How cults rewire the brain | Diane Benscoter

211,905 views ・ 2009-06-17

TED


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譯者: Sammy Lee 審譯者: Bu-sheng Lin
00:18
My journey to coming here today
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我今天所要談的經驗
00:22
started in 1974.
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是從1974年開始的
00:24
That's me with the funny gloves.
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那個戴著奇怪手套的人就是我
00:27
I was 17 and going on a peace walk.
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我那時才17歲,便參加和平示威遊行
00:30
What I didn't know though, was most of those people, standing there
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當時我並不知道,我身旁的這些人
00:33
with me, were Moonies.
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大部份都是統一教狂熱信徒
00:35
(Laughter)
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(觀眾笑聲)[請注意:本影片有血腥畫面]
00:39
And within a week
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不到一個禮拜
00:41
I had come to believe
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他們就說服我
00:43
that the second coming of Christ had occurred,
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耶穌已經重返人世
00:46
that it was Sun Myung Moon,
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而文鮮明就是祂的化身
00:48
and that I had been specially chosen and prepared by God
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我是上帝的選民
00:52
to be his disciple.
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註定要追隨文鮮明
00:54
Now as cool as that sounds,
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雖然聽起來很酷
00:56
my family was not that thrilled with this.
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我的家人知道後卻不太爽
00:58
(Laughter)
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(觀眾笑聲)
01:00
And they tried everything they could to get me out of there.
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他們想盡辦法要我脫離那個教派
01:02
There was an underground railroad of sorts
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在那個年代有一個秘密組織
01:04
that was going on during those years. Maybe some of you remember it.
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也許你們有些人還記得
01:07
They were called deprogrammers.
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那個組織裡的人被稱為"反洗腦者"
01:10
And after about five long years
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過了漫長的五年
01:16
my family had me deprogrammed.
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我的家人終於把我"反洗腦"了
01:18
And I then became a deprogrammer.
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而我自己也成為"反洗腦者"
01:23
I started going out on cases.
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我開始幫助被洗腦的受害人
01:25
And after about five years of doing this,
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在做了將近五年的反洗腦工作後
01:29
I was arrested for kidnapping.
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我因綁架罪名被逮捕
01:33
Most of the cases I went out on
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我輔導的大部份當事人
01:35
were called involuntary.
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並非自願接受反洗腦的
01:37
What happened was that the family
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這些當事人的家人
01:39
had to get their loved ones some safe place somehow.
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得先為當事人找到安全的藏身地
01:42
And so they took them to some safe place.
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把他們安置在那裡
01:46
And we would come in and talk to them, usually for about a week.
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然後我們再去輔導,通常持續一個禮拜左右
01:49
And so after this happened,
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經過被警方逮捕的事件後
01:53
I decided it was a good time to turn my back on this work.
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我決定不再從事這種工作
01:57
And about 20 years went by.
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又過了大約20年
02:02
There was a burning question though that would not leave me.
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我腦中有個問題始終揮之不去
02:05
And that was, "How did this happen to me?"
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那就是:我到底怎麼了?
02:08
And in fact, what did happen to my brain?
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或是說:我的腦袋到底怎麼了?
02:11
Because something did.
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因為我的腦中的確產生了變化
02:14
And so I decided to write a book, a memoir,
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於是我決定要寫一本回憶錄
02:16
about this decade of my life.
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記錄我人生中被洗腦和反洗腦的那十年
02:19
And toward the end of writing that book
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就在我快把書寫完的時候
02:21
there was a documentary that came out.
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有一部紀錄片上映了
02:23
It was on Jonestown.
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是關於集體自殺的瓊斯鎮
02:25
And it had a chilling effect on me.
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我看了以後不禁毛骨悚然
02:30
These are the dead in Jonestown.
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這些就是死於那次事件的人
02:33
About 900 people died that day,
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當天大約有900個人喪生
02:35
most of them taking their own lives.
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其中大部份都是自殺
02:38
Women gave poison to their babies,
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婦女餵自己的小孩吃毒藥
02:42
and watched foam come from their mouths as they died.
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眼睜睜看著他們口吐白沫而死
02:47
The top picture is a group of Moonies
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上面的照片是文鮮明(統一教)的信徒
02:50
that have been blessed by their messiah.
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他們受到了救世主文鮮明的祝福
02:53
Their mates were chosen for them.
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配偶也都由文鮮明挑選好了
02:56
The bottom picture is Hitler youth.
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下面的照片是信奉希特勒的青年軍
03:00
This is the leg of a suicide bomber.
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這是一個自殺炸彈客的斷腿
03:04
The thing I had to admit to myself,
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我很不願意承認
03:06
with great repulsion,
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但又不得不承認的是
03:09
was that I get it.
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我了解這些人
03:11
I understand how this could happen.
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我了解他們為什麼會這樣
03:14
I understand how someone's brain,
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我懂一個人的腦子
03:17
how someone's mind can come to the place
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為什麼會有那些想法
03:20
where it makes sense --
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而且竟然認為那些想法是對的
03:22
in fact it would be wrong, when your brain is working like that --
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事實上,當你陷入那種思考模式以後
03:25
not to try to save the world through genocide.
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你會認為大屠殺是為了拯救世人
03:31
And so what is this? How does this work?
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這到底是什麼樣的心態?它是如何形成的?
03:34
And how I've come to view what happened to me
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我又是如何看清一切
03:38
is a viral, memetic infection.
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明白那其實是一種腦部中毒的現象
03:41
For those of you who aren't familiar with memetics,
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在座有些人可能不太清楚這概念
03:43
a meme has been defined as
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腦部中毒指的就是
03:45
an idea that replicates in the human brain
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一個想法在人腦中不斷分裂複製
03:47
and moves from brain to brain like a virus,
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像病毒一樣散播到別人的腦中
03:52
much like a virus. The way a virus works is --
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而就像病毒的運作方式一樣
03:55
it can infect and do the most damage to someone
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會傳染給他人並造成莫大傷害
04:00
who has a compromised immune system.
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抵抗力差的人更深受其害
04:04
In 1974, I was young, I was naive,
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1974年的我年輕又天真
04:08
and I was pretty lost in my world.
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迷失在自己的世界裡
04:10
I was really idealistic.
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抱著過於理想主義的態度
04:13
These easy ideas to complex questions are very appealing
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統一教的思想直觀,好似能解決人生大哉問,讓人非常嚮往
04:17
when you are emotionally vulnerable.
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尤其那時的心靈又容易受人影響
04:20
What happens is that
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在這種狀況下
04:23
circular logic takes over.
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思考邏輯如迴圈般走不出來
04:25
"Moon is one with God.
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才會相信"文鮮明是上帝的化身"
04:27
God is going to fix all the problems in the world.
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"上帝會解決世間所有問題"
04:31
All I have to do is humbly follow.
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而我只要心悅誠服的追隨他就好
04:33
Because God is going to stop war and hunger --
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因為上帝會阻止戰爭和飢餓
04:35
all these things I wanted to do --
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那也是我的理想
04:37
all I have to do is humbly follow.
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我只要心悅誠服的追隨他就好
04:39
Because after all, God is [working through] the messiah. He's going to fix all this."
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他是上帝派的救世主,有他一切便天下太平
04:42
It becomes impenetrable.
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這種想法漸漸根深柢固
04:45
And the most dangerous part of this
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而這種想法最可怕的地方在於
04:48
is that is creates "us" and "them,"
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它造成了"我們"和"他們"的對立
04:51
"right" and "wrong,"
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"對"與"錯"的對立
04:53
"good" and "evil."
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"正"與"邪"的對立
04:57
And it makes anything possible,
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這讓人什麼事都做得出來
05:01
makes anything rationalizable.
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一切的行為都被合理化
05:08
And the thing is, though,
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但是
05:10
if you looked at my brain
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如果當時有辦法一窺我的腦部
05:12
during those years in the Moonies --
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在我信奉統一教的那幾年裡
05:14
neuroscience is expanding exponentially,
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不像現在有快速發展的神經科學
05:17
as Ray Kurzweil said yesterday. Science is expanding.
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就像雷科茲維昨天說的.科學不斷進步
05:19
We're beginning to look inside the brain.
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現在我們開始窺探人腦如何運作
05:22
And so if you looked at my brain, or any brain that's infected with
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所以如果當時有辦法一窺我的腦部
05:24
a viral memetic infection like this,
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或是任何像這樣思想中毒的腦子
05:27
and compared it to anyone in this room,
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和在座任何人的腦子兩相比較
05:29
or anyone who uses critical thinking on a regular basis,
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或是和習慣批判性思考的人腦做比較
05:31
I am convinced it would look very, very different.
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我相信兩種腦子看起來一定非常不同
05:36
And that, strange as it may sound,
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各位或許會覺得我這麼說很奇怪
05:39
gives me hope.
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但這件事給了我希望
05:41
And the reason that gives me hope
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我有了希望是因為
05:43
is that the first thing is to admit
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我們做到了解決問題的第一步
05:46
that we have a problem.
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那就是:承認這個問題的確存在
05:49
But it's a human problem. It's a scientific problem, if you will.
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但這是個人腦的問題,或者說是科學的問題
05:52
It happens in the human brain. There is no evil force out there to get us.
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存在於我們腦中,並非是外來的邪惡力量要害我們
05:56
And so this is something that, through research and education,
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所以透過研究和教育
06:00
I believe that we can solve.
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我相信這個問題是可以解決的
06:03
And so the first step is to realize
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而解決此問題的第一步
06:11
that we can do this together,
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就是明白我們可以一起努力
06:13
and that there is no "us" and "them."
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不分彼此,終止對立
06:16
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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謝謝大家(觀眾掌聲)
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