What makes the Great Wall of China so extraordinary - Megan Campisi and Pen-Pen Chen

6,555,618 views ใƒป 2015-09-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
A 13,000 mile dragon of earth and stone
0
6561
3038
ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 21,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” ื•ืื‘ืŸ
00:09
winds its way through the countryside of China
1
9623
2689
ืžืชืคืชืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ
00:12
with a history almost as long and serpentine as the structure.
2
12336
4087
ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื”.
00:16
The Great Wall began as multiple walls of rammed earth
3
16447
2836
ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืคืจ ืขืจื•ื
00:19
built by individual feudal states during the Chunqiu period
4
19307
3929
ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืคืื•ื“ืœื™ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฆ'ื•ื ืงื™ื•
00:23
to protect against nomadic raiders north of China and each other.
5
23260
4126
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืคื•ืฉื˜ื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.
00:27
When Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified the states in 221 BCE,
6
27410
4779
ื›ืฉื”ืงื™ื™ืกืจ ืฆ'ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืื ื’ ืื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ 221 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:32
the Tibetan Plateau and Pacific Ocean became natural barriers,
7
32214
4244
ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
00:36
but the mountains in the north remained vulnerable
8
36482
2422
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื• ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื
00:38
to Mongol, Turkish, and Xiongnu invasions.
9
38928
3217
ืœืคืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืื•ื ื’ื•.
00:42
To defend against them,
10
42169
2259
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื ื’ื“ืŸ,
00:44
the Emperor expanded the small walls built by his predecessors,
11
44452
3065
ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืœื•,
00:47
connecting some and fortifying others.
12
47541
2734
ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื–ืง ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:50
As the structures grew from Lintao in the west
13
50299
2809
ื›ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื• ืžืœื™ื ื˜ืื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘
00:53
to Liaodong in the east,
14
53132
2221
ืœืœื™ืื“ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—,
00:55
they collectively became known as The Long Wall.
15
55377
3995
ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื”.
00:59
To accomplish this task,
16
59396
1388
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”,
01:00
the Emperor enlisted soldiers and commoners,
17
60808
2420
ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื’ื™ื™ืก ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืขื,
01:03
not always voluntarily.
18
63252
1835
ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ.
01:05
Of the hundreds of thousands of builders recorded during the Qin Dynasty,
19
65111
4865
ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฉืชื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฆ'ื™ืŸ,
01:10
many were forcibly conscripted peasants
20
70000
2346
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื• ื‘ื›ืคื™ื”
01:12
and others were criminals serving out sentences.
21
72370
2876
ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:15
Under the Han Dynasty, the wall grew longer still,
22
75270
3347
ืชื—ืช ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืืŸ, ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:18
reaching 3700 miles,
23
78641
2419
ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ 6000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
01:21
and spanning from Dunhuang to the Bohai Sea.
24
81084
4089
ื•ื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืžื“ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื’ ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ื”ืื™.
01:25
Forced labor continued under the Han Emperor Han-Wudi ,
25
85197
3762
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืคื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืกืจ ื—ื•ืื ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืืŸ,
01:28
and the walls reputation grew into a notorious place of suffering.
26
88983
4319
ื•ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื’ื“ืœ ืœืžืงื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ
01:33
Poems and legends of the time told of laborers buried
27
93326
3092
ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืกื™ืคืจื• ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืจื•
01:36
in nearby mass graves,
28
96442
1809
ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
01:38
or even within the wall itself.
29
98275
2134
ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืขืฆืžื”.
01:40
And while no human remains have been found inside,
30
100433
2548
ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ ืื“ื,
01:43
grave pits do indicate that many workers died
31
103005
2798
ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืชื•
01:45
from accidents, hunger and exhaustion.
32
105827
3638
ืžืชืื•ื ื•ืช, ืจืขื‘ ื•ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช.
01:49
The wall was formidable but not invincible.
33
109489
3643
ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืฆื—ืช.
01:53
Both Genghis and his son Khublai Khan managed to surmount the wall
34
113156
3360
ื’ื ื’ื™ื ื’ื™ืก ื•ื’ื ื‘ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืœืื™ ืงืืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื”
01:56
during the Mongol invasion of the 13th Century.
35
116540
3097
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื” 13.
01:59
After the Ming dynasty gained control in 1368,
36
119661
4006
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืžื™ื ื’ ืขืœืชื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ 1368,
02:03
they began to refortify and further consolidate the wall
37
123691
3543
ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืคืจ ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื”
02:07
using bricks and stones from local kilns.
38
127258
2643
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžื›ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
02:09
Averaging 23 feet high and 21 feet wide,
39
129925
3773
ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 7 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ 6 ืžื˜ืจ,
02:13
the walls 5500 miles were punctuated by watchtowers.
40
133722
5138
8800 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืขื•ื˜ืจื• ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ืฉืžื™ืจื”.
02:18
When raiders were sighted,
41
138884
1335
ื›ืฉื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืจื•,
02:20
fire and smoke signals traveled between towers
42
140243
2643
ืื•ืชื•ืช ืืฉ ื•ืขืฉืŸ ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื
02:22
until reinforcements arrived.
43
142910
2644
ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื”.
02:25
Small openings along the wall let archers fire on invaders,
44
145578
3672
ืคืชื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืงืฉืชื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื,
02:29
while larger ones were used to drop stones and more.
45
149274
3866
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
02:33
But even this new and improved wall was not enough.
46
153164
3506
ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื”.
02:36
In 1644, northern Manchu clans overthrew the Ming
47
156694
4346
ื‘ 1644, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื—ื• ืืช ืžื™ื ื’
02:41
to establish the Qing dynasty,
48
161064
2608
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฆ'ื™ื ื’,
02:43
incorporating Mongolia as well,
49
163696
2260
ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืืช ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื”,
02:45
Thus, for the second time,
50
165980
1519
ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
02:47
China was ruled by the very people the wall had tried to keep out.
51
167523
3961
ืกื™ืŸ ื ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง.
02:51
With the empire's borders now extending beyond the Great Wall,
52
171508
2994
ืขื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
02:54
the fortifications lost their purpose.
53
174526
2939
ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื.
02:57
And without regular reinforcement, the wall fell into disrepair,
54
177489
4472
ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืงื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื ืคืœื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข,
03:01
rammed earth eroded,
55
181985
1322
ืื“ืžื” ืขืจื•ืžื” ื ืฉื—ืงื”,
03:03
while brick and stone were plundered for building materials.
56
183331
3262
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื–ื–ื• ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื”.
03:06
But its job wasn't finished.
57
186617
1580
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืœื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”.
03:08
During World War II,
58
188221
1637
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
03:09
China used sections for defense against Japanese invasion,
59
189882
2847
ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช,
03:12
and some parts are still rumored to be used for military training.
60
192753
4045
ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื.
03:16
But the Wall's main purpose today is cultural.
61
196822
2644
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.
03:19
As one of the largest man-made structures on Earth,
62
199490
3540
ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:23
it was granted UNESCO World Heritage Status in 1987.
63
203054
4228
ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžืื•ื ืก"ืงื• ื‘ 1987.
03:27
Originally built to keep people out of China,
64
207306
2669
ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื™ืŸ,
03:29
the Great Wall now welcomes millions of visitors each year.
65
209999
3482
ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
03:33
In fact, the influx of tourists has caused the wall to deteriorate,
66
213505
4152
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื’ืจื ืœื—ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ,
03:37
leading the Chinese government to launch preservation initiatives.
67
217681
3157
ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.
03:40
It's also often acclaimed as the only man-made structure visible from space.
68
220862
5013
ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื”ื—ืœืœ.
03:45
Unfortunately, that's not at all true.
69
225899
2619
ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:48
In low Earth orbit, all sorts of structures,
70
228542
2164
ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ื,
03:50
like bridges, highways and airports are visible,
71
230730
3954
ื›ืžื• ื’ืฉืจื™ื, ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื ืจืื™ื,
03:54
and the Great Wall is only barely discernible.
72
234708
3088
ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช.
03:57
From the moon, it doesn't stand a chance.
73
237820
3125
ืžื”ื™ืจื—, ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™.
04:00
But regardless, it's the Earth we should be studying it from
74
240969
3163
ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
04:04
because new sections are still discovered every few years,
75
244156
3350
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
04:07
branching off from the main body
76
247530
1584
ืžืชืขื ืคื™ื ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื™
04:09
and expanding this remarkable monument to human achievement.
77
249138
3719
ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7