What makes tattoos permanent? - Claudia Aguirre

6,435,236 views ใƒป 2014-07-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Tattoos have often been presented
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ืงืขืงื•ืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘
00:08
in popular media as either marks of the dangerous and deviant
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื›ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื” ื•ืกื˜ื™ื”
00:12
or trendy youth fads.
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ืื• ืฉื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
00:14
But while tattoo styles come and go,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื,
00:17
and their meaning has differed greatly across cultures,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:19
the practice is as old as civilization itself.
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ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืขืชื™ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
00:23
Decorative skin markings have been discovered in human remains
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืื“ื
00:27
all over the world,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:28
with the oldest found on a Peruvian mummy dating back to 6,000 BCE.
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ืขื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืžื•ืžื™ื” ืžืคืจื• ืฉืžืชื•ืืจื›ืช ืœ 6,000 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
00:35
But have you ever wondered how tattooing really works?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ืชื ืื™ืš ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื?
00:38
You may know that we shed our skin,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:40
losing about 30-40,000 skin cells per hour.
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ื•ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 30 ืœ 4,000 ืชืื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื”.
00:44
That's about 1,000,000 per day.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 1,000,000 ื‘ื™ื•ื.
00:47
So, how come the tattoo doesn't gradually flake off along with them?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ื”ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ืœื ืžืชืงืœืคื™ื ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื?
00:51
The simple answer is that tattooing involves
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื
00:54
getting pigment deeper into the skin
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ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืจ
00:56
than the outermost layer that gets shed.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื•ืฉืœืช.
00:59
Throughout history, different cultures
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:01
have used various methods to accomplish this.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช.
01:03
But the first modern tattooing machine
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
01:06
was modeled after Thomas Edison's engraving machine
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ืœืงื—ื” ืืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ
01:09
and ran on electricity.
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ื•ืคืขืœื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
01:11
Tattooing machines used today
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื
01:13
insert tiny needles, loaded with dye, into the skin
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ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื˜ ื–ืขื™ืจื”, ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข, ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืจ
01:17
at a frequency of 50 to 3,000 times per minute.
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ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 50 ืขื“ 3,000 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื”.
01:20
The needles punch through the epidermis,
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ื”ืžื—ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ืก,
01:23
allowing ink to seep deep into the dermis,
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื“ื™ื• ืœื—ืœื—ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืจืžื™ืก,
01:26
which is composed of collagen fibers, nerves, glands, blood vessels and more.
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ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ, ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
01:33
Every time a needle penetrates, it causes a wound
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืžื—ื˜ ื—ื•ื“ืจืช, ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคืฆืข
01:36
that alerts the body to begin the inflammatory process,
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ืฉืžืชืจื™ืข ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ืœืงืชื™,
01:40
calling immune system cells to the wound site
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ืฉืงื•ืจื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืฆืข
01:42
to begin repairing the skin.
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ.
01:44
And it is this very process that makes tattoos permanent.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
01:48
First, specialized cells called macrophages
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืชืื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืžืงืจื•ืคืื’'ื™ื
01:51
eat the invading material in an attempt to clean up the inflammatory mess.
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ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื”ื“ืœืงืชื™.
01:57
As these cells travel through the lymphatic system,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื˜ื™ืช,
01:59
some of them are carried back with a belly full of dye into the lymph nodes
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื ื™ืฉืื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืขื ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืžืœืื” ืฆื‘ืข ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื”
02:04
while others remain in the dermis.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืžื™ืก.
02:06
With no way to dispose of the pigment,
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ืœืœื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคืชืจ ืžื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜,
02:08
the dyes inside them remain visible through the skin.
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืจ.
02:12
Some of the ink particles are also suspended
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ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื
02:14
in the gel-like matrix of the dermis,
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื’'ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืžื™ืก,
02:17
while others are engulfed by dermal cells called fibroblasts.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืœืืกื˜.
02:22
Initially, ink is deposited into the epidermis as well,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื“ื™ื• ืฉื•ืงืข ื’ื ื‘ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ืก,
02:25
but as the skin heals, the damaged epidermal cells are shed
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ื ืจืคื, ืชืื™ ื”ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ืก ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื
02:29
and replaced by new, dye-free cells
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ื•ืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ื•
02:32
with the topmost layer peeling off like a heeling sunburn.
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ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืžืชืงืœืคืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ.
02:35
Blistering or crusting is not typically seen with professional tattoos
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ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืงืจื•ื ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื
02:39
and complete epidermal regeneration requires 2-4 weeks,
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ื•ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ืก ื“ื•ืจืฉ 2-4 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
02:43
during which excess sun exposure and swimming
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ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื•ืฉื—ื™ื”
02:46
should be avoided to prevent fading.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื“ื”ื™ื”.
02:49
Dermal cells, however, remain in place until they die.
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ืชืื™ ื“ืจืžื™ืก, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื.
02:52
When they do, they are taken up, ink and all, by younger cells nearby,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื, ื”ื ืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื, ืขื ื”ื“ื™ื•, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:57
so the ink stays where it is.
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ืื– ื”ื“ื™ื• ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
02:59
But with time, tattoos do fade naturally
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
03:01
as the body reacts to the alien pigment particles,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื–ืจื™ื,
03:05
slowly breaking them down to be carried off
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ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืžืคืจืง ืื•ืชื ื•ื”ื ื ื™ืฉืื™ื
03:07
by the immune system's macrophages.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื•ืคืื’'ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
03:10
Ultraviolet radiation can also contribute to this pigment breakdown,
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ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜,
03:14
though it can be mitigated by the use of sunblock.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื ื”ื’ื ื”.
03:17
But since the dermal cells are relatively stable,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืชืื™ ื“ืจืžื™ืก ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
03:19
much of the ink will remain deep in the skin for a person's whole life.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื• ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
03:24
But if tattoos are embedded in your skin for life, is there any way to erase them?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืื•ืชื?
03:28
Technically, yes.
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ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื›ืŸ.
03:30
Today, a laser is used to penetrate the epidermis
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคื™ื“ืจืžื™ืก
03:33
and blast apart underlying pigment colors of various wavelengths,
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ื•ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:37
black being the easiest to target.
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ื›ืฉืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœ ืœืžื—ื™ืงื”.
03:40
The laser beam breaks the ink globules into smaller particles
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ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:44
that can then be cleared away by the macrophages.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืœืงื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงืจื•ืคืื’'ื™ื.
03:47
But some color inks are harder to remove than others,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื“ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกืจื” ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
03:50
and there could be complications.
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ื•ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื.
03:52
For this reason, removing a tattoo is still more difficult than getting one,
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ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืกืจืช ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื—ื“ --
03:56
but not impossible.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
03:58
So a single tattoo may not truly last forever,
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ืื– ืงืขืงื•ืข ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขื“,
04:01
but tattoos have been around longer than any existing culture.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
04:04
And their continuing popularity means that the art of tattooing is here to stay.
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ื•ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืขืงื•ืขื™ื ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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