The secret language of trees - Camille Defrenne and Suzanne Simard

767,295 views ・ 2019-07-01

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: So Park κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:10
Most of the forest lives in the shadow of the giants
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ” 숲의 지뢕을 μ΄λ£¨λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 크고 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ˜ 그늘 μ•„λž˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
that make up the highest canopy.
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00:15
These are the oldest trees,
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이 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ‘΄μž¬λŠ” 맀우 였래된 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€λ‘œμ„œ,
00:17
with hundreds of children and thousands of grandchildren.
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수백 그루의 μžμ‹κ³Ό 수천 그루의 손주가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
They check in with their neighbors, sharing food, supplies,
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이듀은 ν•œ 곳에 μžλ¦¬μž‘μ€ μ±„λ‘œ 이웃 λ‚˜λ¬΄μ™€ μ†Œν†΅ν•˜κ³ , μ–‘λΆ„, μžμ›κ³Ό
00:24
and wisdom gained over their long lives.
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평생에 걸쳐 μŒ“μ€ μ§€ν˜œλ₯Ό κ³΅μœ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
They do all this rooted in place, unable to speak, reach out, or move around.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  일은 μ œμžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ 아무 말 없이,
가지λ₯Ό λ»—κ±°λ‚˜ μ›€μ§μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” μ±„λ‘œ 이루어 μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
The secret to their success lies under the forest floor,
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κ·Έ 비밀은 λ°”λ‘œ λ•… 속 κΉŠμˆ™ν•œ 곳에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
where vast root systems support the towering trunks above.
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λ•… μ†μ˜ μ–΄λ§ˆμ–΄λ§ˆν•œ 뿌리 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ λ•… μœ„λ‘œ 높이 μ†Ÿμ€ 뢀뢄을 μ§€νƒ±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
Partnering with these roots are symbiotic fungi called mycorrhizae.
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이런 λΏŒλ¦¬μ™€ ν•œ 짝을 μ΄λ£¨λŠ” 것은 κ· κ·Όμ΄λΌλŠ” 곡생 κ· λ₯˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
These fungi have countless branching, thread-like hyphae
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균근은 싀같이 κ°€λŠ” κ· μ‚¬λΌλŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 가지λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
that together make up the mycelium.
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이듀은 λͺ¨λ‘ ν•©μ³μ„œ 균사체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
The mycelium spreads across a much larger area than the tree root system
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κ· μ‚¬μ²΄λŠ” λ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ 뿌리 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œλ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 더 넓은 λ²”μœ„λ‘œ ν™•μž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
and connect the roots of different trees together.
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ˜ 뿌리λ₯Ό μž‡λŠ” 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
These connections form mycorrhizal networks.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  μ—°κ²°κ³ λ¦¬λŠ” κ· κ·Ό 망을 ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
Through mycorrhizal networks,
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κ· κ·Ό 망을 톡해,
01:05
fungi can pass resources and signaling molecules between trees.
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균근은 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€ 간에 μžμ›μ΄λ‚˜ μ‹ ν˜Έ 전달 λΆ„μžλ₯Ό 전달할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
We know the oldest trees have the largest mycorrhizal networks
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제일 였래된 λ‚˜λ¬΄μ— κ°€μž₯ 큰 κ· κ·Ό 망이 있고
01:13
with the most connections to other trees,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€κ³Ό κ°€μž₯ 많이 μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
but these connections are incredibly complicated to trace.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 λͺ¨λ“  연결은 μΆ”μ ν•˜κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
That’s because there are about a hundred species of mycorrhizal fungi–
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κ· κ·Ό 균은 λ°± μ’… μ •λ„λ‘œ 맀우 λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
and an individual tree might be colonized by dozens of different fungal organisms,
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ν•œ λ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 균근으둜 λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έμ—¬ μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
each of which connects to a unique set of other trees,
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각 균근은 νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€κ³Ό 연결고리λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
which in turn each have their own unique set of fungal associations.
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그에 따라 각 μ’…λ₯˜λ³„λ‘œ λ…νŠΉν•œ κ· λ₯˜ 연합을 ν˜•μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
To get a sense of how substances flow through this network,
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이 망을 톡해 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 물질이 μ΄λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό 보렀면
01:39
let’s zoom in on sugars,
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당에 μ£Όλͺ©ν•΄ 보죠.
01:41
as they travel from a mature tree to a neighboring seedling.
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λ‹€ μžλž€ λ‚˜λ¬΄μ—μ„œ μ΄μ›ƒν•œ μ–΄λ¦° λ‚˜λ¬΄λ‘œ 당이 μ΄λ™ν•˜λŠ” 경둜 말이죠.
01:45
Sugar’s journey starts high above the ground,
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λ‹Ήμ˜ 여행은 맀우 높은 κ³³μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
in the leaves of the tallest trees above the canopy.
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숲의 지뢕을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ μžŽμ‚¬κ·€μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
The leaves use the ample sunlight up there to create sugars through photosynthesis.
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μžŽμ€ 높은 곳의 μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ 빛을 λ°›μ•„ κ΄‘ν•©μ„± μž‘μš©μ„ 톡해 당을 μƒμ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
This essential fuel then travels through the tree
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이 핡심적인 μ—°λ£ŒλŠ” 가지λ₯Ό 따라
κ±Έμ­‰ν•œ μˆ˜μ•‘μ΄ μžˆλŠ” λ‚˜λ¬΄ μ€„κΈ°μ˜ λ°‘λ™μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
to the base of the trunk in the thick sap.
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02:00
From there, sugar flows down to the roots.
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κ·Έ κ³³μ—μ„œ 당은 뿌리둜 λ‚΄λ €κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
Mycorrhizal fungi encounter the tips of the roots
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κ· κ·Ό 균은 뿌리 끝에 μžˆλŠ”λ°,
02:06
and either surround or penetrate the outer root cells,
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뿌리λ₯Ό κ°μ‹Έκ±°λ‚˜, 뿌리 λ°”κΉ₯ 세포λ₯Ό κ΄€ν†΅ν•˜κ³  μžˆκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
depending on the type of fungi.
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균근의 μ’…λ₯˜μ— 따라 λ‹¬λΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
Fungi cannot produce sugars, though they need them for fuel just like trees do.
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균근은 λ‚˜λ¬΄μ²˜λŸΌ 당을 μ—°λ£Œλ‘œ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 슀슀둜 당을 μƒμ„±ν•˜μ§„ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
They can, however,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 그듀은
02:18
collect nutrients from the soil much more efficiently than tree rootsβ€”
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λ‚˜λ¬΄ λΏŒλ¦¬λ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 더 효율적으둜 ν™μ—μ„œ 양뢄을 ν‘μˆ˜ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
and pass these nutrients into the tree roots.
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그리고 κ·Έ 양뢄을 뿌리둜 μ „λ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
In general,
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일반적으둜,
02:26
substances flow from where they are more abundant to where they are less abundant,
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λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ ν’λΆ€ν•œ κ³³μ—μ„œ 덜 ν’λΆ€ν•œ 곳으둜 μ΄λ™ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
or from source to sink.
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즉, μˆ˜λ„κΌ­μ§€μ—μ„œ μ‹±ν¬λŒ€ 배수ꡬ둜 물이 흐λ₯΄λŠ” 것과 κ°™μ£ .
02:32
That means that the sugars flow from the tree roots into the fungal hyphae.
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μ΄λŠ” 당이 λ‚˜λ¬΄ λΏŒλ¦¬μ—μ„œ κ· μ‚¬λ‘œ μ΄λ™ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
Once the sugars enter the fungus,
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당이 균근으둜 λ“€μ–΄κ°€λ©΄,
02:38
they travel along the hyphae through pores between cells
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세포 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ ꡬ멍을 톡해 균사λ₯Ό 따라 μ΄λ™ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜,
02:41
or through special hollow transporter hyphae.
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ν†΅λ‘œμ—­ν• μ„ ν•˜λŠ” κ· μ‚¬μ˜ 빈 뢀뢄을 톡해 μ΄λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
The fungus absorbs some of the sugars,
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λ‹Ήμ˜ μΌλΆ€λŠ” 균근이 ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
02:46
but some travels on and enters the roots of a neighboring tree,
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€λŠ” μ΄μ›ƒν•œ λ‚˜λ¬΄μ˜ 뿌리둜 λ“€μ–΄κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
a seedling that grows in the shade and has less opportunity
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κ·ΈλŠ˜μ—μ„œ μžλž€ μ΄μ›ƒν•œ μ–΄λ¦° λ‚˜λ¬΄λŠ”
κ΄‘ν•©μ„± μž‘μš©μ„ 톡해 당을 λ§Œλ“€ κΈ°νšŒκ°€ μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
to photosynthesize sugars.
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02:56
But why does fungus transport resources from tree to tree?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ™œ 이 균근은 ν•œ λ‚˜λ¬΄μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ‘œ μžμ›μ„ μ΄λ™μ‹œν‚¬κΉŒμš”?
02:59
This is one of the mysteries of the mycorrhizal networks.
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이것이 κ· κ·Ό 망의 λ―ΈμŠ€ν„°λ¦¬ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
It makes sense for fungus to exchange soil nutrients and sugar with a treeβ€”
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균근이 λ‚˜λ¬΄μ— ν† μ–‘μ˜ 양뢄을 κ³΅κΈ‰ν•˜κ³ , λ‚˜λ¬΄κ°€ 당을 κ³΅κΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” 건 말이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
both parties benefit.
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두 개체 λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ 이둭기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
The fungus likely benefits in less obvious ways from being part of a network
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균근이 이 망 μ†μ—μ„œ 덜 κ°€μ‹œμ μΈ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ–»λŠ” 것이 μžˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ
03:13
between trees, but the exact ways aren’t totally clear.
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μ •ν™•ν•œ 방식은 아직 λ°ν˜€μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
Maybe the fungus benefits from having connections
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균근이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν•œ λ§Žμ€ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€κ³Ό
연결고리가 μžˆμ„ 경우 이득을 얻을 수 있고
03:20
with as many different trees as possible,
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03:22
and maximizes its connections by shuttling molecules between trees.
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λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€ κ°„ 물질 전달을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ 더 λ§Žμ€ 망을 ν˜•μ„±ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
Or maybe plants reduce their contributions to fungi
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λ˜λŠ” 균근이 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ œκ³΅λ°›λŠ” ν˜œνƒμ΄ 쀄어듀 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
if the fungi don’t facilitate exchanges between trees.
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λ§Œμ•½ 균근이 λ‚˜λ¬΄ κ°„ ꡐλ₯˜λ₯Ό ν™œμ„±ν™”ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ 말이죠.
03:32
Whatever the reasons,
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μ΄μœ κ°€ μ–΄μ°Œλ˜μ—ˆλ“ ,
03:34
these fungi pass an incredible amount of information between trees.
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이 균근은 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€ 간에 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ–‘μ˜ 정보λ₯Ό μ΄λ™μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
Through the mycorrhizae, trees can tell when nutrients or signaling molecules
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λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ€ 균근을 톡해 μ „λ‹¬λ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–‘λΆ„κ³Ό μ‹ ν˜Έ 전달 λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄
03:42
are coming from a member of their own species or not.
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같은 μ’…μ—μ„œ μ˜€λŠ” 것인지 μ•„λ‹Œμ§€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
They can even tell when information is coming from a close relative
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μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μΉœμ‘±μ—μ„œ μ˜€λŠ” 정보인지도 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
like a sibling or parent.
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예둜, ν˜•μ œμžλ§€λ‚˜, λΆ€λͺ¨μΈμ§€ 말이죠.
03:51
Trees can also share information about events like drought
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λ˜ν•œ λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ€ 사건에 λŒ€ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό κ³΅μœ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
or insect attacks through their fungal networks,
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κ°€λ­„μ΄λ‚˜ 병좩해와 같은 정보λ₯Ό κ· κ·Ό 망을 톡해 κ³΅μœ ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
causing their neighbors to increase production of protective enzymes
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이 정보λ₯Ό 받은 이웃 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ“€μ€ λ°©μ–΄νš¨μ†Œλ₯Ό 더 많이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
in anticipation of threats.
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λ‹€κ°€μ˜€λŠ” μœ„ν—˜μ— λŒ€λΉ„ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
04:03
The forest’s health relies on these intricate communications and exchanges.
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숲의 μ•ˆλ…•μ€ 이런 λ³΅μž‘λ‹€λ‹¨ν•œ μ†Œν†΅κ³Ό ꡐλ₯˜μ— λ‹¬λ €μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
With everything so deeply interconnected,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λͺ¨λ“  것이 깊이 μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄μžˆλŠ” κ°€μš΄λ°,
04:10
what impacts one species is bound to impact others.
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ν•œ 쒅에 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” 것은 λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 쒅에도 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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