The secret language of trees - Camille Defrenne and Suzanne Simard

793,978 views ใƒป 2019-07-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:10
Most of the forest lives in the shadow of the giants
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืขืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื
00:13
that make up the highest canopy.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:15
These are the oldest trees,
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ืืœื” ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื,
00:17
with hundreds of children and thousands of grandchildren.
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ืขื ืžืื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืืœืคื™ ื ื›ื“ื™ื.
00:21
They check in with their neighbors, sharing food, supplies,
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื, ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ, ืืกืคืงื”,
00:24
and wisdom gained over their long lives.
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ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉื ืืกืคื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
00:27
They do all this rooted in place, unable to speak, reach out, or move around.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“, ืื• ืœื ื•ืข.
00:33
The secret to their success lies under the forest floor,
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ื”ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืช ืจืฆืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
00:37
where vast root systems support the towering trunks above.
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ืฉื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ืžืชื ืฉืื™ื ืžืขืœ.
00:41
Partnering with these roots are symbiotic fungi called mycorrhizae.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”.
00:45
These fungi have countless branching, thread-like hyphae
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ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ื, ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™-ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื
00:49
that together make up the mycelium.
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ืฉื™ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ.
00:52
The mycelium spreads across a much larger area than the tree root system
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ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื
00:57
and connect the roots of different trees together.
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ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
01:00
These connections form mycorrhizal networks.
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ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ืœื™ื•ืช.
01:03
Through mycorrhizal networks,
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ื“ืจืš ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ืœื™ื•ืช,
01:05
fungi can pass resources and signaling molecules between trees.
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ืชืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื.
01:10
We know the oldest trees have the largest mycorrhizal networks
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืขืฆื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:13
with the most connections to other trees,
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ืขื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:16
but these connections are incredibly complicated to trace.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืงื™ื‘ื”.
01:19
Thatโ€™s because there are about a hundred species of mycorrhizal fungiโ€“
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ืœื™ื•ืช
01:23
and an individual tree might be colonized by dozens of different fungal organisms,
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ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื›ืœืก ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
01:28
each of which connects to a unique set of other trees,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ืœืกื˜ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:31
which in turn each have their own unique set of fungal associations.
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ื•ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื• ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
01:36
To get a sense of how substances flow through this network,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื•,
01:39
letโ€™s zoom in on sugars,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื,
01:41
as they travel from a mature tree to a neighboring seedling.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืขื™ื ืžืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื.
01:45
Sugarโ€™s journey starts high above the ground,
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ืžืกืข ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
01:47
in the leaves of the tallest trees above the canopy.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื”.
01:50
The leaves use the ample sunlight up there to create sugars through photosynthesis.
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ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”.
01:55
This essential fuel then travels through the tree
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ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ืข ืื– ื“ืจืš ื”ืขืฅ
01:58
to the base of the trunk in the thick sap.
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ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืขืฆื” ื”ืขื‘ื”.
02:00
From there, sugar flows down to the roots.
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ืžืฉื, ืกื•ื›ืจ ื–ื•ืจื ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื.
02:04
Mycorrhizal fungi encounter the tips of the roots
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ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ืœื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ืืช ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื
02:06
and either surround or penetrate the outer root cells,
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ื•ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืชืื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
02:10
depending on the type of fungi.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:12
Fungi cannot produce sugars, though they need them for fuel just like trees do.
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ืœืง ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
02:17
They can, however,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
02:18
collect nutrients from the soil much more efficiently than tree rootsโ€”
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ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื --
02:22
and pass these nutrients into the tree roots.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
02:25
In general,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
02:26
substances flow from where they are more abundant to where they are less abundant,
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื,
02:30
or from source to sink.
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ืื• ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ.
02:32
That means that the sugars flow from the tree roots into the fungal hyphae.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™.
02:36
Once the sugars enter the fungus,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
02:38
they travel along the hyphae through pores between cells
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ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืคื˜ื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื
02:41
or through special hollow transporter hyphae.
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ืื• ื“ืจืš ืชืคื˜ื™ืจื™ื ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
02:44
The fungus absorbs some of the sugars,
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื,
02:46
but some travels on and enters the roots of a neighboring tree,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ื ืข ื”ืœืื” ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื,
02:50
a seedling that grows in the shade and has less opportunity
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ืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
02:53
to photosynthesize sugars.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื”.
02:56
But why does fungus transport resources from tree to tree?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืขืฅ ืœืขืฅ?
02:59
This is one of the mysteries of the mycorrhizal networks.
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ืœื™ื•ืช.
03:02
It makes sense for fungus to exchange soil nutrients and sugar with a treeโ€”
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื --
03:07
both parties benefit.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ื.
03:09
The fungus likely benefits in less obvious ways from being part of a network
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฉืช
03:13
between trees, but the exact ways arenโ€™t totally clear.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
03:17
Maybe the fungus benefits from having connections
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช
03:20
with as many different trees as possible,
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ืขื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ,
03:22
and maximizes its connections by shuttling molecules between trees.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื.
03:26
Or maybe plants reduce their contributions to fungi
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
03:29
if the fungi donโ€™t facilitate exchanges between trees.
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ืื ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื.
03:32
Whatever the reasons,
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
03:34
these fungi pass an incredible amount of information between trees.
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
03:38
Through the mycorrhizae, trees can tell when nutrients or signaling molecules
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืงื•ืจื™ื–ื”, ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืฉื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ืชืชื•ืช
03:42
are coming from a member of their own species or not.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื.
03:46
They can even tell when information is coming from a close relative
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”
03:49
like a sibling or parent.
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ื›ืžื• ืื—ื™ื ืื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
03:51
Trees can also share information about events like drought
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ืขืฆื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืจื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช
03:54
or insect attacks through their fungal networks,
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ืื• ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื—ืจืงื™ื ื“ืจืš ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:57
causing their neighbors to increase production of protective enzymes
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื
04:00
in anticipation of threats.
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ื‘ืฆืคื™ื” ืœืื™ื•ื.
04:03
The forestโ€™s health relies on these intricate communications and exchanges.
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ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืข.
04:08
With everything so deeply interconnected,
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ,
04:10
what impacts one species is bound to impact others.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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