The tragic myth of Orpheus and Eurydice - Brendan Pelsue

8,354,043 views ใƒป 2018-01-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
It was the perfect wedding, the guests thought.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื.
00:09
The groom was Orpheus, the greatest of all poets and musicians.
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ื”ื—ืชืŸ ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก, ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:14
The bride Eurydice, a wood nymph.
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ื”ื›ืœื” ืื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืกื™, ื ื™ืžืคืช ืขืฅ.
00:17
Anyone could tell the couple was truly and deeply in love.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืจืื• ืฉื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:22
Suddenly, Eurydice stumbled, then fell to the ground.
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ืคืชืื•ื, ืื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืกื™ ื›ืฉืœื”, ื•ื ืคืœื” ืœืื“ืžื”.
00:27
By the time Orpheus reached her side, she was dead,
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ืขื“ ืฉืื•ืจืคื™ืื•ืก ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆื™ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืชื”,
00:30
and the snake that had bitten her was slithering away through the grass.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื–ื—ืœ ื”ืจื—ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฉื‘.
00:35
Following Eurydiceโ€™s funeral,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ืื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืกื™,
00:37
Orpheus was overcome with a grief the human world could not contain,
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ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืืคื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืฆื‘ ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ,
00:42
and so he decided he would journey to the land of the dead,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืกืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื,
00:46
a place from which no living creature had ever returned, to rescue his beloved.
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ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ืืฃ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื•.
00:53
When Orpheus reached the gates of the underworld, he began to strum his lyre.
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ื›ืฉืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืจื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื•.
00:58
The music was so beautiful that Cerberus, the three-headed dog who guards the dead,
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื”, ืฉืกืจื‘ืจื•ืก, ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื,
01:04
lay down as Orpheus passed.
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ื ืฉื›ื‘ ื›ืฉืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ืขื‘ืจ.
01:06
Charon, the ferry captain who charged dead souls to cross the River Styx,
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ื›ืืจื•ืŸ, ืงืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ืฉื’ื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ืžืชื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ืกื˜ื™ืงืก,
01:11
was so moved by the music that he brought Orpheus across free of charge.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
01:17
When Orpheus entered the palace of Hades and Persephone,
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ื›ืฉืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ื ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ืก ื•ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื”,
01:21
the king and queen of the dead,
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ืžืœืš ื•ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื,
01:23
he began to sing.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ.
01:25
He sang of his love for Eurydice, and said she had been taken away too soon.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจ ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืœืื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืกื™, ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื” ืžืžื ื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™.
01:30
The day would come when she, like all living creatures,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:33
dwelled in the land of the dead for all eternity,
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ื™ืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืœืขื“,
01:36
so couldnโ€™t Hades grant her just a few more years on Earth?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื”ืื“ืก ื™ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
01:41
In the moment after Orpheus finished, all hell stood still.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ืกื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื”ื ื•ื ื ื“ื.
01:46
Sisyphus no longer rolled his rock up the hill.
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ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื’ืœื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืœืข ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”,
01:48
Tantalus did not reach for the water he would never be allowed to drink.
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ื˜ื ื˜ืœื•ืก ืœื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฉืชื”.
01:53
Even the Furies, the demonic goddesses of vengeance, wept.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืขื ื•ื”ื ืงืžื” ื‘ื›ื•.
01:58
Hades and Persephone granted Orpheusโ€™s plea, but on one condition.
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ื”ืื“ืก ื•ืคืจืกืคื•ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื•, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืื—ื“.
02:03
As he climbed back out of the underworld,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืœื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื,
02:05
he must not turn around to see if Eurydice was following behind him.
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ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืกื™ ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•.
02:10
If he did, she would return to the land of the dead forever.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืœืขื“.
02:15
Orpheus began to climb.
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ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก.
02:17
With each step,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“,
02:18
he worried more and more about whether Eurydice was behind him.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ืื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืกื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•.
02:23
He heard nothingโ€” where were her footsteps?
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืžืข ื›ืœื•ื -- ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืขื“ื™ื”?
02:26
Finally, just before he stepped out of the underworld
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฆืขื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื
02:29
and into the bright light of day,
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ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:31
he gave into temptation.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืข ืœืคื™ืชื•ื™.
02:34
Orpheus tried to return to the underworld, but was refused entry.
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ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื ืžื ืขื” ืžืžื ื•.
02:38
Separated from Eurydice,
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ืžื•ืคืจื“ ืžืื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืกื™,
02:40
Orpheus swore never to love another woman again.
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ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช.
02:44
Instead, he sat in a grove of trees and sang songs of lovers.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฉืช ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
02:49
There was Ganymede, the beautiful boy who Zeus made drink-bearer to the gods.
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ื’ื ื™ืžื“, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื• ื–ืื•ืก ืžื™ื ื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื.
02:54
There was Myrrah, who loved her father and was punished for it,
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ืžื™ื™ืจื”, ืฉืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ื ืขื ืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืš,
02:58
and Pygmalion, who sculpted his ideal woman out of ivory,
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ื•ืคื™ื’ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื’ื™ืœืฃ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืฉืœื• ืžืฉื ื”ื‘,
03:02
then prayed to Venus until she came to life.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื•ื ื•ืก ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
03:07
And there was Venus herself,
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื•ื ื•ืก ืขืฆืžื”,
03:08
whose beautiful Adonis was killed by a wild boar.
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ืฉืื“ื•ื ื™ืก ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื” ืฉืœื” ื ื”ืจื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืจ.
03:12
It was as if Orpheusโ€™s own love and loss
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื”ื‘ืชื• ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•
03:15
had allowed him to see into the hearts of gods and people everywhere.
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ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:21
For some, however, poetry was not enough.
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ืœื›ืžื”, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืงื”.
03:24
A group of wild women called the Maenads
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืคืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืžื™ืื ื“ืก
03:27
could not bear the thought that a poet who sang so beautifully of love
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ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ื”
03:31
would not love them.
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ืœื ื™ืื”ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ.
03:34
Their jealousy drove them to a frenzy and they destroyed poor Orpheus.
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ื”ืงื ืื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื“ื—ืคื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ.
03:38
The birds, natureโ€™s singers, mourned Orpheus,
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื–ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืชืื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก,
03:42
as did the rivers, who made music as they babbled.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืขื•.
03:46
The world had lost two great souls.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
03:49
Orpheus and Eurydice had loved each other so deeply that when they were separated,
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ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืกื™ ืื”ื‘ื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื”ื ื ืคืจื“ื•
03:53
Orpheus had understood the pain and joys of lovers everywhere,
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ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
03:58
and a new art form, the love poem, was born.
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ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” , ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”.
04:02
While the world wept, Orpheus found peace, and his other half, in the underworld.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื”, ืื•ืจืคืื•ืก ืžืฆื ืฉืœื•ื•ื”, ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ.
04:08
There, to this day, he walks with Eurydice along the banks of the River Styx.
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ืฉื, ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืขื“ ืขื ืื•ืจื™ื“ื™ืกื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื ื”ืจ ื”ืกื˜ื™ืงืก.
04:14
Sometimes, they stroll side by side;
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™;
04:17
sometimes, she is in front;
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”;
04:19
and sometimes, he takes the lead, turning to look back at her as often as he likes.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ืคื•ื ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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