How do lungs work? - Emma Bryce

3,157,876 views ใƒป 2014-11-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Many of us have hundreds of things on our minds at any moment,
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ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข,
00:10
often struggling to keep track of everything we need to do.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
00:13
But fortunately,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ,
00:14
there's one important thing we don't have to worry about remembering:
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ:
00:18
breathing.
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ืœื ืฉื•ื.
00:19
When you breathe, you transport oxygen to the body's cells to keep them working
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื, ืืชื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืชืื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
00:24
and clear your system of the carbon dioxide
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ื•ืžืคื ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
00:26
that this work generates.
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ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช.
00:29
Breathing, in other words, keeps the body alive.
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ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื™.
00:31
So, how do we accomplish this crucial and complex task
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
00:34
without even thinking about it?
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ื‘ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”?
00:36
The answer lies in our body's respiratory system.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:39
Like any machinery, it consists of specialized components,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
00:43
and requires a trigger to start functioning.
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ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื’ื•ืจื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
00:45
Here, the components are the structures and tissues making up the lungs,
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ืคื”, ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืื•ืช,
00:49
as well as the various other respiratory organs connected to them.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
00:53
And to get this machine moving, we need the autonomic nervous system,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœื ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ืช,
00:57
our brain's unconscious control center for the vital functions.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:01
As the body prepares to take in oxygen-rich air,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
01:04
this system sends a signal to the muscles around your lungs,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืื•ืช ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืจื™ืื•ืช,
01:08
flattening the diaphragm
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ืžืฉื˜ื—ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืืคืจื’ืžื”
01:09
and contracting the intercostal muscles between your ribs
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ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
01:13
to create more space for the lungs to expand.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘.
01:16
Air then wooshes into your nose and mouth,
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ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืื– ื–ื•ืจื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืืฃ ื•ื”ืคื”,
01:18
through your trachea,
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ื“ืจืš ืงื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”,
01:20
and into the bronchi that split at the trachea's base,
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ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืงื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”,
01:23
with one entering each lung.
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ื›ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื™ืื”.
01:25
Like tree branches, these small tubes divide into thousands of tinier passages
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ื›ืžื• ืขื ืคื™ื ื‘ืขืฅ, ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืืœืคื™ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:30
called bronchioles.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืกืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:32
It's tempting to think of the lungs as huge balloons,
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ื–ื” ืžืคืชื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
01:34
but instead of being hollow, they're actually spongy inside,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื,
01:38
with the bronchioles running throughout the parenchyma tissue.
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ืขื ื”ืกืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืจืงืžืช ื”ืจื™ืื”.
01:41
At the end of each bronchiole is a little air sack called an alveolus,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉืง ืื•ื™ืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื ืื“ื™ื”,
01:46
wrapped in capillaries full of red blood cells
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ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื
01:49
containing special proteins called hemoglobin.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ.
01:52
The air you've breathed in fills these sacks,
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ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืžืžืœื ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:54
causing the lungs to inflate.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ืคื—.
01:56
Here is where the vital exchange occurs.
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ืคื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
01:59
At this point, the capillaries are packed with carbon dioxide,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™,
02:02
and the air sacks are full of oxygen.
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ื•ื ืื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืœืื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:05
But due to the basic process of diffusion,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขืคื•ืข,
02:07
the molecules of each gas want to move to a place
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื– ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ืœืžืงื•ื
02:11
where there's a lower concentration of their kind.
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ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืŸ.
02:14
So as oxygen crosses over to the capillaries,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืžื™ื,
02:16
the hemoglobin grabs it up,
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ื•ื”ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื›ื“ ืื•ืชื•,
02:18
while the carbon dioxide is unloaded into the lungs.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื™ืื•ืช.
02:22
The oxygen-rich hemoglobin is then transported throughout the body
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ื”ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืื– ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
02:25
via the bloodstream.
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ื“ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื.
02:27
But what do our lungs do with all that carbon dioxide?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™?
02:29
Exhale it, of course.
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ื ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
02:31
The autonomic nervous system kicks in again,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื‘,
02:34
causing the diaphragm to ball up,
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื“ื™ืืคืจื’ืžื” ืœื”ืชื›ื“ืจ,
02:36
and the intercostal muscles to relax,
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ื•ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ,
02:38
making the chest cavities smaller and forcing the lungs to compress.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื–ื” ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
02:42
The carbon dioxide-rich air is expelled, and the cycle begins again.
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ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื ื ืฉืฃ, ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื‘.
02:46
So that's how these spongy organs keep our bodies efficiently supplied with air.
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ืื– ื›ืš ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืกืคืงื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:51
Lungs inhale and exhale between 15 and 25 times a minute,
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ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื•ืืคื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 15 ืœ 25 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื”,
02:55
which amounts to an incredible 10,000 liters of air each day.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœ 10,000 ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
02:59
That's a lot of work, but don't sweat it.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•.
03:02
Your lungs and your autonomic nervous system
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ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
03:04
have got it covered.
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ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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