3 questions to ask yourself before you believe something - Siska De Baerdemaeker

404,867 views

2023-07-25 ・ TED-Ed


New videos

3 questions to ask yourself before you believe something - Siska De Baerdemaeker

404,867 views ・ 2023-07-25

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jiwon Lee κ²€ν† : κ΄€μ›… λ¬Έ
00:07
In the late 1700s, a German doctor named Samuel Hahnemann began publishing
0
7086
5381
1700λ…„λŒ€ ν›„λ°˜, λ…μΌμ˜ μ˜μ‚¬ μ‚¬λ¬΄μ—˜ ν•˜λ„€λ§Œμ€
00:12
articles about a new treatment approach he called homeopathy.
1
12467
4337
λ™μ’…μš”λ²•μ΄λΌλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ— λŒ€ν•œ 논문을 μΆœνŒν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
Hahnemann’s theory had two central hypotheses.
2
17638
3254
ν•˜λ„€λ§Œμ˜ μ΄λ‘ μ—λŠ” 두 κ°€μ§€μ˜ μ£Όμš” 가섀이 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:21
First, the treatment for an ailment should be a dose of something
3
21225
3671
첫째, λ³‘μ˜ 원인 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 적은 μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄
00:24
that might cause that ailment.
4
24896
2043
κ·Έ λ³‘μ˜ μΉ˜λ£Œμ œκ°€ λœλ‹€.
00:27
And second, diluted medicines are more powerful than concentrated ones.
5
27190
5505
λ‘˜μ§Έ, ν¬μ„λœ μ•½μ˜ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ λ†μΆ•λœ 약보닀 더 κ°•λ ₯ν•˜λ‹€.
00:33
So, a homeopathic remedy for insomnia
6
33071
3378
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 뢈면증의 λ™μ’…μš”λ²• 치료제둜
00:36
might include an extremely diluted solution of caffeine.
7
36449
4296
μ•„μ£Ό μ˜…κ²Œ ν¬μ„λœ 카페인 μš©μ•‘μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
00:41
Over the following 300 years,
8
41496
2127
이후 300년이 λ„˜λ„λ‘
00:43
numerous physicians and patients turned to homeopathy,
9
43623
3670
λ§Žμ€ μ˜μ‚¬λ“€κ³Ό ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ λ™μ’…μš”λ²•μ— μ˜μ§€ν–ˆκ³ 
00:47
and entire hospitals were built to focus on homeopathic treatments.
10
47293
4213
심지어 λ™μ’…μš”λ²•μ—λ§Œ μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜λŠ” 병원이 생기기도 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
But despite all this, many studies have shown that homeopathy
11
51839
4004
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 λͺ¨λ“  상황에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
00:55
has no therapeutic effect,
12
55843
2044
λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ듀은 λ™μ’…μš”λ²•μ΄ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° 치료 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ—†μœΌλ©°
00:57
and homeopathic treatments often perform no better than placebos.
13
57887
4588
λ™μ’…μš”λ²• μΉ˜λ£Œμ œμ™€ μœ„μ•½ κ°„μ˜ 차이가 크지 μ•ŠμŒμ„ λ°ν˜€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
So why do so many practitioners and institutions
14
62850
3629
그럼 μ™œ 이토둝 λ§Žμ€ μ˜μ‚¬μ™€ 기관듀이
01:06
still support this practice?
15
66479
2127
아직도 이 μš”λ²•μ„ μ§€μ§€ν•˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
01:09
The answer is that homeopathy is a pseudoscienceβ€”
16
69440
3462
λ°”λ‘œ λ™μ’…μš”λ²•μ΄ μœ μ‚¬κ³Όν•™μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
a collection of theories, methods, and assumptions
17
72902
2878
μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 이둠, 체계, κ°€μ„€μ˜ μ§‘ν•©μ²΄λ‘œμ„œ
01:15
that appear scientific, but aren’t.
18
75780
2169
κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, μ‹€μ œλ‘  μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
01:18
In the worst cases, pseudoscience practitioners encourage this confusion
19
78324
4630
μ΅œμ•…μ˜ 경우 μœ μ‚¬κ³Όν•™μ„ λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ€
이 λͺ¨ν˜Έν•¨μ„ μ•…μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
to exploit people.
20
82954
1334
01:24
But even when they’re well-intentioned,
21
84288
1877
μ„€λ Ή 그듀이 μ„ μ˜λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œλ‹€ν•΄λ„,
01:26
pseudoscience still prevents people from getting the help they need.
22
86165
4296
μœ μ‚¬κ³Όν•™μ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ ν™˜μžκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•œ 도움을 μ–»μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” μž₯애물이죠.
01:30
So how are you supposed to tell what’s science and what’s pseudoscience?
23
90795
4463
그럼, κ³Όν•™κ³Ό μœ μ‚¬κ³Όν•™μ€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ꡬ뢄할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
01:35
This question is known as the demarcation problem,
24
95716
3087
이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ ꡬ획문제라고 μ•Œλ €μ Έ 있으며
01:38
and there's no easy answer.
25
98803
1835
μ‰½κ²Œ 닡을 내릴 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
Part of the issue is that defining science is surprisingly tricky.
26
100680
4004
문제 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 과학을 μ •μ˜ν•˜κΈ°λž€ 맀우 νž˜λ“€λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
There's a common idea that all science should, in some form or another,
27
104934
3795
λͺ¨λ“  과학은 μ–΄λ–€ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œλ“  κ²½ν—˜μ  증거에 λ°˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹œν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 것과
01:48
be related to testing against empirical evidence.
28
108729
3337
μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 톡념이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
But some scientific activities are primarily theoretical,
29
112191
3796
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 과학적 ν˜„μƒλ“€ 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” 이둠이 μ£Όλ₯Ό 이루고
01:55
and different disciplines approach empiricism
30
115987
2878
λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢄야듀은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λͺ©ν‘œ, 방법둠, κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ
01:58
with varying goals, methodologies, and standards.
31
118865
3628
κ²½ν—˜μ£Όμ˜μ— μ ‘κ·Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
20th century philosopher Karl Popper tried to solve the demarcation problem
32
123161
4879
20μ„ΈκΈ° μ² ν•™μž μΉΌ ν¬νΌλŠ”
ꡬ획문제λ₯Ό κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κ·œμΉ™μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
with a simple rule.
33
128040
1335
02:09
He argued that in order for a theory to be scientific
34
129709
3295
κ·ΈλŠ” ν•œ 이둠이 과학적이렀면
02:13
it must be falsifiable, or able to be proven wrong.
35
133004
4588
반증이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
This requires a theory to make specific predictionsβ€”
36
137842
3545
μ΄λŠ” 이둠에 ꡬ체적인 μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ μš”κ΅¬ν•˜μ£ .
02:21
for example, if you’re theorizing that the Earth revolves around the Sun,
37
141387
4213
κ·Έ 예둜, λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 지ꡬ가 νƒœμ–‘ μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό λˆλ‹€λŠ” 이둠을 μ„Έμš°λ €λ©΄
02:25
you should be able to predict the path of other celestial bodies in the night sky.
38
145600
4754
μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ°€ν•˜λŠ˜μ— 뜬 λ‹€λ₯Έ 천체의 경둜λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
This could then be disproven based on whether or not
39
150479
3003
이제 이 이둠은 κ΄€μΈ‘ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ 예츑과 μΌμΉ˜ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— 따라
02:33
your prediction corresponds to your observations.
40
153482
3045
반증이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 것이죠.
02:37
Popper’s falsification criterion is a great way
41
157278
3337
포퍼의 반증 기쀀은
02:40
to identify pseudoscientific fields like astrology,
42
160615
3503
아무 κ΄€μΈ‘μ—λ‚˜ 적용되고 λ„ˆλ¬΄ 넓은 μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ ν•˜λŠ”
02:44
which makes overly broad predictions that adapt to any observation.
43
164118
4421
점성학 λ“±μ˜ μœ μ‚¬κ³Όν•™μ„ μ‹λ³„ν•˜κΈ°μ— 맀우 쒋은 λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
However, falsification alone doesn't completely solve the demarcation issue.
44
168706
5339
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, λ°˜μ¦λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” ꡬ획문제λ₯Ό μ™„μ „νžˆ ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
Many things we now consider science were once untestable
45
174170
4087
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ§€κΈˆ 과학이라고 μ—¬κΈ°λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 것듀은
μ§€μ‹μ΄λ‚˜ 기술의 λΆ€μ‘±μœΌλ‘œ 검증이 μ–΄λ €μ› λ˜ 적이 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:58
due to a lack of knowledge or technology.
46
178257
2586
03:02
Fortunately, there are other factors we can use to identify pseudoscience,
47
182011
4588
λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ, ν•΄λ‹Ή λΆ„μ•Όκ°€ λΉ„νŒμ— μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ“±μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©λ²•λ“€λ‘œλ„
03:06
including how a field responds to criticism.
48
186599
3128
μœ μ‚¬κ³Όν•™μ„ 식별할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Scientists should always be open to the possibility
49
190394
3337
κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°œκ²¬λ“€μ΄ 그듀이 μ•žμ„œ ν–ˆλ˜ 생각을
03:13
that new observations could change what they previously thought,
50
193731
4171
λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ°€λŠ₯성에 λŒ€ν•΄ 항상 μ—΄λ € μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λ©°
03:17
and thoroughly disproven theories should be rejected in favor of new explanations.
51
197902
5756
였λ₯˜κ°€ μ™„μ „νžˆ μž…μ¦λœ 이둠은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 이둠을 μœ„ν•΄ 사라져야 ν•˜μ£ .
03:23
Conversely, pseudoscientific theories are often continually modified
52
203866
4963
반면 μœ μ‚¬κ³Όν•™μ€ μ’…μ’… λ°˜λŒ€λ˜λŠ” 결과듀을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
03:28
to explain away any contradictory results.
53
208829
3254
이둠을 μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
This kind of behavior shows a resistance
54
212333
2586
μ΄λŠ” μ² ν•™μž ν—¬λ Œ λ‘±κΈ°λ…Έκ°€ λ§ν•˜λŠ”
03:34
to what philosopher Helen Longino calls transformative criticism.
55
214919
4629
β€œμƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έμ˜¬ λΉ„νŒβ€œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ €ν•­ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ 보여주죠.
03:40
Pseudoscientific fields don't seek to address their internal biases
56
220091
4462
μœ μ‚¬κ³Όν•™ λΆ„μ•ΌλŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λ‚΄λΆ€ 편ν–₯ 문제λ₯Ό λ‹€λ£° 생각도
03:44
or meaningfully engage in transparent peer review.
57
224553
3629
투λͺ…ν•œ λ™λ£Œ 평가λ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
Another key marker of science is overall consistency.
58
229016
4088
κ³Όν•™μ˜ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ£Όμš” νŠΉμ§•μ€ μΌκ΄€μ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
Science relies on a network of shared information
59
233229
3128
과학은 ν˜„μž¬ μ§„ν–‰ 쀑인 연ꡬ듀이
λΆ„μ•Όλ₯Ό λ„˜λ‚˜λ“€λ©° λ°œμ „μ‹œμΌœ λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” 곡유 정보 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ— μ˜μ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
that ongoing research develops across disciplines.
60
236357
3378
04:00
But pseudoscience often ignores or denies this shared pool of data.
61
240027
4880
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μœ μ‚¬κ³Όν•™μ€ 보톡 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 곡유 정보λ₯Ό λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜μ£ .
04:05
For example, creationists claim that animals didn’t evolve
62
245032
3796
예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ°½μ‘°λ‘ μžλ“€μ€
동물듀이 κ³΅ν†΅λœ μ‘°μƒμ—μ„œ μ§„ν™”ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μœΌλ©°
04:08
from a common ancestor,
63
248828
1418
μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ λ‚˜μ΄λŠ” 20,000년도 λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
and that Earth is less than 20,000 years old.
64
250246
2753
04:13
But these claims contradict huge amounts of evidence
65
253165
2878
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이런 μ£Όμž₯듀은 μ§€μ§ˆν•™, 고생물학, 생물학 λ“±
04:16
across multiple scientific disciplines,
66
256043
2336
04:18
including geology, paleontology, and biology.
67
258379
3670
μ—¬λŸ¬ κ³Όν•™ λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 증거듀을 λΆ€μ •ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
While the scientific method is our most reliable tool
68
262675
3045
과학적 방법이 우리 μ£Όλ³€ μ„Έμƒμ˜
04:25
to analyze empirical evidence from the world around us,
69
265720
3003
κ²½ν—˜μ  증거λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ°μ— κ°€μž₯ 믿을 λ§Œν•œ λ°©λ²•μ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
04:28
it certainly doesn't reveal everything about the human condition.
70
268723
3628
μΈκ°„μ˜ μƒνƒœμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λͺ¨λ“  것을 λ°ν˜€μ£Όμ§„ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
Faith-based beliefs can play an important role in our lives and cultural traditions.
71
272351
4505
신앙이 바탕인 λ―ΏμŒμ€ 우리의 μ‚Άκ³Ό 전톡 문화에 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 뢀뢄일 수 있죠.
04:36
But the reason it’s so important to draw a line
72
276897
3045
ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 선을 κΈ‹λŠ” 것이 정말 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
04:39
is that people often dress up belief systems as science
73
279942
4129
λ§Žμ€ 이듀이 λ―ΏμŒμ„ 과학인 μ²™ μ†μ—¬μ„œ
04:44
in efforts to manipulate others
74
284071
2002
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ‘°μ’…ν•˜λ € ν•˜κ³ 
04:46
or undermine legitimate scientific discoveries.
75
286073
2962
μ •λ‹Ήν•œ 과학적 λ°œκ²¬μ„ κΉŽμ•„λ‚΄λ¦¬κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
And even in cases where this might seem harmless,
76
289201
3045
심지어 이것이 ν•΄λ‘­μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μƒν™©μ—μ„œλ„
04:52
legitimizing pseudoscience can impede genuine scientific progress.
77
292246
4588
μœ μ‚¬κ³Όν•™μ˜ μ •λ‹Ήν™”λŠ” μ§„μ§œ κ³Όν•™μ˜ λ°œμ „μ„ 늦좜 수 있죠.
04:57
In a world where it's increasingly difficult to tell fact from fiction,
78
297501
4171
사싀과 ν—ˆκ΅¬λ₯Ό ꡬ별해내기가 점점 νž˜λ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 세상에선
05:01
it's essential to keep your critical thinking skills sharp.
79
301672
3504
λΉ„νŒμ  사고 λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ˜ˆλ¦¬ν•˜κ²Œ μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 것이 정말 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
So the next time you hear an amazing new claim,
80
306344
3253
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ, μ•žμœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ†€λžκ³  μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ£Όμž₯을 λ“£κ²Œ 되면
05:09
ask yourself:
81
309597
1084
μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
05:10
could we test this?
82
310681
1251
검증이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 것인가?
05:11
Are the individuals behind this theory updating their claims with new findings?
83
311932
4338
이둠을 λ§Œλ“  이듀이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°œκ²¬μ— 따라 μ£Όμž₯을 고쳐 λ‚˜κ°€κ³  μžˆμ§„ μ•Šμ€κ°€?
05:16
Is this consistent with our broader scientific understanding of the world?
84
316437
3879
μ„Έμƒμ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κ³Όν•™ 지식과 μΆ©λŒν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”κ°€?
05:20
Because looking scientific and actually being scientific
85
320483
3753
κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것과 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 과학적인 것은
05:24
are two very different things.
86
324236
2128
μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ₯΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7