The secret language of trees - Camille Defrenne and Suzanne Simard

790,550 views ・ 2019-07-01

TED-Ed


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Prevoditelj: Petra Porubić Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:10
Most of the forest lives in the shadow of the giants
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Većina šume živi u sjeni divova
00:13
that make up the highest canopy.
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koji čine najviši svod.
00:15
These are the oldest trees,
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To su najstarija stabla,
00:17
with hundreds of children and thousands of grandchildren.
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sa stotinama djece i tisuću unuka.
00:21
They check in with their neighbors, sharing food, supplies,
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Oni su u kontaktu sa svojim susjedima, dijeleći hranu, zalihe,
00:24
and wisdom gained over their long lives.
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i mudrost koju su stekli kroz dugi život.
00:27
They do all this rooted in place, unable to speak, reach out, or move around.
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Oni čine to sve ukorijenjeni u mjestu, bez govora, dodira ili pokreta.
00:33
The secret to their success lies under the forest floor,
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Tajna njihovog uspjeha leži ispod šumskog tla,
00:37
where vast root systems support the towering trunks above.
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gdje veliki sustavi korijena podupiru visoke trupce iznad.
00:41
Partnering with these roots are symbiotic fungi called mycorrhizae.
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U partnerstvu s tim korijenima su simbiotičke gljive koje se zovu mikorize
00:45
These fungi have countless branching, thread-like hyphae
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Te gljive imaju bezbroj razgranatih hifa koje su veoma tanke i
00:49
that together make up the mycelium.
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zajedno tvore micelij.
00:52
The mycelium spreads across a much larger area than the tree root system
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Micelij je raprostranjen nad mnogo većim prostorom od sustava korijena
00:57
and connect the roots of different trees together.
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i spaja korijene od različitih stabala zajedno.
01:00
These connections form mycorrhizal networks.
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Te veze tvore mikorizne mreže.
01:03
Through mycorrhizal networks,
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Preko mikoriznih mreža,
01:05
fungi can pass resources and signaling molecules between trees.
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gljive mogu prenositi hranjive tvari i signalizirajuće molekule između stabala
01:10
We know the oldest trees have the largest mycorrhizal networks
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Znamo da najstarija stabla imaju najveće mikorizne sustave
01:13
with the most connections to other trees,
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s najviše veza s drugim drvećem,
01:16
but these connections are incredibly complicated to trace.
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no te veze su nevjerojatno teške za pratiti.
01:19
That’s because there are about a hundred species of mycorrhizal fungi–
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Razlog su tisuću vrsta mikozirnih gljiva
01:23
and an individual tree might be colonized by dozens of different fungal organisms,
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i jedna drvo može biti kolonizirano desecima različitih gljivičnih organiziama,
01:28
each of which connects to a unique set of other trees,
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od kojih se svaka povezuje sa jedinstvenim setom drugih stabala,
01:31
which in turn each have their own unique set of fungal associations.
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koja stoga imaju svoje vlastite i jedinstvene setove zajednica gljiva.
01:36
To get a sense of how substances flow through this network,
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Da se dobije predodžba o tome kako tvari prolaze ovom mrežom,
01:39
let’s zoom in on sugars,
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pogledajmo šećer,
01:41
as they travel from a mature tree to a neighboring seedling.
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dok se prenosi s jednog zrelog stabla na susjednu sjemenjaču.
01:45
Sugar’s journey starts high above the ground,
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Putovanje šećera počinje visoko iznad tla,
01:47
in the leaves of the tallest trees above the canopy.
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u listovima krošnja najviših stabala iznad svoda.
01:50
The leaves use the ample sunlight up there to create sugars through photosynthesis.
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Listovi koriste dostupnu svjetlost kako bi stvorili šećer putem fotosinteze.
01:55
This essential fuel then travels through the tree
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To je esencijalno gorivo koje putuje kroz drvo
01:58
to the base of the trunk in the thick sap.
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biljnim sokom sve do osnove debla.
02:00
From there, sugar flows down to the roots.
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Od tuda, šećer putuje dolje do korijena.
02:04
Mycorrhizal fungi encounter the tips of the roots
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Mikorizne gljive susreću se sa krajevima korijena,
02:06
and either surround or penetrate the outer root cells,
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i ili okružuju ili prodiru u vanjske stanice korijena,
02:10
depending on the type of fungi.
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ovisno o vrsti gljiva.
02:12
Fungi cannot produce sugars, though they need them for fuel just like trees do.
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Gljive ne mogu proizvoditi šećer, iako ga trebaju kao gorivo.
02:17
They can, however,
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Međutim, one mogu
02:18
collect nutrients from the soil much more efficiently than tree roots—
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skupljati hranjive tvari iz tla puno bolje nego korijeni --
02:22
and pass these nutrients into the tree roots.
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i prenositi hranjive tvari u korijene.
02:25
In general,
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Generalno,
02:26
substances flow from where they are more abundant to where they are less abundant,
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tvari prolaze od mjesta gdje ih ima više do mjesta u kojima je oskudica,
02:30
or from source to sink.
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Ili od izvora prema dnu.
02:32
That means that the sugars flow from the tree roots into the fungal hyphae.
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To znači da šećer putuje iz korijena u gljivične hife.
02:36
Once the sugars enter the fungus,
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Jednom kada šećer dospije u gljivice,
02:38
they travel along the hyphae through pores between cells
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on putuje hifom porama između stanica
02:41
or through special hollow transporter hyphae.
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ili putem posebnog šupljeg transportnog sustava hifa.
02:44
The fungus absorbs some of the sugars,
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Gljivice absorbiraju jedan dio šećera,
02:46
but some travels on and enters the roots of a neighboring tree,
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a drugi dio putuje dalje i dospijeva u korijene susjednog stabla,
02:50
a seedling that grows in the shade and has less opportunity
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sjemenjače koja raste u sjeni i ima manje mogućnosti
02:53
to photosynthesize sugars.
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proizvoditi šećer fotosintezom.
02:56
But why does fungus transport resources from tree to tree?
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Ali zašto gljive prenose hranjive tvari od stabla do stabla?
02:59
This is one of the mysteries of the mycorrhizal networks.
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To je jedna od misterija mikoriznih mreža.
03:02
It makes sense for fungus to exchange soil nutrients and sugar with a tree—
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Ima smisla da gljivica izmjnejuje hranjive tvari tla i šećer sa drvetom --
03:07
both parties benefit.
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obje strane imaju koristi.
03:09
The fungus likely benefits in less obvious ways from being part of a network
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Očite koristi gljiva u manje očitim oblicima od biti dio veze
03:13
between trees, but the exact ways aren’t totally clear.
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između drveća, ali nisu oblici konkretno jasni.
03:17
Maybe the fungus benefits from having connections
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Možda gljivice imaju koristi od veza
03:20
with as many different trees as possible,
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sa što više moguće drveća,
03:22
and maximizes its connections by shuttling molecules between trees.
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i maksimizira svoje veze slanjem molekula između drveća.
03:26
Or maybe plants reduce their contributions to fungi
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Ili možda biljke smanjuju njihove doprinose gljivicama
03:29
if the fungi don’t facilitate exchanges between trees.
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u slučaju da gljivice nisu u mogućnosti olakšati prijenos tvari.
03:32
Whatever the reasons,
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Bez obzira na razloge,
03:34
these fungi pass an incredible amount of information between trees.
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te gljivice prenose nevjerojatne količine informacija.
03:38
Through the mycorrhizae, trees can tell when nutrients or signaling molecules
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Putem mikorize, drveća mogu reći kada hranjive tvari ili signalizirajuće molekule
03:42
are coming from a member of their own species or not.
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dolaze od člana iste vrste iili ne.
03:46
They can even tell when information is coming from a close relative
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Oni mogu čak reći kada informacija dolazi od bliskog srodnika
03:49
like a sibling or parent.
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kao blizanca ili roditelja.
03:51
Trees can also share information about events like drought
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Drveće može prenositi informacije o događajima kao što su suša
03:54
or insect attacks through their fungal networks,
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ili napad kukaca kroz gljivične veze,
03:57
causing their neighbors to increase production of protective enzymes
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potičući da njihovi susjedi povećaju produkciju obrambenih enzima
04:00
in anticipation of threats.
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u očekivanju prijetnji.
04:03
The forest’s health relies on these intricate communications and exchanges.
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Zdravlje šume ovisi o tim kompleksnim komunikacijama i razmjeni.
04:08
With everything so deeply interconnected,
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Sa svime tako duboko povezanim,
04:10
what impacts one species is bound to impact others.
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ono što utječe na jednu vrstu mora utjecati i na druge.
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