Anna Mracek Dietrich: A plane you can drive

59,186 views ・ 2011-11-02

TED


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譯者: chaoyoing wu 審譯者: Ana Choi
00:15
What is it about flying cars?
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什麼是...飛行車?
00:19
We've wanted to do this for about a hundred years.
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早在一百年前我們就想做了。
00:22
And there are historic attempts
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回顧歷史曾經有不少嘗試,
00:25
that have had some level of technical success.
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技術方面是有不少進展。
00:28
But we haven't yet gotten to the point
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但我們還是沒能達到...
00:31
where on your way here this morning
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早上你經過這裡時
00:33
you see something that really, truly seamlessly integrates
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所看到一個真正能天衣無縫的,
00:36
the two-dimensional world that we're comfortable in
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將我們所習慣的二度空間
00:39
with the three-dimensional sky above us --
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與頭上的三度空間接合在一起的東西--
00:41
that, I don't know about you, but I really enjoy spending time in.
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不知道你們覺得怎麼, 我是蠻樂在其中的。
00:44
We looked at the historical attempts that had been out there
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我們研究過去的一些實例
00:47
and realized that, despite the fact
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發現...
00:49
that we have a lot of modern innovations
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即便現在..
00:51
to draw on today
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有很多科技創新
00:53
that weren't available previously --
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這是以前沒有的優勢--
00:55
we have modern composite materials,
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譬如我們有現代的複合材料...
00:57
we have aircraft engines that get good fuel economy
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我們有夠省油的飛機引擎,
01:00
and have better power-to-rate ratios than have ever been available,
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有絕佳的功率比,
01:03
we have glass cockpit avionics
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我們有駕駛艙的航空電子設備,
01:05
that bring the information you need to fly
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提供精準的駕駛資訊
01:07
directly to you in the cockpit --
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讓你坐在駕駛艙就可操控全局--
01:09
but without fundamentally addressing the problem from a different perspective,
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先不去討論那些不同的問題面,
01:12
we realized that we were going to be getting
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我們發現即便我們這麼努力
01:14
the same result that people had been getting
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所得到的成績跟過去一百年來
01:16
for the last hundred years,
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卻沒有甚麼兩樣!
01:18
which isn't where we want to be right now.
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這我們可不想這樣!
01:20
So instead of trying to make a car that can fly,
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與其...設法要汽車在天上飛,
01:24
we decided to try to make a plane that could drive.
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不如應該是讓飛機在地上走。
01:27
And the result is the Terrafugia Transition.
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結果出來了...特拉福騎變形機。
01:30
It's a two-seat, single-engine airplane
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一部兩人座單引擎飛機
01:32
that works just like any other small airplane.
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跟一般小飛機沒甚麼兩樣。
01:34
You take off and land at a local airport.
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你可以在當地的小機場起降。
01:36
Then once you're on the ground,
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一但著陸後...
01:38
you fold up the wings, drive it home,
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機翼可以摺起來, 然後開回家!
01:40
park it in your garage.
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停在你家的車庫裡。
01:42
And it works.
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而且真的能用!
01:44
After two years of an innovative design and construction process,
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經過兩年的研發與製作,
01:47
the proof of concept made its public debut
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這個概念實踐..
01:49
in 2008.
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在2008年正式面世。
01:51
Now like with anything
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就像所有...
01:53
that's really different from the status quo,
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那些前所未有的東西一樣,
01:55
it didn't always go so well testing that aircraft.
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這部飛機也不是一路平順就產生的...
01:58
And we discovered that it's a very good thing
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不過這其實是好事,
02:00
that, when you go home with something that's been broken,
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像是你搞了半天還是搞不定的時候...
02:03
you've actually learned a lot more
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所學到的其實更多,
02:05
than when you managed to tick off all of your test objectives
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比起一次就馬到成功...
02:07
the first time through.
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學到更多。
02:09
Still, we very much wanted to see
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儘管不容易,
02:11
the aircraft that we'd all helped build
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但無時無刻期待著我們的飛機能
02:13
in the air, off the ground,
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能按照原定計畫
02:15
like it was supposed to be.
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早日離地升空。
02:17
And on our third high-speed testing deployment
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在第三次的高速試飛時,
02:19
on a bitter cold morning in upstate New York,
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是在紐約上州, 天氣寒風刺骨,
02:21
we got to do that for the first time.
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計畫一樣如期舉行。
02:24
The picture behind me was snapped by the copilot in our chase aircraft
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背後這張是另一架柴斯飛機副機長所捕捉的鏡頭
02:27
just moments after the wheels got off the ground for the first time.
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大概是在飛機騰空的那一剎那。
02:30
And we were all very flattered to see that image
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看到此刻真是榮幸莫名,
02:32
become a symbol of accomplishing something
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這幕象徵了一項成就,
02:34
that people had thought was impossible
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成就了別人所不敢想像的事情,
02:36
really the world over.
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讓人刮目相看。
02:39
The flight testing that followed that
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隨後的測試,
02:41
was as basic and low-risk as we could make it,
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我們做到簡單又安全,
02:43
but it still accomplished what we needed to
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不過照樣要完成一些
02:45
to take the program to the next step
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當繼續發展下去時
02:47
and to gain the credibility that we needed
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需要面對的各界支持與信賴,
02:49
within our eventual market, the general aviation community,
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譬如商業市場、飛航界,
02:52
and with the regulators
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以及監督單位等,
02:54
that govern the use of design of aircraft, particularly in the States.
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特別是主官美國境內的飛航法規的單位。
02:57
The FAA, about a year ago,
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大概在一年前 FAA (美國聯邦航空總署)
02:59
gave us an exemption for the Transition
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頒佈一個特許證給〈特拉福騎變形機〉,
03:01
to allow us to have an additional 110 lbs.
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同意它在超重110磅的情況下。
03:04
within the light sport aircraft category.
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仍可並列在輕航機的的銷售分項裡。
03:06
Now that doesn't sound like a lot, but it's very important,
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聽起來不怎麼樣, 不過意義重大,
03:09
because being able to deliver the Transition as a light sport aircraft
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只要符合輕航機的規定後,
03:12
makes it simpler for us to certify it,
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特拉福騎變形機的駕照認證比較容易,
03:14
but it also makes it much easier
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同時也方便大家
03:16
for you to learn how to fly it.
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學習與使用。
03:18
A sport pilot can be certificated
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輕航機的駕照認證
03:20
in as little as 20 hours of flight time.
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只需要20小時的飛行時數。
03:22
And at 110 lbs.,
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另外, 以110磅
03:24
that's very important for solving the other side of the equation --
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可以解決另半邊的問題--
03:27
driving.
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操縱。
03:29
It turns out that driving,
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有趣的是,
03:31
with its associated design implementation and regulatory hurdles,
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開車的設計應用及規定
03:34
is actually a harder problem to solve than flying.
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比飛行還難搞!
03:37
For those of us that spend most of our lives on the ground,
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對於我們這些一輩子都
03:39
this may be counter-intuitive,
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活在地面的人而言, 真是納悶不已!
03:41
but driving has potholes, cobblestones,
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開車會碰到坑洞,石子路面,
03:44
pedestrians, other drivers
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有陸上行人以及其他車輛駕駛,
03:46
and a rather long and detailed list
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還有其他一大堆
03:48
of federal motor vehicle safety standards to contend with.
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聯邦政府要駕駛人遵守的規定事項。
03:51
Fortunately, necessity remains the mother of invention,
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所幸, 需要仍然是發明之母!
03:54
and a lot of the design work
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一大堆應用在
03:56
that we're the most proud of with the aircraft
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飛機上的傑出設計
03:58
came out of solving the unique problems
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剛好可以拿來解決
04:00
of operating it on the ground --
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陸上行駛的問題--
04:02
everything from a continuously-variable transmission
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例子多不勝數, 從連續傳動設計,
04:04
and liquid-based cooling system
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液態冷卻系統
04:06
that allows us to use an aircraft engine
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讓飛機能靈活自如的面對
04:08
in stop-and-go traffic,
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停停走走的路上交通,
04:10
to a custom-designed gearbox
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還有專用變速數箱
04:12
that powers either the propeller when you're flying or the wheels on the ground,
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可以推動螺旋槳, 或是陸上行的車輪,
04:15
to the automated wing-folding mechanism that we'll see in a moment,
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還有, 等一下就會看到摺疊式機翼
04:17
to crash safety features.
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各種安全設計。
04:19
We have a carbon fiber safety cage
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炭纖維的安全機艙
04:21
that protects the occupants
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能確保護乘客安全,
04:23
for less than 10 percent of the weight of a traditional steel chassis in a car.
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重量比傳統鋼製汽車輕上百分之十。
04:27
Now this also, as good as it is, wasn't quite enough.
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這個雖然是不錯, 但還不夠好。
04:30
The regulations for vehicles on the road
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陸上交通工具的相關規定
04:32
weren't written with an airplane in mind.
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根本沒想到 有一天會要在到飛機上。
04:34
So we did need a little bit of support
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因此我們需要
04:36
from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
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美國國家公路交通安全管理局的協助。
04:39
Now you may have seen in the news recently,
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最近你可能看到一則消息,
04:41
they came through with us at the end of last month
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大約是在上個月底,
04:43
with a few special exemptions
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我們獲得幾項豁免
04:45
that will allow the Transition to be sold
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特拉福騎變形機准以運動休旅車及
04:47
in the same category as SUVs and light trucks.
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小型貨車種類資格正式上市銷售。
04:49
As a multi-purpose passenger vehicle,
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因為是多功能自客車,
04:51
it is now officially "designed for occasional off-road use."
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號稱是 「偶爾非道路使用」專門車種。
04:54
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:56
Now let's see it in action.
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我們來瞧一瞧。
05:02
You can see there the wings folded up just along the side of the plane.
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摺起來的機翼緊靠在兩機身兩側。
05:05
You're not powering the propeller, you're powering the wheels.
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引擎所推動的不是螺旋槳而是車輪。
05:14
And it is under seven feet tall,
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高度不到七呎,
05:16
so it will fit in a standard construction garage.
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可以進得去標準車庫。
05:19
And that's the automated wing-folding mechanism.
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這是機翼自動展開設計。
05:21
That's real time.
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這是即時狀態。
05:23
You just push a few buttons in the cockpit, and the wings come out.
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座駕駛艙只要按下按鈕, 機翼就會拉開來。
05:26
Once they're fully deployed,
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等全部展開之後,
05:28
there's a mechanical lock that goes into place,
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有個機械設計就可將它固定不動,
05:30
again, from inside the cockpit.
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同樣的, 也是從駕駛艙操作就行。
05:32
And they're now fully capable of handling
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然後, 就可以像其他飛機一樣
05:34
any of the loads you would see in flight --
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處理一系列飛行的操作需求--
05:36
just like putting down your convertible top.
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有點像是把自己的敞篷車頂放下一樣。
05:41
And you're all thinking what your neighbors would think of seeing that.
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你只想著要是鄰居看到, 不知道他們會怎麼想。
05:47
(Video) Test Pilot: Until the vehicle flies,
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試飛員:還沒真正飛起來之前
05:49
75 percent of your risk is that first flight.
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首航有將近75%的風險。
05:56
Radio: It actually flew. Yes.
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它真的飛起來了 耶!
05:58
Radio 2: That was gorgeous.
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真是太棒了。
06:00
Radio: What did you think of that?
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你感覺得怎麼樣?
06:02
That was beautiful from up here, I tell you.
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從上面看下來 真是美,不騙你。
06:07
AMD: See, we're all exceedingly excited about that little bunny hop.
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看到吧! 我們為之瘋狂因為小兔子能跳了。
06:10
And our test pilot gave us
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我們的試飛員
06:12
the best feedback you can get from a test pilot after a first flight,
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下了一個前所未有的評語,
06:15
which was that it was "remarkably unremarkable."
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出乎意料外的...不意外!!
06:18
He would go onto tell us
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他又說...
06:20
that the Transition had been the easiest airplane to land
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特拉福騎變形機是他30年的試飛員生涯中
06:22
that he'd flown in his entire 30-year career as a test pilot.
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降落最容易的機種。
06:33
So despite making something
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我們不只想做出
06:35
that is seemingly revolutionary,
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革命性的產品而已,
06:37
we really focused on doing
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我們更想創造出
06:39
as little new as possible.
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更先進的東西。
06:41
We leverage a lot of technology from the state-of-the-art in general aviation
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結合了最高檔的航空以及
06:44
and from automotive racing.
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汽車競速等技術。
06:46
When we do have to do something truly out-of-the-box,
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而且真正的突破現狀,
06:48
we use an incremental design, build, test, redesign cycle
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不論是在設計建構測試階段, 要採用增量式設計概念
06:51
that lets us reduce risk in baby steps.
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以減少剛起步就失敗的風險。
06:53
Now since we started Terrafugia about 6 years ago,
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六年前開始研發特拉福騎變形機時,
06:55
we've had a lot of those baby steps.
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我們就採取穩扎穩打的策略。
06:57
We've gone from being three of us
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我們三個臭皮匠
06:59
working in the basement at MIT while we were still in graduate school
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慢慢從麻省理工研究所的下地室開始,
07:02
to about two-dozen of us
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到後來大概有24人的時候
07:04
working in an initial production facility outside of Boston.
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轉到波斯頓郊區一個工廠。
07:07
We've had to overcome challenges
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我們得迎戰各項挑戰,
07:09
like keeping the weight below the light sport limit that I talked about,
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像是說我們得隨時注意機身重量以符合前面提到的輕航機標準,
07:11
figuring out how to politely respond
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還要想辦法客氣的回答...
07:13
when a regulator tells you,
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檢覈單位的問題,
07:15
"But that won't fit through a toll booth with the wings extended --
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「...可是你機翼不收起來, 就過不了收費亭啊...」
07:18
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:21
to all of the other associated durability and engineering issues
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還有一堆剛剛有提到關於耐用性與機械工程的問題,
07:23
that we talked about on the ground.
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以及在地面行駛遇到的問題。
07:25
Still, if everything goes to our satisfaction
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所以, 如果一切都能穩穩當當,
07:28
with the testing and construction
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一步一步完成測試、製造工作
07:30
of the two production prototypes
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現在這兩部
07:32
that we're working on right now,
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正在生產的雛型,
07:34
those first deliveries
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第一批出貨,
07:36
to the, about a hundred, people who have reserved an airplane at this point
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包括現在已經預約的100多張訂單,
07:38
should begin at the end of next year.
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預估會是明年年底開始。
07:40
The Transition will cost in line with other small airplanes.
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特拉福騎變形機與一般輕航機的價格差不多。
07:43
And I'm certainly not out to replace your Chevy,
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當然我們沒有要取代你的雪佛蘭。
07:46
but I do think that the Transition should be your next airplane.
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我真的認為特拉福騎變形機應該是你下一架飛機。
07:49
Here's why.
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我來說明一下。
07:51
While nearly all of the commercial air travel in the world
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目前全球的商用航線
07:54
goes through a relatively small number of large hub airports,
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都會集中在少數幾個轉運機場,
07:57
there is a huge underutilized resource out there.
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還有很多資源沒有好好利用。
08:00
There are thousands of local airstrips
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其實有數以千個區域飛航跑道
08:02
that don't see nearly as many aircraft operations a day as they could.
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使用率根本不夠高,
08:05
On average, there's one within 20 to 30 miles
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以美國來說,
08:08
of wherever you are in the United States.
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大概每方圓20-30英哩就有一個。
08:10
The Transition gives you
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特拉福騎變形機
08:12
a safer, more convenient and more fun way
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讓大家可以更方便更有趣的
08:15
of using this resource.
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善用這項資源。
08:18
For those of you who aren't yet pilots,
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對於不懂飛行駕駛的人來說,
08:20
there's four main reasons why those of us who are
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歸納起來會有四個想駕駛,
08:22
don't fly as much as we'd like to:
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但是卻不願意駕駛飛機的理由:
08:24
the weather, primarily,
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主要是天氣,
08:26
cost, long door-to-door travel time
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花錢, 花時間m
08:28
and mobility at your destination.
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還有抵達目的地之後又有交通問題。
08:30
Now, bad weather comes in,
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好了,現在遇到天氣不好,
08:32
just land, fold up the wings, drive home.
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乾脆就降落,機翼收起來,直接開回家。
08:35
Doesn't matter if it rains a little, you have a windshield wiper.
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下點雨是沒關係, 反正有雨刷。
08:38
Instead of paying to keep your airplane in a hanger,
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從此, 也不用再花錢租停機坪,
08:40
park it in your garage.
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就直接停在家裡車庫。
08:42
And the unleaded automotive fuel that we use
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加的又是一般的無鉛汽油
08:44
is both cheaper and better for the environment
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比起航空汽油來
08:46
than traditional avgas.
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既便宜又環保。
08:48
Door-to-door travel time is reduced,
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地面交通時間也省下來了,
08:51
because now, instead of lugging bags, finding a parking space,
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因為 再也不用忙著掛行李找停車位,
08:54
taking off your shoes or pulling your airplane out of the hanger,
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脫鞋檢查或是要先去停機坪把飛機開出來,
08:57
you're now just spending that time getting to where you want to go.
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你只花了要去到目的地的時間。
09:00
And mobility to your destination is clearly solved.
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到達目的地以後交通也解決了。
09:03
Just fold up the wings and keep going.
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就把機翼收起來繼續開就好了。
09:05
The Transition simultaneously expands our horizons
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特拉福騎變形機開拓我們的視野,
09:08
while making the world a smaller, more accessible place.
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把世界變更小更可及
09:11
It also continues to be a fabulous adventure.
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處處都有探險的驚喜。
09:14
I hope you'll each take a moment
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希望每一個人都能用點時間
09:16
to think about how you could use something like this
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想一下如何好好的利用它
09:19
to give yourself more access to your own world,
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來開拓更多屬於自己的世界,
09:21
and to make your own travel more convenient and more fun.
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讓每一次的旅行都是輕鬆愉快,生趣盎然。
09:24
Thank you for giving me the opportunity to share it with you.
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感謝大家讓我能借這個機會與你分享!
09:27
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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