Diébédo Francis Kéré: How to build with clay... and community

397,188 views ・ 2013-12-10

TED


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譯者: Marssi Draw 審譯者: Shi Tan
00:12
I would like to show you how
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我想讓你們看看
00:15
architecture has helped
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建築是如何協助
00:18
to change the life of my community
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我家鄉的人們改變生活,
00:21
and has opened opportunities to hope.
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並且帶來許多充滿希望的機會。
00:26
I am a native of Burkina Faso.
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我是布吉納法索人,
00:29
According to the World Bank, Burkina Faso
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根據世界銀行,布吉納法索
00:32
is one of the poorest countries in the world,
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名列全球最窮國之一,
00:35
but what does it look like
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但是在那種地方長大成人
00:38
to grow up in a place like that?
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是什麼樣子?
00:41
I am an example of that.
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我就是其中一例。
00:44
I was born in a little village called Gando.
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我出生在一個名叫甘多的小村莊。
00:48
In Gando, there was no electricity,
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甘多沒有電力,
00:52
no access to clean drinking water, and no school.
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沒有乾淨的飲用水,沒有學校。
00:57
But my father wanted me
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但是我的父親希望我
00:59
to learn how to read and write.
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學習如何閱讀和寫字。
01:01
For this reason, I had to leave my family
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因為這個因素,我必須離開家人,
01:06
when I was seven and to stay in a city
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我七歲時待在都市,
01:09
far away from my village
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遠離我的村子,
01:11
with no contact with my family.
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無法連絡家人。
01:15
In this place I sat
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我坐的這個地方
01:19
in a class like that
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是一間教室,
01:21
with more than 150 other kids,
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裡面有超過 150 個小孩,
01:24
and for six years.
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長達六年。
01:27
In this time, it just happened to me to come to school
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那個時候,我到學校時
01:31
to realize that my classmate died.
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才知道我的同學死了。
01:37
Today, not so much has changed.
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直到今天,並沒有多大的改變。
01:41
There is still no electricity in my village.
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我的村子裡還是沒有電。
01:46
People still are dying in Burkina Faso,
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布吉納法索的人們還是不斷死去,
01:48
and access to clean drinking water
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如何取得乾淨的飲用水
01:52
is still a big problem.
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仍是個大問題。
01:56
I had luck. I was lucky, because this is a fact of life
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我有好運,我很幸運,因為 如果你在那樣的地方長大,
02:04
when you grow up in a place like that.
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生命的真相就是如此。
02:06
But I was lucky.
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但是我當時很幸運,
02:09
I had a scholarship.
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我有獎學金。
02:11
I could go to Germany to study.
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我可以去德國唸書。
02:15
So now, I suppose,
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那麼現在,我想
02:19
I don't need to explain to you how great a privilege
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我不需要向大家解釋對我來說
02:24
it is for me to be standing before you today.
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能夠站在大家面前是多麼大的恩賜。
02:28
From Gando, my home village in Burkina Faso,
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從我在布吉納法索的家鄉甘多
02:32
to Berlin in Germany to become an architect
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到德國柏林成為建築師
02:37
is a big, big step.
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是很大、很大的飛躍。
02:42
But what to do with this privilege?
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但我要怎麼利用這個恩賜呢?
02:47
Since I was a student, I wanted to open up
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從我還是個學生開始,我想幫助
02:51
better opportunities to other kids in Gando.
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其他甘多的孩子得到更好的機會。
02:54
I just wanted to use my skills and build a school.
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我只想運用我的能力,蓋一所學校。
02:57
But how do you do it when you're still a student
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但當你還只是個學生,
03:00
and you don't have money?
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而且你沒有錢,該怎麼做?
03:02
Oh yes, I started to make drawings
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噢,對,我開始畫圖
03:05
and asked for money.
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來賺錢。
03:07
Fundraising was not an easy task.
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募款不是件簡單的任務。
03:11
I even asked my classmates
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我甚至要求同學
03:13
to spend less money on coffee and cigarettes,
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少花點錢在咖啡和煙上,
03:17
but to sponsor my school project.
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來贊助我的建校工程。
03:20
In real wonder, two years later,
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兩年後奇蹟發生了,
03:24
I was able to collect 50,000 U.S. dollars.
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我募到五萬美元。
03:30
When I came home to Gando
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我帶著這個好消息
03:33
to bring the good news,
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回到家鄉甘多,
03:35
my people were over the moon,
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我的村民非常開心,
03:39
but when they realized
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但是當他們發現
03:41
that I was planning to use clay,
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我打算用泥土來蓋,
03:44
they were shocked.
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他們都很震驚。
03:46
"A clay building is not able to stand a rainy season,
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「泥土建築撐不過雨季,
03:50
and Francis wants us to use it and build a school.
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而方濟打算要我們用泥土來蓋所學校。
03:55
Is this the reason why he spent so much time
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這是他花這麼多時間
03:58
in Europe studying
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在歐洲唸書,
04:00
instead of working in the field with us?"
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而不和我們在田裡工作的原因嗎?」
04:04
My people build all the time with clay,
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我的村民總是用泥土建造,
04:08
but they don't see any innovation with mud.
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但是他們沒有在泥土上創新。
04:13
So I had to convince everybody.
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因此我得說服每個人。
04:15
I started to speak with the community,
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我開始找大家談,
04:19
and I could convince everybody,
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說服每個人,
04:21
and we could start to work.
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之後就可以開工。
04:24
And the women, the men,
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不分男女,
04:26
everybody from the village,
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每個村子裡的人
04:28
was part of this building process.
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都參與建築的過程。
04:30
I was allowed to use even traditional techniques.
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我連傳統技法都用上了。
04:34
So clay floor for example,
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比如說泥土地,
04:36
the young men come and stand like that, beating,
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年輕人會在這裡像這樣槌
04:40
hours for hours,
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好幾個小時,
04:42
and then their mothers came,
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然後換他們的母親來,
04:43
and they are beating in this position,
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他們用這個姿勢槌
04:47
for hours, giving water and beating.
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幾個小時,加水、槌打。
04:52
And then the polishers come.
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接著負責磨光的村民又來。
04:53
They start polishing it with a stone for hours.
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他們開始用石頭磨光好幾個小時。
04:58
And then you have this result,
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最後你可以看到成品,
05:03
very fine, like a baby bottom.
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非常精細,就像嬰兒的屁股。
05:07
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:08
It's not photoshopped. (Laughter)
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這可沒修過圖。 (笑聲)
05:14
This is the school, built with the community.
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這是全村居民蓋的房子。
05:17
The walls are totally made out
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牆壁都是由
05:19
of compressed clay blocks from Gando.
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甘多當地的壓縮泥塊做成的。
05:23
The roof structure is made
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屋頂的架構則是用
05:26
with cheap steel bars
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便宜的鋼條
05:29
normally hiding inside concrete.
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如慣例藏在混凝土裡。
05:32
And the classroom, the ceiling is made
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而教室的天花板是用
05:36
out of both of them used together.
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這兩種東西一起做的。
05:38
In this school, there was a simple idea:
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在這所學校只有一個簡單的概念:
05:41
to create comfort in a classroom.
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在教室裡打造舒適環境。
05:45
Don't forget, it can be 45 degrees in Burkina Faso,
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別忘了,布吉納法索可以高達 45 度,
05:50
so with simple ventilation,
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因此要有簡單的通風,
05:52
I wanted to make the classroom
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我想讓教室
05:54
good for teaching and learning.
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適合教學和學習。
05:57
And this is the project today,
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這是工程目前的樣子,
06:00
12 years old, still in best condition.
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12 歲了,依然是最好的狀態。
06:03
And the kids, they love it.
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而且小孩都很愛它。
06:09
And for me and my community,
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對我和我的家鄉來說,
06:12
this project was a huge success.
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這個工程非常成功。
06:16
It has opened up opportunities
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我們因此創造了許多機會
06:19
to do more projects in Gando.
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可以在甘多做更多工程。
06:21
So I could do a lot of projects,
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因此我可以做更多工程,
06:24
and here I am going to share with you
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在此我想和各位分享的
06:27
only three of them.
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只有其中三件。
06:29
The first one is the school extension, of course.
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第一件是擴建學校,當然。
06:33
How do you explain drawings and engineering
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你要怎麼解釋繪圖和工程
06:36
to people who are neither able to read nor write?
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給連讀和寫都不懂的人聽?
06:40
I started to build a prototype like that.
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我開始做像這樣的模型。
06:43
The innovation was to build a clay vault.
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創新的是蓋一個泥造拱頂。
06:46
So then, I jumped on the top like that,
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之後,我在上面像這樣跳,
06:49
with my team, and it works.
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和我的團隊一起跳,拱頂能承受。
06:51
The community is looking. It still works.
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大家都在看,拱頂仍然能承受(我們的重量)。
06:53
So we can build. (Laughter)
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因此我們就可以動工了。 (笑聲)
06:56
And we kept building, and that is the result.
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我們持續建造,這是成果。
07:00
The kids are happy, and they love it.
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孩子們都很開心,他們都很喜歡。
07:04
The community is very proud. We made it.
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大家都感到驕傲,我們做到了。
07:08
And even animals, like these donkeys,
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就連動物,像是這些驢子
07:12
love our buildings.
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也喜歡我們的房子。
07:14
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:18
The next project is the library in Gando.
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第二個工程是甘多的圖書館。
07:22
And see now, we tried to introduce
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你看現在,我們試著介紹
07:26
different ideas in our buildings,
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我們的建築裡各種不同的概念,
07:28
but we often don't have so much material.
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但是我們通常沒有很多材料,
07:32
Something we have in Gando are clay pots.
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我們在甘多有的是泥罐,
07:36
We wanted to use them to create openings.
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我想用來做通風口。
07:39
So we just bring them like you can see
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因此,我們就把你可以看到的這些
07:41
to the building site.
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帶到建築現場。
07:43
we start cutting them,
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我們開始切割,
07:46
and then we place them on top of the roof
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接著我們在灌混凝土前,
07:49
before we pour the concrete,
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把這些罐子放在屋頂上,
07:51
and you have this result.
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你可以看到成果。
07:53
The openings are letting the hot air out
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這些通風口能排出熱空氣,
07:56
and light in.
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並且讓光線透進來。
07:58
Very simple.
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非常簡單。
08:00
My most recent project in Gando
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我在甘多最新的工程
08:03
is a high school project.
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是蓋一所高中。
08:05
I would like to share with you this.
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我想和你們分享這件事。
08:07
The innovation in this project
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這個工程的創新
08:09
is to cast mud like you cast concrete.
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是澆築泥土,就像澆築混凝土一樣。
08:14
How do you cast mud?
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要怎麼澆築泥土呢?
08:16
We start making a lot of mortars, like you can see,
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我們開始製做大量的砂漿, 就像你看到的這個,
08:19
and when everything is ready,
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當每件事都準備就序,
08:21
when you know what is the best recipe
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當你知道什麼是最好的配料
08:23
and the best form,
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和最好的組成,
08:25
you start working with the community.
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就可以和大家一起開始工作。
08:27
And sometimes I can leave.
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有時候我可以離開,
08:29
They will do it themselves.
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他們可以自己做,
08:31
I came to speak to you like that.
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就像我今天可以來這裡演講。
08:35
Another factor in Gando is rain.
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影響甘多的另一個要素是雨,
08:37
When the rains come,
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當雨來了,
08:39
we hurry up to protect our fragile walls
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我們要趕快保護脆弱的牆面,
08:42
against the rain.
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以免被雨淋到。
08:45
Don't confound with Christo and Jeanne-Claude.
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別和克里斯托和珍妮克勞德搞混。
08:48
It is simply how we protect our walls.
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我們保護牆壁的方法很簡單。
08:51
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:52
The rain in Burkina comes very fast,
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布吉納法索的雨來得很急,
08:55
and after that, you have floods
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在那之後會淹水,
08:58
everywhere in the country.
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在鄉下到處都是。
09:00
But for us, the rain is good.
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但是對我們來說,下雨很好。
09:04
It brings sand and gravel to the river
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雨會把沙子和砂礫帶到河裡,
09:07
we need to use to build.
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我們需要運用它來建房子。
09:10
We just wait for the rain to go.
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我們只要等雨下完,
09:12
We take the sand, we mix it with clay,
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收集沙子,混合泥土,
09:15
and we keep building.
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就能繼續蓋房子。
09:18
That is it.
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就這麼簡單。
09:20
The Gando project was always connected to training the people,
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甘多的工程一向與訓練人們有關,
09:23
because I just wanted, one day
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因為我只希望有一天
09:26
when I fall down and die,
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當我倒下、過世,
09:29
that at least one person from Gando
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至少甘多還有一個人
09:32
keeps doing this work.
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可以繼續這項工作。
09:36
But you will be surprised. I'm still alive.
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但是讓你驚訝的是,我還活著。
09:39
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:40
And my people now can use their skills
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我的同胞現在可以運用他們的能力
09:43
to earn money themselves.
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為自己賺錢。
09:48
Usually, for a young man from Gando to earn money,
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通常,一個從甘多來的年輕人想要賺錢,
09:52
you have to leave the country
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必須離鄉背井
09:54
to the city, sometimes leave the country
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到城市去,有時候離開鄉村的人
09:58
and some never come back,
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永遠不會回來,
10:00
making the community weaker.
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讓整個社群變得更衰弱。
10:03
But now they can stay in the country
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但現在他們可以留在鄉村,
10:07
and work on different building sites
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在不同的建地工作、
10:09
and earn money to feed their family.
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賺錢養家。
10:11
There's a new quality in this work.
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這份工作有新的品質。
10:16
Yes, you know it.
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沒錯,你知道的。
10:18
I have won a lot of awards through this work.
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因為這項工作我得了很多獎。
10:23
For sure, it has opened opportunities.
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無疑的是它增加了許多機會。
10:26
I have become myself known.
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我為自己帶來名聲,
10:29
But the reason why I do what I do
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但是我做這些事的原因
10:34
is my community.
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是為了我的家鄉。
10:37
When I was a kid,
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當我還是個孩子時,
10:39
I was going to school,
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我上學的時候,
10:41
I was coming back every holiday to Gando.
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每個假日都會回甘多。
10:45
By the end of every holidays,
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在每次假期結束時,
10:47
I had to say goodbye to the community,
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我要跟所有家鄉的人說再見,
10:50
going from one compound to another one.
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從一個聚落到另一個聚落。
10:54
All women in Gando will open their clothes like that
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所有在甘多的女人都會掀開 他們的衣服,就像那樣,
10:59
and give me the last penny.
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然後給我最後一分錢。
11:03
In my culture, this is a symbol of deep affection.
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在我們的習俗中,這是很深的情感象徵。
11:08
As a seven-year-old guy, I was impressed.
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當時我還是個七歲小孩,我非常感動。
11:11
I just asked my mother one day,
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有天我問媽媽:
11:14
"Why do all these women love me so much?"
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「為什麼這些女士這麼愛我?」
11:17
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:18
She just answered,
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她只說了:
11:21
"They are contributing to pay for your education
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「他們想為你的教育盡一分心力,
11:25
hoping that you will be successful
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希望你能成功,
11:28
and one day come back and help
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有一天回來協助
11:31
improve the quality of life of the community."
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大家改善生活品質。」
11:35
I hope now that I was able to make my community proud
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我希望能透過這項工作
11:40
through this work,
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讓大家感到榮耀,
11:42
and I hope I was able to prove you the power
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我希望能向你證明
11:46
of community,
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社群的力量,
11:47
and to show you that architecture
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讓你看到建築
11:51
can be inspiring for communities
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可以激勵大家
11:56
to shape their own future.
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塑造自己的未來。
11:58
Merci beaucoup. (Applause)
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非常感謝。(掌聲)
12:00
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
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謝謝!謝謝!謝謝!謝謝!
12:05
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝!謝謝!(掌聲)
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