How do you know whom to trust? - Ram Neta

997,055 views ใƒป 2013-04-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ram Ezrach ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:14
You believe that the Sun is much larger than the Earth,
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ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:18
that the Earth is a roughly spherical planet
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ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™,
00:20
that rotates on its axis every 24 hours
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ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจื• ื›ืœ 24 ืฉืขื•ืช
00:23
and it revolves around the Sun once every 365 days.
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ื•ืžืฉืœื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื›ืœ 365 ื™ืžื™ื.
00:28
You believe that you were born on a particular date,
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ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
00:32
that you were born to two human parents
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
00:34
and that each of your human parents
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ื•ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื›ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
00:36
was born on an earlier date.
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ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื.
00:38
You believe that other human beings
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ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื
00:40
have thoughts and feelings like you do
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืœื›ื
00:43
and that you are not surrounded by humanoid robots.
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ื•ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
00:46
You believe all of these things and many more,
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ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:49
not on the basis of direct observation,
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ืœื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”,
00:52
which can't, by itself, tell you very much
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื”
00:55
about the relative size and motion
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื
00:57
of the Sun and the Earth,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:58
or about your own family history,
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ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
01:00
or about what goes on in the minds of other humans.
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ืื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:04
Instead, these beliefs are mostly based on
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘
01:07
what you've been told.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื›ื.
01:09
Without spoken and written testimonies,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืื• ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”,
01:11
human beings could not pass on knowledge
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืœืื” ื™ื“ืข
01:13
from one person to another,
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ืžืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
01:15
let alone from one generation to another.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ.
01:17
We would know much, much less
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช
01:19
about the world around us.
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
01:22
So learning about a topic
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ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉื
01:23
by asking an expert on that topic,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืžื—ื”,
01:25
or appealing to authority,
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ืื• ืคื ื™ื” ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช,
01:28
helps us gain knowledge,
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ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื™ื“ืข,
01:30
but, it doesn't always.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœื ืชืžื™ื“.
01:32
Even the most highly respected authorities
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ื’ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:34
can turn out to be wrong.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืช.
01:36
Occasionally this happens
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
01:38
because a highly respected authority is dishonest
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืื• ื‘ืขืœืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœื ืžื’ืœื™ื ื›ื ื•ืช
01:41
and claims to know something
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ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœื™ื“ืข
01:42
that she or he really doesn't know.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืืžืช.
01:46
Sometimes it happens just because they make a mistake.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
01:50
They think they know when they don't know.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื.
01:53
For example, a number of respected economists
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
01:56
did not expect the financial collapse of 2008.
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ืœื ืฆืคื• ืืช ื”ืžืคื•ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008.
02:00
They turned out to be wrong.
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ื˜ืขื•.
02:02
Maybe they were wrong
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื˜ืขื•
02:03
because they were overlooking some important evidence.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคืกืคืกื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
02:06
Maybe they were wrong because they were misinterpreting
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื˜ืขื• ,ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”
02:08
some of the evidence they had noticed.
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ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื”.
02:10
Or maybe they were wrong
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื˜ืขื•
02:11
simply because they were reasoning carelessly
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ืจืง ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉืคื˜ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืฉืœื ื™ืช
02:13
from the total body of their evidence.
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ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื.
02:15
But whatever the reason,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื”,
02:16
they turned out to be wrong
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ื”ื ื˜ืขื•
02:18
and many people who trusted their authority
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกืžื›ื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื
02:20
ended up losing lots of money,
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ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ,
02:22
losing lots of other people's money,
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:25
on account of that misplaced trust.
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ืฉื ืชื ื• ื‘ื”ื.
02:27
So while appealing to authority
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ื›ืš, ืฉื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืช
02:29
can sometimes provide us with valuable knowledge,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ื™ื“ืข ื™ืงืจ ืขืจืš,
02:32
it also can sometimes be the cause
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ืืš ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
02:34
of monumental errors.
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ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
02:36
It's important to all of us to be able to distinguish
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ
02:39
those occasions on which we can safely and reasonably trust authority
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืช,
02:43
from those occasions on which we can't.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
02:46
But how do we do that?
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ืื™ืš ื ื“ืข ื–ืืช?
02:49
In order to do that,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
02:50
nothing is more useful than
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ
02:52
an authority's track record on a particular topic.
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ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
02:55
If someone turns out to perform well
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ืื ืžืฉื™ื”ื• ืžืชืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
02:57
in a given situation much of the time,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:59
then it's likely that he or she will continue
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื•
03:02
to perform well in that same situation,
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ืœืชืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
03:04
at least in the near term.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ.
03:06
And this generalization holds true
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ื”ื›ืœืœื” ื–ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื”
03:08
of the testimony of authorities as much as of anything else.
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ื’ื ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
03:12
If someone can consistently pick winners
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื
03:14
in both politics and baseball,
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ื’ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
03:16
then we should probably trust him or her
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื•
03:18
to keep on picking winners in both politics or baseball,
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ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
03:22
though maybe not in other things
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:23
where his or her track record may be less stellar.
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ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื”.
03:26
If other forecasters have a poorer track record
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ืื ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช
03:29
on those same two topics,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
03:31
then we shouldn't trust them as much.
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ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
03:34
So whenever you're considering whether
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ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืื
03:36
to trust the testimony of some authority,
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ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
03:39
the first question to ask yourself is,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื”ื™ื,
03:42
"What's their track record on this topic?"
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"ืžื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื—ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”?"
03:45
And notice that you can apply
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฉื
03:47
the very same lesson to yourself.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื.
03:50
Your instincts tell you that you've just met Mr. Right,
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ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข,
03:54
but what sort of track record do your instincts have
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ื ืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
03:57
on topics like this one?
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”?
03:59
Have your instincts proven themselves
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ื”ืื ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืขืฆืžื
04:01
to be worthy of your trust?
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื”ื?
04:03
Just as we judge other people's testimony
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:06
by their track record,
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื”ื,
04:07
so, too, we can judge our own instincts
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ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
04:10
by their track record.
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืฉืœื”ื.
04:12
And this brings us one step closer
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:14
to an objective view of ourselves
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ืœืจืื™ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•
04:16
and our relation to the world around us.
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ื•ื™ื—ืกื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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