Who am I? A philosophical inquiry - Amy Adkins

3,730,746 views ใƒป 2015-08-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Throughout the history of mankind,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:08
three little words have sent poets to the blank page,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื—ื• ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืœื“ืคื™ื ื”ืจื™ืงื™ื,
00:12
philosophers to the Agora,
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืœืื’ื•ืจื”,
00:14
and seekers to the oracles:
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ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื•ืจืงืœื™ื:
00:17
"Who am I?"
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"ืžื™ ืื ื™?"
00:19
From the ancient Greek aphorism inscribed on the Temple of Apollo,
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ืžื”ืืคื•ืจื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืคื•ืœื•,
00:22
"Know thyself,"
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"ื“ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžืš,"
00:24
to The Who's rock anthem, "Who Are You?"
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ืœื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืง ื”ืฉืœ ื”"ื”ื•", " ืžื™ ืืชื”?"
00:27
philosophers, psychologists, academics,
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืืงื“ืžืื™ื,
00:30
scientists, artists, theologians and politicians
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืืžื ื™ื, ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื
00:34
have all tackled the subject of identity.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช.
00:38
Their hypotheses are widely varied and lack significant consensus.
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ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื—ืกืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
00:42
These are smart, creative people,
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ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื,
00:44
so what's so hard about coming up with the right answer?
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ืื– ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ื‘ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”?
00:49
One challenge certainly lies
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ืืชื’ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ืžืฆื
00:51
with the complex concept of the persistence of identity.
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ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช.
00:56
Which you is who?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืืชื ื–ื” ืžื™?
00:58
The person you are today?
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ื”ืื“ื ืฉืืชื ื”ื™ื•ื?
01:00
Five years ago?
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื?
01:01
Who you'll be in 50 years?
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ืžื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ 50 ืฉื ื”?
01:03
And when is "am"?
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ื•ืžืชื™ ื–ื” "ืงื™ื™ื?"
01:05
This week?
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ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข?
01:06
Today?
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ื”ื™ื•ื?
01:08
This hour?
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ื”ืฉืขื”?
01:09
This second?
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”?
01:10
And which aspect of you is "I"?
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ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืืกืคืงื˜ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื "ืื ื™"?
01:13
Are you your physical body?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœื›ื?
01:15
Your thoughts and feelings?
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช?
01:16
Your actions?
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื?
01:18
These murky waters of abstract logic are tricky to navigate,
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜,
01:22
and so it's probably fitting that to demonstrate the complexity,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืชืื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช,
01:25
the Greek historian Plutarch used the story of a ship.
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ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืคืœื•ื˜ืืจืš ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื”.
01:31
How are you "I"?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื "ืื ื™"?
01:34
As the tale goes, Theseus, the mythical founder King of Athens,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš, ืชื–ืื•ืก, ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืžืœืš ืืชื•ื ื”,
01:38
single-handedly slayed the evil Minotaur at Crete,
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ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื• ืงื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืข ืฉืœ ื›ืจืชื™ื,
01:43
then returned home on a ship.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื”.
01:45
To honor this heroic feat,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื”ืจื•ืื™,
01:47
for 1000 years Athenians painstakingly maintained his ship in the harbor,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 1000 ืฉื ื” ืื ืฉื™ ืืชื•ื ื” ืชื—ื–ืงื• ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ืžืœ,
01:54
and annually reenacted his voyage.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืข.
01:58
Whenever a part of the ship was worn or damaged,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื ืฉื—ืง ืื• ื ืคื’ืข,
02:01
it was replaced with an identical piece of the same material
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื”ื” ืžืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ
02:05
until, at some point, no original parts remained.
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ืขื“, ืฉื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืืฃ ื—ืœืง ืžืงื•ืจื™.
02:09
Plutarch noted the Ship of Theseus
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ืคืœื•ื˜ืืจืš ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื–ืื•ืก
02:11
was an example of the philosophical paradox
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™
02:14
revolving around the persistence of identity.
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ืฉืกื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช.
02:17
How can every single part of something be replaced,
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ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฃ,
02:20
yet it still remains the same thing?
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ?
02:24
Let's imagine there are two ships:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช:
02:26
the ship that Theseus docked in Athens, Ship A,
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ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืชื–ืื•ืก ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืชื” ื‘ืืชื•ื ื”, ืกืคื™ื ื” ื',
02:29
and the ship sailed by the Athenians 1000 years later, Ship B.
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ื•ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืืชื•ื ืื™ื 1000 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘'.
02:35
Very simply, our question is this: does A equal B?
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ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืื ื' ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ ื‘'?
02:40
Some would say that for 1000 years there has been only one Ship of Theseus,
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ื—ืœืง ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš 1000 ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืกืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืชื–ืื•ืก,
02:45
and because the changes made to it happened gradually,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื” ืงืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™,
02:48
it never at any point in time stopped being the legendary ship.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ืื’ื“ื™ืช.
02:53
Though they have absolutely no parts in common,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืืฃ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ,
02:56
the two ships are numerically identical, meaning one and the same,
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช,
03:01
so A equals B.
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ืื– ื' ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ ื‘'.
03:03
However, others could argue that Theseus never set foot on Ship B,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืชื–ืื•ืก ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื“ืจืš ืขืœ ื‘',
03:08
and his presence on the ship is an essential qualitative property
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ื•ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช
03:12
of the Ship of Theseus.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื–ืื•ืก.
03:14
It cannot survive without him.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•.
03:17
So, though the two ships are numerically identical,
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ืื–, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ืช,
03:20
they are not qualitatively identical.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช.
03:23
Thus, A does not equal B.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื' ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ ื‘'.
03:26
But what happens when we consider this twist?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื–ื”?
03:29
What if, as each piece of the original ship was cast off,
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ืžื” ืื, ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืœื›ืช,
03:33
somebody collected them all, and rebuilt the entire original ship?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช?
03:38
When it was finished, undeniably two physical ships would exist:
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืฉืชื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•:
03:43
the one that's docked in Athens,
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ื–ื• ืฉืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืืชื•ื ื”,
03:45
and the one in some guy's backyard.
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
03:48
Each could lay claim to the title, "The Ship of Theseus,"
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืืจ, "ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื–ืื•ืก,"
03:51
but only would could actually be the real thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืื—ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:55
So which one is it,
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื–ื•,
03:56
and more importantly, what does this have to do with you?
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื?
03:59
Like the Ship of Theseus,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื–ืื•ืก,
04:01
you are a collection of constantly changing parts:
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ืืชื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ:
04:05
your physical body, mind, emotions, circumstances, and even your quirks,
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื,
04:11
always changing, but still in an amazing and sometimes illogical way,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
04:16
you stay the same, too.
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ืืชื ื’ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:19
This is one of the reasons that the question, "Who am I?" is so complex.
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืืœื”, "ืžื™ ืื ื™?" ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
04:24
And in order to answer it,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”,
04:25
like so many great minds before you,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื›ื,
04:28
you must be willing to dive into the bottomless ocean of philosophical paradox.
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ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื—ืกืจ ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™.
04:33
Or maybe you could just answer,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขื ื•ืช,
04:35
"I am a legendary hero sailing a powerful ship on an epic journey."
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"ืื ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื’ื“ื™ ืฉืžืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืžืกืข ืืคื™."
04:40
That could work, too.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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