Plato’s Allegory of the Cave - Alex Gendler

Platonova alegorija pećine - Alex Gendler

7,243,229 views

2015-03-17 ・ TED-Ed


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Plato’s Allegory of the Cave - Alex Gendler

Platonova alegorija pećine - Alex Gendler

7,243,229 views ・ 2015-03-17

TED-Ed


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Martina Valković Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG
00:06
What is reality, knowledge, the meaning of life?
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Što je stvarnost, znanje, smisao života?
00:10
Big topics you might tackle figuratively
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Velikim temama možete pristupiti figurativno
00:13
explaining existence as a journey down a road or across an ocean,
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objašnjavajući postojanje kao putovanje cestom ili preko oceana,
00:18
a climb, a war, a book, a thread, a game, a window of opportunity,
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uspon, rat, knjigu, nit, igru, polje mogućnosti
00:25
or an all-too-short-lived flicker of flame.
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ili kao kratkotrajan treptaj plamena.
Prije 2400 godina,
00:29
2,400 years ago,
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00:30
one of history's famous thinkers said life is like being chained up in a cave,
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jedan od najslavnijih mislioca u povijesti rekao je kako je život kao
00:36
forced to watch shadows flitting across a stone wall.
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biti okovan u pećini, prisiljen gledati sjene kako prelijeću po kamenom zidu.
00:39
Pretty cheery, right?
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Prilično vesela slika, zar ne?
00:41
That's actually what Plato suggested in his Allegory of the Cave,
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Upravo to je Platon predložio u svojoj alegoriji pećine,
00:45
found in Book VII of "The Republic,"
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koju nalazimo u Knjizi VII "Republike",
00:47
in which the Greek philosopher envisioned the ideal society
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u kojoj je grčki filozof zamislio idealno društvo
00:51
by examining concepts like justice, truth and beauty.
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proučavajući pojmove poput pravednosti, istine i ljepote.
00:56
In the allegory, a group of prisoners have been confined in a cavern since birth,
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U alegoriji, skupina zatvorenika je od rođenja zatočena u pećini,
01:01
with no knowledge of the outside world.
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leđa okrenutih prema ulazu, u nemogućnosti da okrenu glavu
01:03
They are chained, facing a wall, unable to turn their heads,
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i bez ikakvog znanja o izvanjskome svijetu.
01:07
while a fire behind them gives off a faint light.
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Povremeno, ipak, ljudi i druge stvari prolaze pored otvora pećine,
01:10
Occasionally, people pass by the fire,
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01:13
carrying figures of animals and other objects that cast shadows on the wall.
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bacajući sjene i jeku na zid prema kojem su zatvorenici okrenuti.
Zatvorenici imenuju i klasificiraju ove iluzije,
01:18
The prisoners name and classify these illusions,
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vjerujući da percipiraju stvarne entitete.
01:21
believing they're perceiving actual entities.
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01:23
Suddenly, one prisoner is freed and brought outside for the first time.
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Odjednom, jedan od zatvorenika je oslobođen i po prvi put izveden iz pećine.
01:29
The sunlight hurts his eyes and he finds the new environment disorienting.
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Oči ga bole zbog svjetlosti i dezorijentiran je u novom okolišu.
01:33
When told that the things around him are real,`
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Kada mu je rečeno da su stvari oko njega stvarne,
01:35
while the shadows were mere reflections, he cannot believe it.
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dok su sjene bile samo odrazi, ne može vjerovati u to.
01:39
The shadows appeared much clearer to him.
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Sjene su mu se činile toliko jasnijima.
01:42
But gradually, his eyes adjust
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No, postupno, njegove oči se prilagode
01:45
until he can look at reflections in the water,
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sve dok ne može gledati u odraze u vodi,
01:47
at objects directly,
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direktno u predmete,
01:49
and finally at the Sun,
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te, konačno, u Sunce
01:51
whose light is the ultimate source of everything he has seen.
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čija je svjetlost prvotni izvor svega što je vidio.
01:55
The prisoner returns to the cave to share his discovery,
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Zatvorenik se vrati u pećinu kako bi podijelio svoje otkriće,
01:59
but he is no longer used to the darkness,
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no, više nije naviknut na tamu
02:01
and has a hard time seeing the shadows on the wall.
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i teško mu je vidjeti sjene na zidu.
02:05
The other prisoners think the journey has made him stupid and blind,
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Ostali zatvorenici misle da ga je putovanje učinilo glupim i slijepim
02:09
and violently resist any attempts to free them.
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i burno se odupiru pokušajima da ih se oslobodi.
02:13
Plato introduces this passage as an analogy
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Platon uvodi ovaj odlomak kao analogiju
02:16
of what it's like to be a philosopher trying to educate the public.
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toga kako je to biti filozof koji pokušava educirati javnost.
02:21
Most people are not just comfortable in their ignorance
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Većini ljudi ne da je samo ugodno u svom neznanju,
02:24
but hostile to anyone who points it out.
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već su i neprijateljski raspoloženi prema svakome tko na to ukaže.
02:28
In fact, the real life Socrates was sentenced to death
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Zapravo, stvarnog je Sokrata atenska vlada osudila na smrt
zbog remećenja društvenog poretka,
02:32
by the Athenian government for disrupting the social order,
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02:35
and his student Plato spends much of "The Republic"
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a njegov učenik Platon u velikom dijelu "Republike"
02:38
disparaging Athenian democracy,
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obezvrjeđuje atensku demokraciju,
02:40
while promoting rule by philosopher kings.
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dok promovira vladavinu kraljeva-filozofa.
02:44
With the cave parable,
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S alegorijom pećine,
02:45
Plato may be arguing that the masses are too stubborn and ignorant
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Platon možda argumentira da su mase pretvrdoglave i neuke
02:50
to govern themselves.
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kako bi mogle upravljati sobom.
02:52
But the allegory has captured imaginations for 2,400 years
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No, alegorija je zaokupila imaginaciju mnogih tijekom 2400 godina,
02:56
because it can be read in far more ways.
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zato što ju je moguće čitati na mnogo više načina.
02:59
Importantly, the allegory is connected to the theory of forms,
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Poglavito, alegorija je povezana s teorijom ideja,
03:03
developed in Plato's other dialogues,
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koju Platon razvija u drugim dijalozima,
03:05
which holds that like the shadows on the wall,
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a koja smatra da su, poput sjena na zidu,
03:07
things in the physical world are flawed reflections of ideal forms,
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stvari u fizičkom svijetu manjkavi odrazi idealnih formi (ideja),
03:12
such as roundness, or beauty.
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poput okruglosti ili ljepote.
03:16
In this way, the cave leads to many fundamental questions,
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Na ovaj način, pećina vodi do brojnih fundamentalnih pitanja,
03:19
including the origin of knowledge,
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uključujući podrijetlo znanja,
03:21
the problem of representation,
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problem reprezentiranja
03:23
and the nature of reality itself.
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i prirodu same stvarnosti.
03:27
For theologians, the ideal forms exist in the mind of a creator.
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Za teologe, ideje postoje u umu stvoritelja.
03:31
For philosophers of language viewing the forms as linguistic concepts,
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Za filozofe jezika, koji gledaju na ideje kao na jezične koncepte,
03:36
the theory illustrates the problem of grouping concrete things
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teorija ilustrira problem grupiranja konkrentnih predmeta
03:39
under abstract terms.
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pod apstraktne pojmove.
03:41
And others still wonder whether we can really know
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A drugi se i dalje pitaju možemo li zaista znati
03:44
that the things outside the cave are any more real than the shadows.
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da su stvari izvan pećine imalo stvarnije od sjena.
Živeći svoje živote,
03:49
As we go about our lives,
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03:50
can we be confident in what we think we know?
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možemo li biti sigurni u ono što mislimo da znamo?
03:53
Perhaps one day,
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Možda će jednog dana
03:54
a glimmer of light may punch a hole in your most basic assumptions.
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iskra svjetlosti probušiti rupu u našim najbazičnijim pretpostavkama.
03:58
Will you break free to struggle towards the light,
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Hoćete li se osloboditi kako bi se probili prema
04:01
even if it costs you your friends and family,
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svjetlu, čak i ako će vas to stajati prijatelja i obitelji
04:03
or stick with comfortable and familiar illusions?
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ili ostati pri ugodnim i poznatim iluzijama?
04:07
Truth or habit? Light or shadow?
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Istina ili navika? Svijetlo ili sjena?
04:10
Hard choices, but if it's any consolation, you're not alone.
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Teške odluke, ali, ako vas to imalo tješi, niste sami.
04:14
There are lots of us down here.
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Ima nas puno ovdje dolje.
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