3 questions to ask yourself before you believe something - Siska De Baerdemaeker

382,939 views ใƒป 2023-07-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the late 1700s, a German doctor named Samuel Hahnemann began publishing
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-17, ืจื•ืคื ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืกืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืจืกื
00:12
articles about a new treatment approach he called homeopathy.
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ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืžืื•ืคืชื™ื”.
00:17
Hahnemannโ€™s theory had two central hypotheses.
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ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช.
00:21
First, the treatment for an ailment should be a dose of something
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
00:24
that might cause that ailment.
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ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•.
00:27
And second, diluted medicines are more powerful than concentrated ones.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืืœื” ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื•ืช.
00:33
So, a homeopathic remedy for insomnia
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ืื–, ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื•ืžืื•ืคืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื”
00:36
might include an extremely diluted solution of caffeine.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืชืžื™ืกื” ืžื“ื•ืœืœืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸ.
00:41
Over the following 300 years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 300 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
00:43
numerous physicians and patients turned to homeopathy,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืคื ื• ืœื”ื•ืžืื•ืคืชื™ื”,
00:47
and entire hospitals were built to focus on homeopathic treatments.
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ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื ื‘ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืžืื•ืคืชื™ื™ื.
00:51
But despite all this, many studies have shown that homeopathy
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืจืื• ืฉืœื”ื•ืžืื•ืคืชื™ื”
00:55
has no therapeutic effect,
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช,
00:57
and homeopathic treatments often perform no better than placebos.
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ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืžืื•ืคืชื™ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืคืœืฆื‘ื•.
01:02
So why do so many practitioners and institutions
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
01:06
still support this practice?
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•?
01:09
The answer is that homeopathy is a pseudoscienceโ€”
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื•ืžืื•ืคืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข -
01:12
a collection of theories, methods, and assumptions
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ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืช
01:15
that appear scientific, but arenโ€™t.
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ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืœื.
01:18
In the worst cases, pseudoscience practitioners encourage this confusion
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
01:22
to exploit people.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:24
But even when theyโ€™re well-intentioned,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
01:26
pseudoscience still prevents people from getting the help they need.
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ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
01:30
So how are you supposed to tell whatโ€™s science and whatโ€™s pseudoscience?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืชื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ืžื”ื• ืžื“ืข ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข?
01:35
This question is known as the demarcation problem,
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ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื—ื•ื,
01:38
and there's no easy answer.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงืœื”.
01:40
Part of the issue is that defining science is surprisingly tricky.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
01:44
There's a common idea that all science should, in some form or another,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื“ืข ืฆืจื™ืš, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช,
01:48
be related to testing against empirical evidence.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช, ืžื•ืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:52
But some scientific activities are primarily theoretical,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช,
01:55
and different disciplines approach empiricism
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ื•ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื’ืฉื•ืช ืœืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช
01:58
with varying goals, methodologies, and standards.
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ืขื ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชืงื ื™ื.
02:03
20th century philosopher Karl Popper tried to solve the demarcation problem
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืงืืจืœ ืคื•ืคืจ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื—ื•ื
02:08
with a simple rule.
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ืขื ื›ืœืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
02:09
He argued that in order for a theory to be scientific
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช
02:13
it must be falsifiable, or able to be proven wrong.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืคืจื›ื” ืื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
02:17
This requires a theory to make specific predictionsโ€”
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืชื‘ืฆืข ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช --
02:21
for example, if youโ€™re theorizing that the Earth revolves around the Sun,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืืชื ืžืขืœื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:25
you should be able to predict the path of other celestial bodies in the night sky.
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ืืชื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
02:30
This could then be disproven based on whether or not
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืื ืื• ืœื
02:33
your prediction corresponds to your observations.
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ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
02:37
Popperโ€™s falsification criterion is a great way
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ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช
02:40
to identify pseudoscientific fields like astrology,
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:44
which makes overly broad predictions that adapt to any observation.
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉืžืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืชืฆืคื™ืช.
02:48
However, falsification alone doesn't completely solve the demarcation issue.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื ืคื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื—ื•ื.
02:54
Many things we now consider science were once untestable
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืขืช ื›ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื”
02:58
due to a lack of knowledge or technology.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื“ืข ืื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข,
03:02
Fortunately, there are other factors we can use to identify pseudoscience,
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03:06
including how a field responds to criticism.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืš ืชื—ื•ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.
03:10
Scientists should always be open to the possibility
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช
03:13
that new observations could change what they previously thought,
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ืฉืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
03:17
and thoroughly disproven theories should be rejected in favor of new explanations.
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ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:23
Conversely, pseudoscientific theories are often continually modified
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช
03:28
to explain away any contradictory results.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช.
03:32
This kind of behavior shows a resistance
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืจืื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช
03:34
to what philosopher Helen Longino calls transformative criticism.
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืœืŸ ืœื•ื ื’ื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
03:40
Pseudoscientific fields don't seek to address their internal biases
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ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
03:44
or meaningfully engage in transparent peer review.
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ืื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื”.
03:49
Another key marker of science is overall consistency.
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ืขื•ื“ ืกืžืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
03:53
Science relies on a network of shared information
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
03:56
that ongoing research develops across disciplines.
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ืฉืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืžืคืชื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช.
04:00
But pseudoscience often ignores or denies this shared pool of data.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืกืื•ื“ื• ืžื“ืข ืžืชืขืœื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
04:05
For example, creationists claim that animals didnโ€™t evolve
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืืชื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
04:08
from a common ancestor,
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ืžืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ,
04:10
and that Earth is less than 20,000 years old.
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ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20,000 ืฉื ื”.
04:13
But these claims contradict huge amounts of evidence
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช
04:16
across multiple scientific disciplines,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช,
04:18
including geology, paleontology, and biology.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืคืœื™ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
04:22
While the scientific method is our most reliable tool
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•
04:25
to analyze empirical evidence from the world around us,
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ืœื ืชื— ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•,
04:28
it certainly doesn't reveal everything about the human condition.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื“ื.
04:32
Faith-based beliefs can play an important role in our lives and cultural traditions.
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ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืืžื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:36
But the reason itโ€™s so important to draw a line
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืชื•ื— ืงื•
04:39
is that people often dress up belief systems as science
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืžื•ื ื” ื›ืžื“ืข
04:44
in efforts to manipulate others
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ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื
04:46
or undermine legitimate scientific discoveries.
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ืื• ืœืขืจืขืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
04:49
And even in cases where this might seem harmless,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžื–ื™ืง,
04:52
legitimizing pseudoscience can impede genuine scientific progress.
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ืžืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
04:57
In a world where it's increasingly difficult to tell fact from fiction,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ,
05:01
it's essential to keep your critical thinking skills sharp.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ื™ื.
05:06
So the next time you hear an amazing new claim,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืฉืžืขื• ื˜ืขื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
05:09
ask yourself:
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ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื:
05:10
could we test this?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”?
05:11
Are the individuals behind this theory updating their claims with new findings?
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ื”ืื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืขื“ื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื?
05:16
Is this consistent with our broader scientific understanding of the world?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื• ?
05:20
Because looking scientific and actually being scientific
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ื›ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™
05:24
are two very different things.
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ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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