Which animal has the best eyesight? - Thomas W. Cronin

923,407 views ใƒป 2022-01-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Jenny Rublevsky
00:06
The animal kingdom boasts an incredible diversity of eyes.
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ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ ืžืชื’ืื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
00:11
Some rotate independently, while others have squiggly-shaped pupils.
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ื›ืžื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงื• ืžื–ื•ื’ื–ื’.
00:15
Some have protective lids, others squirt blood.
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ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืขืคืขืคื™ื™ื ืžื’ื ื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ื.
00:19
But which creature has the best sight?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื™ื–ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
00:21
Which sees best in the darkness?
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ืื™ื–ื• ืจื•ืื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš?
00:23
Which sees the most detail?
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ืื™ื–ื• ืจื•ืื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื?
00:25
Which animal sees the most color?
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ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื‘ืข?
00:27
And finally, which detects motion the fastest?
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื™ื–ื• ืžื–ื”ื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืจ?
00:32
All eyes take in sensory stimuli in the form of waves of light.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ืื•ืจ.
00:36
To convert these into everything we see,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
00:39
eyes focus incoming light onto photoreceptors.
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ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืžืงื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืจ.
00:42
These cells translate light into neural signals
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื
00:46
and send them to the brain, where theyโ€™re finally processed.
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ื—, ืฉื ื”ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
00:49
The eyes that see best in darkness are those that capture
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ื”ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช
00:53
as much available light as possible.
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ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืจ ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
00:56
Colossal squids have soccer-ball-sized eyesโ€”
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ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ ืขื ืง ื™ืฉ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืจื’ืœ --
00:59
the largest known in existence.
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžืŸ.
01:02
These may help them spot the faint glow of sperm whales
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ืืœื• ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืขืžื•ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข
01:05
as they disturb light-producing organisms.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืื•ืจ.
01:08
Some fish have eyes that are unique among vertebrates because they use mirrors.
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ืœื›ืžื” ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช.
01:14
For the brownsnout spookfish,
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ืœืกืงื•ืคืคื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื ื”ืืฃ,
01:16
each eye has an upward-facing lens and a downward-pointing mirror
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ืœื›ืœ ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ืฉื” ืคื•ื ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืžืจืื” ืฉืคื•ื ื” ืžื˜ื”
01:21
composed of tiny crystal plates that efficiently gather light.
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ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
01:26
They can see up and down simultaneously,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:29
and may perceive distinct shapes, even in the oceanโ€™s depths.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:34
Back on solid ground, arctic reindeer have adaptations
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืœืื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช
01:38
to deal with months of darkness.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื›ื”.
01:40
The backs of reindeer eyes change color, from gold in summer to blue in winter.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข, ืžื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
01:47
Their blue-backed eyes are about 1,000 times more sensitive to light.
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ื”ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 1000 ืœืื•ืจ.
01:52
This may allow reindeer to recognize important things in the snow
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื’
01:56
like urine and lichen.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืŸ ื•ื—ื–ื–ื™ื•ืช.
01:59
When it comes to the sharpest vision, birds of prey soar above the competition.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืจืื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื˜ืจืฃ ื“ื•ืื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
02:05
To capture the most detail, an animal must have lots of photoreceptors in its eye,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื—ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ,
02:10
as well as increased visual processing power.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ื•ื— ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ.
02:14
Raptors have an especially deep foveaโ€”
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ืœืขื•ืคื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืกื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืจืฉืชื™ืช --
02:17
a depression in the back of their eye that fits more photoreceptors.
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ืฉืงืข ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืจ.
02:22
So, Peregrine falcons have vision thatโ€™s more than twice as sharp as a humanโ€™s.
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ืื–, ืœื‘ื–ื™ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจืื™ื” ืฉื—ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
02:28
Theyโ€™re able to zero in on a rabbit from more than three kilometers away.
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืขืœ ืืจื ื‘ ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:34
When crowning the creature with the best color vision,
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ื›ืฉืžื›ืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:37
the picture gets complicated.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืกืชื‘ื›ืช.
02:39
Different photoreceptors are sensitive to specific waves of light,
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ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
02:44
meaning the colors we see are largely determined
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
02:47
by what kinds of photoreceptors we have.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
02:50
Presumably, the more types of color photoreceptors an animal has,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื—, ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืฆื‘ืข,
02:54
the better its color vision.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืจืื” ืฆื‘ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:57
Dogs have just two types.
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ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื.
02:59
Humans have three.
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
03:00
And we are far outdone by some birds, fishes, and insects.
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ื•ืžืชืขืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื“ื’ื™ื, ื•ื—ืจืงื™ื.
03:05
Bluebottle butterflies have at least 15 types of photoreceptors.
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ืœืคืจืคืจื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 15 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืจ.
03:10
Seven of them are attuned to distinct blues and greens,
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ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
03:14
which researchers think might help them track each other during high-speed chases.
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ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืจื“ืคื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื.
03:20
Mantis shrimp have a whopping 16 kinds of photoreceptors,
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ืœื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืžืื ื˜ื™ืก ื™ืฉ 16 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื,
03:24
with five reserved just for the ultraviolet, or UV, spectrum,
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ืขื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืจืง ืœืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ,
03:28
which humans canโ€™t see.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
03:31
But experiments suggest that the mantis shrimpโ€™s ability
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืžืื ื˜ื™ืก ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
03:34
to discriminate between colors is more limited than you might expect.
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ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
03:38
Exactly how they use their complex eyes is a mystery.
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ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ.
03:43
Meanwhile, with just four kinds of color photoreceptors,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืขื ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืฆื‘ืข,
03:47
goldfish actually excel at discerning subtle differences in shades.
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ื“ื’ื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื.
03:52
Finally, insects have mastered the ability to see the world... on the fly.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืชืžื—ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ... ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื”.
03:58
The fastest motion vision requires photoreceptors
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ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืจ
04:02
that quickly sense changes in light,
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ืฉื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ,
04:04
and a brain that rapidly processes the information.
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ื•ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
04:08
A movie shot at 24 frames per second gives us the perception
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ืกืจื˜ ืžืฆื•ืœื ื‘ 24 ืคืจื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
04:13
of near seamless motion.
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ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืœืงื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:15
But insects would see a slideshow.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื ื™ืจืื• ืžืฆื’ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
04:18
Fly photoreceptors register changes 10 times faster than we do,
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ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ 10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
04:23
making them especially hard to catch.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื™ื ืœืœื›ื™ื“ื”.
04:26
These animals have some of the best vision we know of,
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืจืื™ื” ืžื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
04:29
but there's no winner across the board.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืœ.
04:32
Each category has different top contenders because vision requires tradeoffs.
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ืœื›ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจืื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืคืฉืจื•ืช.
04:38
So, some eyes are highly specialized,
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ืื–, ื›ืžื” ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“,
04:41
while others, like ours, perform decently in many categories.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•, ืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:46
From eyes the size of soccer balls to those that see in UVโ€”
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ืžืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืจื’ืœ ืœืืœื• ืฉืจื•ืื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ --
04:50
the ways of looking at the world are as varied as the life forms in it.
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ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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