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譯者: Crystal Tu
審譯者: Sean Chuang
00:15
Many believe driving is an activity
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很多人認為開車是
00:18
solely reserved for those who can see.
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一項只有明眼人才能從事的活動
00:20
A blind person driving a vehicle safely and independently
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讓全盲的人安全地獨自開車
00:23
was thought to be an impossible task, until now.
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是不可能的任務,直到現在
00:26
Hello, my name is Dennis Hong,
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哈囉,我是丹尼斯.洪(音譯)
00:28
and we're bringing freedom and independence to the blind
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為視力受損人士造車,我們可以帶給他們
00:30
by building a vehicle for the visually impaired.
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獨立與自由
00:33
So before I talk about this car for the blind,
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在我開始講為盲人打造的這輛車以前
00:36
let me briefly tell you about another project that I worked on
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我想先簡單的分享一下我先前的另一個計畫
00:38
called the DARPA Urban Challenge.
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叫美國國防先進研究計劃局(DARPA)都市挑戰
00:40
Now this was about building a robotic car
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是要造出一輛全機械化
00:42
that can drive itself.
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可以自動駕駛的汽車
00:44
You press start, nobody touches anything,
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按下"開始",然後什麼都不碰
00:46
and it can reach its destination fully autonomously.
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車子就會自動開往目的地
00:49
So in 2007, our team won half a million dollars
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在2007年,我們團隊贏得五十萬美元
00:52
by placing third place in this competition.
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因為在這項競賽裡得了第三名
00:54
So about that time,
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所以那時候
00:56
the National Federation of the Blind, or NFB,
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全國盲人聯合會(NFB)
00:58
challenged the research committee
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對研究委員們提出挑戰
01:00
about who can develop a car
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看誰能夠開發出
01:02
that lets a blind person drive safely and independently.
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能讓盲人安全地獨自駕駛的汽車
01:04
We decided to give it a try,
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我們決定試試看
01:06
because we thought, "Hey, how hard could it be?"
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因為我們覺得這應該不大難啊
01:08
We have already an autonomous vehicle.
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既然已經有可以自動駕駛的汽車
01:10
We just put a blind person in it and we're done, right?
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只要讓盲人坐進去不就大功告成了嗎?
01:12
(Laughter)
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(笑)
01:14
We couldn't have been more wrong.
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結果我們完全搞錯了
01:16
What NFB wanted
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他們要的
01:18
was not a vehicle that can drive a blind person around,
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不是能帶著盲人四處轉轉的載具
01:21
but a vehicle where a blind person can make active decisions and drive.
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而是能讓盲人即時做出判斷來駕駛的車
01:24
So we had to throw everything out the window
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所以我們得把一切都拋諸腦後
01:26
and start from scratch.
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重頭開始
01:28
So to test this crazy idea,
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為了測試這個瘋狂的想法
01:30
we developed a small dune buggy prototype vehicle
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我們做出一輛小型的沙灘車原型車
01:32
to test the feasibility.
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來了解計畫是否可行
01:34
And in the summer of 2009,
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在2009年的夏天
01:36
we invited dozens of blind youth from all over the country
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我們邀請數十個全國各地的失明青年
01:39
and gave them a chance to take it for a spin.
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給他們機會上車去試試
01:41
It was an absolutely amazing experience.
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那經驗超棒的
01:43
But the problem with this car was
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問題是
01:45
it was designed to only be driven in a very controlled environment,
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這車子的設計,只能在極度受到控制的環境下駕駛
01:48
in a flat, closed-off parking lot --
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像是平坦無人的停車場
01:50
even the lanes defined by red traffic cones.
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連車道都是用紅色三角錐圍起來
01:52
So with this success,
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這項成功
01:54
we decided to take the next big step,
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促使我們決定更邁進一步
01:56
to develop a real car that can be driven on real roads.
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研發出能在真實道路上駕駛的汽車
01:59
So how does it work?
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那又是怎麼做到的呢?
02:01
Well, it's a rather complex system,
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嗯,這系統有點複雜
02:03
but let me try to explain it, maybe simplify it.
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但我會試著用最簡單的話來解釋
02:06
So we have three steps.
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一共分成三部份
02:08
We have perception, computation
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也就是知覺、計算
02:10
and non-visual interfaces.
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和非視覺介面
02:12
Now obviously the driver cannot see,
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既然駕駛人看不見
02:14
so the system needs to perceive the environment
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這個系統就要感覺周遭環境的變化
02:16
and gather information for the driver.
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並為駕駛人蒐集資訊
02:18
For that, we use an initial measurement unit.
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因此,我們使用初步測量單元
02:21
So it measures acceleration, angular acceleration --
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來測量加速度、角加速度
02:23
like a human ear, inner ear.
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就像人類耳朵和內耳的作用一樣
02:25
We fuse that information with a GPS unit
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這些訊息和GPS單元結合
02:27
to get an estimate of the location of the car.
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來估計汽車目前位置
02:30
We also use two cameras to detect the lanes of the road.
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我們也用了兩架攝影機來偵測道路兩側
02:33
And we also use three laser range finders.
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還有三台雷射測距儀
02:35
The lasers scan the environment to detect obstacles --
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用來掃描周遭環境的障礙物
02:38
a car approaching from the front, the back
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像是前方和後方來車
02:40
and also any obstacles that run into the roads,
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進入道路的障礙物
02:43
any obstacles around the vehicle.
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以及在車子附近的其他障礙物
02:45
So all this vast amount of information is then fed into the computer,
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這些資料全部都會傳進電腦裡
02:48
and the computer can do two things.
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然後電腦會作兩件事
02:50
One is, first of all, process this information
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首先,電腦會處理所有資訊
02:53
to have an understanding of the environment --
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來了解周遭環境
02:55
these are the lanes of the road, there's the obstacles --
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道路有幾線,哪裡有障礙物
02:58
and convey this information to the driver.
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然後傳達給駕駛人
03:00
The system is also smart enough
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這系統聰明到
03:02
to figure out the safest way to operate the car.
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可以找出最安全的駕駛方式
03:04
So we can also generate instructions
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所以我們還能產生指引
03:06
on how to operate the controls of the vehicle.
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來指導駕駛人如何控制汽車
03:08
But the problem is this: How do we convey
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但問題來了,我們要怎樣傳達
03:10
this information and instructions
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這些資訊和指引
03:12
to a person who cannot see
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給看不見的人們
03:14
fast enough and accurate enough so he can drive?
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又快又準,讓他們可以開車呢?
03:17
So for this, we developed many different types
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所以,我們發展出許多不同的
03:19
of non-visual user interface technology.
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非視覺使用介面科技
03:22
So starting from a three-dimensional ping sound system,
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首先是三維聲響系統
03:24
a vibrating vest,
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還有振動背心
03:26
a click wheel with voice commands, a leg strip,
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聲控點擊輪,大腿繫帶
03:29
even a shoe that applies pressure to the foot.
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甚至是可以在腳掌上施壓的鞋子
03:31
But today we're going to talk about
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但今天我們要講的是
03:33
three of these non-visual user interfaces.
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以下三種非視覺使用介面
03:35
Now the first interface is called a DriveGrip.
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首先是DriveGrip(駕駛握把)
03:38
So these are a pair of gloves,
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那是一雙手套
03:40
and it has vibrating elements on the knuckle part
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在指關節的部份有振動元件
03:42
so you can convey instructions about how to steer --
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就可以傳達操作方向盤的指示
03:45
the direction and the intensity.
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要往哪個方向,轉多少
03:47
Another device is called SpeedStrip.
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另外一個裝置是SpeedStrip
03:49
So this is a chair -- as a matter of fact, it's actually a massage chair.
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這是一張椅子,事實上是一張按摩椅
03:52
We gut it out, and we rearrange the vibrating elements in different patterns,
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我們把它拆開,再把振動元件排列組合成別的樣式
03:56
and we actuate them to convey information about the speed,
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啟動以後,利用它們傳達速度的訊息
03:59
and also instructions how to use the gas and the brake pedal.
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還有踩油門跟煞車踏板的指引
04:02
So over here, you can see
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從這裡你可以看到
04:04
how the computer understands the environment,
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電腦怎樣了解周遭環境的
04:06
and because you cannot see the vibration,
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因為肉眼看不見振動
04:08
we actually put red LED's on the driver so that you can see what's happening.
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所以我們放了紅色的LED,讓駕駛可以知道發生什麼事
04:11
This is the sensory data,
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這些都是感應元件輸出的資料
04:13
and that data is transferred to the devices through the computer.
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之後會透過電腦傳送到裝置上
04:16
So these two devices, DriveGrip and SpeedStrip,
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DriveGrip 和 SpeedStrip這兩個裝置
04:18
are very effective.
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效率很高
04:20
But the problem is
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但問題是
04:22
these are instructional cue devices.
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這些都是引導裝置
04:24
So this is not really freedom, right?
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並不是真正的自由駕駛,對吧?
04:26
The computer tells you how to drive --
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是由電腦告訴你該怎麼開車
04:28
turn left, turn right, speed up, stop.
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左轉、右轉、加速、煞車
04:30
We call this the "backseat-driver problem."
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我們稱之為「後座駕駛問題」
04:32
So we're moving away from the instructional cue devices,
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所以,我們得把這些引導裝置擺在一邊
04:35
and we're now focusing more
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然後把精力放在
04:37
on the informational devices.
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訊息提供裝置上
04:39
A good example for this informational non-visual user interface
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一個非視覺訊息提供使用者介面的例子是
04:41
is called AirPix.
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AirPix
04:43
So think of it as a monitor for the blind.
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這就像是盲人的螢幕
04:45
So it's a small tablet, has many holes in it,
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就是一個小面板,上面有很多小洞
04:47
and compressed air comes out,
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壓縮空氣會從洞裡噴出來
04:49
so it can actually draw images.
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所以能夠描繪圖像
04:51
So even though you are blind, you can put your hand over it,
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即使眼睛看不見,把手放在板子上
04:53
you can see the lanes of the road and obstacles.
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也可以看到車道和障礙物
04:55
Actually, you can also change the frequency of the air coming out
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而且,還可以改變空氣噴出的頻率
04:58
and possibly the temperature.
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甚至溫度
05:00
So it's actually a multi-dimensional user interface.
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這其實是一個多維度的使用者介面
05:03
So here you can see the left camera, the right camera from the vehicle
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在這裡你可以看到汽車的左右攝影機鏡頭
05:06
and how the computer interprets that and sends that information to the AirPix.
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還有電腦如何解讀並傳送訊息到AirPix
05:09
For this, we're showing a simulator,
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為了這個,我們弄了個模擬器
05:11
a blind person driving using the AirPix.
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讓盲人在駕駛時使用AirPix
05:14
This simulator was also very useful for training the blind drivers
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模擬器對訓練盲人駕駛也很有用
05:17
and also quickly testing different types of ideas
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還可以快速測試不同的點子
05:19
for different types of non-visual user interfaces.
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不同的非視覺使用者介面
05:21
So basically that's how it works.
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這模擬器大概就是這樣
05:23
So just a month ago,
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大約一個月前
05:25
on January 29th,
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也就是一月二十九號
05:27
we unveiled this vehicle for the very first time to the public
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我們第一次公開展示這輛車
05:29
at the world-famous Daytona International Speedway
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是在全球知名的德通那國際賽車場
05:32
during the Rolex 24 racing event.
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的勞力士24車賽裡
05:34
We also had some surprises. Let's take a look.
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我們也準備了一些驚喜,讓大家來看看
05:37
(Music)
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(音樂)
05:47
(Video) Announcer: This is an historic day in January.
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(影片)司儀:這是歷史性的一天
05:51
He's coming up to the grandstand, fellow Federationists.
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他正接近主看台,跟著Federistas
05:55
(Cheering)
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(歡呼)
06:01
(Honking)
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(鳴喇叭)
06:04
There's the grandstand now.
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他到主看台了
06:06
And he's [unclear] following that van that's out in front of him.
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而且正跟著前方那輛廂型車
06:10
Well there comes the first box.
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然後第一個箱子出現
06:12
Now let's see if Mark avoids it.
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讓我們看看馬克能不能避開它們
06:15
He does. He passes it on the right.
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他躲過了,閃到右邊去
06:20
Third box is out. The fourth box is out.
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第三第四個箱子也出現了
06:23
And he's perfectly making his way between the two.
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他完美的從中間穿過
06:26
He's closing in on the van
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接近廂型車
06:28
to make the moving pass.
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然後超車
06:32
Well this is what it's all about,
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就是這麼回事
06:34
this kind of dynamic display of audacity and ingenuity.
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勇敢和創造力的展現
06:39
He's approaching the end of the run,
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現在他正接近終點
06:42
makes his way between the barrels that are set up there.
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躲開那些跑道上的桶子
06:47
(Honking)
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(鳴喇叭)
06:50
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
06:56
Dennis Hong: I'm so happy for you.
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丹尼斯:我好高興
06:58
Mark's going to give me a ride back to the hotel.
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馬克會載我回旅館
07:00
Mark Riccobono: Yes.
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對
07:05
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
07:14
DH: So since we started this project,
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丹尼斯:自從我們開始這項計畫以來
07:16
we've been getting hundreds of letters, emails, phone calls
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接到數以百計的信件、電子郵件和電話
07:19
from people from all around the world.
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從世界各地來的
07:21
Letters thanking us, but sometimes you also get funny letters like this one:
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感謝信,但有時候會收到一些有趣的像是
07:24
"Now I understand why there is Braille on a drive-up ATM machine."
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"我現在知道為什麼得來速提款機上會有點字了"
07:28
(Laughter)
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(眾笑)
07:30
But sometimes --
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但有時候
07:32
(Laughter)
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(眾笑)
07:34
But sometimes I also do get --
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有時候我也會收到
07:36
I wouldn't call it hate mail --
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不能說是黑特信
07:38
but letters of really strong concern:
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但卻表示強烈關注的
07:40
"Dr. Hong, are you insane,
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"洪博士你瘋了嗎
07:42
trying to put blind people on the road?
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讓盲人開車上路?
07:44
You must be out of your mind."
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你一定是發瘋了"
07:46
But this vehicle is a prototype vehicle,
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但這輛車其實只是原型車
07:48
and it's not going to be on the road
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也不會真正上路
07:50
until it's proven as safe as, or safer than, today's vehicle.
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直到確定它跟縣在的車輛一樣安全,甚至更安全
07:52
And I truly believe that this can happen.
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我真的相信有一天這回成真
07:55
But still, will the society,
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但是,社會大眾
07:57
would they accept such a radical idea?
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會接受這樣的想法嗎?
07:59
How are we going to handle insurance?
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我們該怎樣處理保險?
08:01
How are we going to issue driver's licenses?
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怎樣發駕照?
08:03
There's many of these different kinds of hurdles besides technology challenges
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除了技術挑戰以外,還有很多困難
08:06
that we need to address before this becomes a reality.
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必須在理想成真以前面對
08:09
Of course, the main goal of this project
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當然,這計畫的主要目標
08:11
is to develop a car for the blind.
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是發展盲人用汽車
08:13
But potentially more important than this
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但比這個更有潛力的是
08:15
is the tremendous value of the spin-off technology
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相關科技的龐大價值
08:18
that can come from this project.
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從這個計畫中誕生
08:20
The sensors that are used can see through the dark,
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感應器能穿透黑暗
08:22
the fog and rain.
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大霧和雨
08:24
And together with this new type of interfaces,
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加上新式介面
08:26
we can use these technologies
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我們可以將這些科技
08:28
and apply them to safer cars for sighted people.
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應用在給明眼人開的車上,增加安全性
08:30
Or for the blind, everyday home appliances --
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或者給盲人,用在日常生活中
08:33
in the educational setting, in the office setting.
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在學校環境或辦公室裡
08:35
Just imagine, in a classroom a teacher writes on the blackboard
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你想,老師在教室裡的黑板上寫了東西
08:38
and a blind student can see what's written and read
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然後盲人學生可以看見老師寫的東西,並讀出來
08:41
using these non-visual interfaces.
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正是透過這些非視覺介面
08:43
This is priceless.
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這是無價之寶
08:46
So today, the things I've showed you today, is just the beginning.
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因此,我今天講得這些,只是一個開端而已
08:49
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝大家
08:51
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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