth of your breathing
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ื–ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื•ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื
02:11
to counteract the lack of oxygen.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:14
Your heart rate also increases
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ื’ื ื’ื•ื‘ื”
02:16
and your heart contracts more tightly to pump additional blood with each beat,
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ื•ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ื“ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืžื”,
02:21
quickly moving oxygenated blood around your body.
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ืžื ื™ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื ืžื—ื•ืžืฆืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
02:25
All these changes happen relatively fast, and if you were to keep ascending,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžื”ืจ, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช,
02:30
your heart rate and breathing would speed up accordingly.
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื™ืื™ืฆื• ื‘ื”ืชืื.
02:34
But if you stayed at this altitude for several weeks,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
02:37
you could reap the benefits of some longer-term adaptations.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
02:42
Within the first few days above 1,500 meters,
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ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืขืœ 1,500 ืžื˜ืจ,
02:46
the volume of plasma in your blood decreases,
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ื ืคื— ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืคื—ืช,
02:49
which increases the concentration of hemoglobin.
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ืฉื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ.
02:53
Over the next two weeks, your hemoglobin levels will continue to rise,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช,
02:57
allowing your blood to carry even more oxygen per milliliter.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฉืืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจ.
03:02
Paired with your high heart rate,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
03:04
this new hemoglobin-rich blood efficiently distributes oxygen throughout your body.
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ื”ื“ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื—ืœืง ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:09
So much so that the volume of blood being pumped with each heartbeat
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ืคื— ื”ื“ื ืฉื ืฉืื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืžื”
03:13
can return to normal levels.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืจืžื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช.
03:15
Over this same time, your breathing also increases even further
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:20
in a process called ventilatory acclimatization.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืชืืžื” ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ืช.
03:23
After this several weeks of extended acclimatization,
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ืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช,
03:27
your body has made enough significant changes to climb even higher.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืก ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:31
However, youโ€™ll still have to spend additional time acclimating along the way,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืืงืœืžื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš,
03:36
often climbing back down to recover before ascending even higher.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื˜ืคืก ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื˜ื” ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืขืœื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:40
Because the summit of Everest isn't just high,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคืกื’ืช ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
03:43
itโ€™s the highest place on Earth.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:45
And at altitudes above 3,500 meters, our bodies are under incredible stress.
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ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 3,500 ืžื˜ืจ, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืขืฆื•ื.
03:52
Arteries and veins in the brain dilate to speed up blood flow,
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ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื,
03:56
But our smallest blood vessels, called capillaries,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื™ืžื™ื,
03:59
remain the same size.
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ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
04:00
This increased pressure can cause blood vessels to leak,
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชืื™ ื“ื ืœื“ืœื•ืฃ,
04:04
and fluid to build up in the brain.
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ื•ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
04:07
A similar issue can occur in the lungs,
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
04:09
where low oxygen causes blood vessels to constrict,
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ืฉื ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ,
04:13
leading to more leaking vessels and fluid buildup.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื.
04:16
These two conditionsโ€” known as HACE and HAPE, respectivelyโ€”
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื” -- ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื› HACE ื• HAPE, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” --
04:21
are incredibly rare,
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื,
04:22
but can be life-threatening if not dealt with quickly.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื›ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:25
Some Tibetans and South Americans with family histories
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ืœื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช
04:29
of living at high altitude
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”
04:31
have genetic advantages that can prevent minor altitude sickness,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืœืช ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืงืœื”,
04:35
but even they arenโ€™t immune to these severe conditions.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื ืœื ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:38
Yet despite these risks, climbers over the last century
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
04:42
have proved people can go higher than scientists ever thought possible.
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ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืขืจื•.
04:47
Pushing past their bodyโ€™s limitations,
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ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื,
04:49
these climbers have redefined what humanity can adapt to.
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ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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