Paul Conneally: Digital humanitarianism

譯者: Meg Lee 審譯者: Wang-Ju Tsai

The humanitarian model has barely changed

人道主義模式自二十世紀初以來

since the early 20th century.

幾乎從未改變過

Its origins are firmly rooted

它的起源深自

in the analog age.

類比的時代

And there is a major shift coming on the horizon.

而在我們的眼前有一個重大的轉變正在發生

The catalyst for this change

促發這個改變發生的

was the major earthquake that struck Haiti

便是那個襲擊海地的大地震

on the 12th of January in 2010.

2010年1月12日

Haiti was a game changer.

海地是讓這一切改變規則的關鍵

The earthquake destroyed the capital of Port-au-Prince,

地震摧毀了首都太子港

claiming the lives of some 320,000 people,

奪取了約32萬人的性命

rendering homeless

造成一百二十萬人

about 1.2 million people.

無家可歸

Government institutions were completely decapitated,

政府組織群龍無首徹底被破壞

including the presidential palace.

包括總統府

I remember standing

我記得我站在

on the roof of the Ministry of Justice

法務部門的樓頂

in downtown Port-au-Prince.

在太子港的市中心

It was about two meters high,

大約有兩公尺高

completely squashed

在大地震的暴力之下

by the violence of the earthquake.

徹底被震垮了

For those of us on the ground in those early days,

對我們這些事件開始後就進駐的人來說

it was clear for even the most disaster-hardened veterans

即使是救援過多次災難的老兵

that Haiti was something different.

海地很明顯是不同的

Haiti was something we hadn't seen before.

海地是我們以前從來沒遇過的景像

But Haiti provided us with something else unprecedented.

但海地同時也提供了我們前所未有的經驗

Haiti allowed us to glimpse into a future

海地讓我們有機會一窺

of what disaster response might look like

未來災害處理方式可能的樣子

in a hyper-connected world

在這個高度網路連結的世界

where people have access

人們可以利用

to mobile smart devices.

智慧型手機來救災的可能性

Because out of the urban devastation

因為在太子港

in Port-au-Prince

在一片敗壞的城市中

came a torrent of SMS texts --

出現了一股手機短訊的洪流:

people crying for help,

人們的呼救，

beseeching us for assistance,

懇求我們的援助，

sharing data, offering support,

分享資料、提供協助

looking for their loved ones.

或尋找他們心愛的人。

This was a situation

這是一個

that traditional aid agencies had never before encountered.

傳統救援單位從未面臨過的現象。

We were in one of the poorest countries on the planet,

我們身處地球上最貧困的國家之一

but 80 percent of the people

但百分之八十的人民

had mobile devices in their hands.

擁有行動裝置

And we were unprepared for this,

我們並沒有預想到這一點

and they were shaping the aid effort.

但這卻影響改變我們的救援工作

Outside Haiti also, things were looking different.

在海地之外，同樣的，事情也開始看起來不一樣

Tens of thousands of so-called digital volunteers

成千上萬所謂數位義工

were scouring the Internet,

在網路上搜索資訊

converting tweets

寫成推特(tweets)

that had already been converted from texts

再轉換成文字

and putting these into open-source maps,

被放在開放性的地圖裡，

layering them with all sorts of important information --

和其他重要的資訊交疊

people like Crisis Mappers and Open Street Map --

像是Crisis Mappers和Open Street Map的組織

and putting these on the Web for everybody --

然後將這些資訊放在網路上公開給所有人

the media, the aid organizations and the communities themselves --

媒體、救援組織或是社群本身

to participate in and to use.

讓大家使用及參與

Back in Haiti,

在海地

people were increasingly turning

人民也提高了

to the medium of SMS.

使用手機短訊的依賴性

People that were hungry and hurting

那些飢餓或受傷的人民

were signaling their distress,

將自己的慘狀傳送出去

were signaling their need for help.

將自己需要幫助的訊息發送出去

On street sides all over Port-au-Prince,

在太子港的街邊

entrepreneurs sprung up

提供手機充電站創業家

offering mobile phone charging stations.

如雨後春筍般湧現

They understood more than we did

他們比我們更了解

people's innate need

人民想和世界連線的

to be connected.

迫切的需求

Never having been confronted

我們從未遇到

with this type of situation before,

像這樣子的狀況

we wanted to try and understand

我們想要試著了解

how we could tap into this incredible resource,

我們可以怎樣利用這個美好的資源

how we could really leverage

我們如何可以

this incredible use of mobile technology

利用網路科技和手機簡訊

and SMS technology.

而得到最好效益

We started talking with a local telecom provider called Voilà,

我們開始和當地的電信公司Voilà協商

which is a subsidiary of Trilogy International.

Voilà是Trilogy International的附屬公司

We had basically three requirements.

基本上我們有三個需求

We wanted to communicate

我們想要

in a two-way form of communication.

用雙向交流的形式溝通

We didn't want to shout; we needed to listen as well.

我們不單只是要發送，我們也要聆聽

We wanted to be able to target

我們想要可以

specific geographic communities.

鎖定特定地理社群

We didn't need to talk to the whole country at the same time.

我們不需要同時間和整個國家對話

And we wanted it to be easy to use.

還有我們希望使用起來很方便

Out of this rubble of Haiti and from this devastation

從海地的廢墟和災難之中

came something that we call TERA --

我們發展了一個叫做TERA的系統

the Trilogy Emergency Response Application --

TERA是“三重緊急回覆程式”的縮寫

which has been used to support the aid effort

我們從當時開始

ever since.

便一直以此系統來協助救援工作

It has been used to help communities prepare for disasters.

它被用來幫助社區對災害的準備

It has been used to signal early warning

在天氣災難來襲之前

in advance of weather-related disasters.

用來發送早期警告

It's used for public health awareness campaigns

它也被用來作公共衛生的宣導

such as the prevention of cholera.

像是預防霍亂等。

And it is even used for sensitive issues

它甚至被用來處理一些比較敏感的議題

such as building awareness

像宣傳和提高

around gender-based violence.

關於性別暴力的認知

But does it work?

但是這有用嗎

We have just published

我們剛發表了一份

an evaluation of this program,

對於這個計劃的評估報告

and the evidence that is there for all to see

這裡有證據可以說明

is quite remarkable.

結果是非常顯著的

Some 74 percent of people

大約百分之七十四的人

received the data.

收到這些資訊

Those who were intended to receive the data,

那些希望收到資訊的人

74 percent of them received it.

其中有百分之七十四確實收到

96 percent of them

這之中,百分之九十六的人

found it useful.

覺得這些資訊是有用的

83 percent of them took action --

百分之八十三的人採取了相關的行動

evidence that it is indeed empowering.

這證明了資訊的確能讓人感到力量倍增

And 73 percent of them shared it.

然後百分之七十三將資訊分享了出去

The TERA system

這個TERA系統

was developed from Haiti

是在海地發展出來的

with support of engineers in the region.

由當地的工程師所支援

It is a user-appropriate technology

是一個適合使用者的科技

that has been used for humanitarian good to great effect.

已經被人道主義者使用發揮效益

Technology is transformational.

科技能帶來改革的

Right across the developing world,

在發展中國家

citizens and communities

人民和社區

are using technology

都在使用科技

to enable them to bring about change, positive change,

使人們在他們自己的社群中

in their own communities.

可以產生正向的改變

The grassroots has been strengthened

而藉由“分享”這個社會力量

through the social power of sharing

這些草根團體被強化

and they are challenging the old models,

進一步去挑戰

the old analog models

類比時代舊模式

of control and command.

以控制和指揮為主的舊模式

One illustration of the transformational power of technology

一個可以證明科技具有改革性的例子

is in Kibera.

發生在凱貝拉

Kibera is one of Africa's largest slums.

凱貝拉是非洲最大的貧民窟之一

It's on the outskirts of Nairobi,

位在肯亞首都

the capital city of Kenya.

乃洛比的外圍

It's home to an unknown number of people --

那裡的確切居民總數未知

some say between 250,000

有人說是在二十五萬

and 1.2 million.

和一百二十萬之間

If you were to arrive in Nairobi today

如果你今天造訪乃洛比

and pick up a tourist map,

然後找一份遊客地圖

Kibera is represented

凱貝拉是被標示成

as a lush, green national park

像是一個綠意盎然的國家公園

devoid of human settlement.

而沒有人類居住

Young people living in Kibera

住在凱貝拉的年輕人

in their community,

住在他們的社區裡

with simple handheld devices,

透過簡單的手持裝置

GPS handheld devices and SMS-enabled mobile phones,

衛星定位系統和具有短信功能的手機，

have literally put themselves on the map.

他們逕自把自己放在地圖上

They have collated crowd-sourced data

他們收集了群眾資料

and rendered the invisible visible.

將那些隱形的資料重現

People like Josh and Steve

像是Josh和Steve這樣的人

are continuing to layer information upon information,

一直持續將資訊再加到資訊上

real-time information, Tweet it and text it onto these maps

實時的資訊被送到推特並加到地圖上

for all to use.

讓我們所有人使用

You can find out about the latest impromptu music session.

你可以找到最新的即興音樂聚會時段

You can find out about the latest security incident.

你可以找到最新的公安事件

You can find out about places of worship.

你可以找到有關宗教活動場所

You can find out about the health centers.

你可以找到醫療中心的資訊

You can feel the dynamism

你能感受到

of this living, breathing community.

這個社群的活力

They also have their own news network on YouTube

他們也在YouTube上擁有自己的新聞網路

with 36,000 viewers at the moment.

現在有大約三萬六千的收視戶

They're showing us what can be done

他們向我們展現

with mobile, digital technologies.

利用行動裝置，數位科技可以做什麼

They're showing that the magic of technology

他們向我們展示了科技的魔法

can bring the invisible visible.

可以讓過去看不到的事物通通現形

And they are giving a voice to themselves.

他們賦予自己發聲權

They are telling their own story,

他們繞過了官方説法

bypassing the official narrative.

說著自己的故事

And we're seeing from all points on the globe similar stories.

而我們在全球各地都看到許多類似的故事

In Mongolia for instance,

比如說在蒙古

where 30 percent of the people are nomadic,

百分之三十的人口是遊牧民族

SMS information systems are being used

手機短訊的系統被用來

to track migration and weather patterns.

追蹤遷徙和氣候的途徑

SMS is even used

手機短訊甚至被用來

to hold herder summits

舉行牧民會議

from remote participation.

透過遠端連線參與

And if people are migrating

而如果人們遷移

into urban, unfamiliar, concrete environments,

進入城市、陌生的、水泥鋼筋環境，

they can also be helped in anticipation

根據他們手機短訊收到的資訊

with social supporters ready and waiting for them

他們也可以期待

based on SMS knowledge.

能受到社會支持者的幫助

In Nigeria,

在奈及利亞

open-source SMS tools

開放性資源的短訊工具

are being used by the Red Cross community workers

被紅十字會工作人員使用

to gather information from the local community

來收集當地社區的資訊

in an attempt to better understand and mitigate

期待能更進一步地理解和減輕

the prevalence of malaria.

瘧疾的流行。

My colleague, Jason Peat, who runs this program,

我的同事, Jason Peat,負責主持這項計畫

tells me it's 10 times faster and 10 times cheaper

告訴我這比傳統的方法

than the traditional way of doing things.

快十倍也便宜十倍

And not only is it empowering to the communities,

這不僅僅賦權給社群

but really importantly,

更重要的是

this information stays in the community

這些資訊會留在社區裡

where it is needed to formulate long-term health polices.

讓社區得以發展長期的健康政策

We are on a planet

我們現處的星球

of seven billion people,

有七十億人口

five billion mobile subscriptions.

和五十億手機用戶

By 2015,

到2015年

there will be three billion smartphones in the world.

這世界上將會有三十億智慧型手機

The U.N. broadband commission

聯合國寬頻委員會

has recently set targets

最近設了目標

to help broadband access

希望將發展中國家使用寬頻上網的管道

in 50 percent of the Developing World,

由現在的百分之二十

compared to 20 percent today.

提高到百分之五十

We are hurtling towards a hyper-connected world

我們飛馳朝著超連接世界前進

where citizens from all cultures and all social strata

所有文化和各種社會階層的人民

will have access to smart, fast mobile devices.

都可以使用更快更聰明的行動裝置

People are understanding,

從開羅到奧克蘭

from Cairo to Oakland,

人們開始了解

that there are new ways to come together,

有一些新的方式可以將我們連結在一起

there are new ways to mobilize,

有一些新的方式能策動人群

there are new ways to influence.

有一些新的方法能造成影響改變

A transformation is coming which needs to be understood

而所有人道組織和救援模式應該要了解

by the humanitarian structures and humanitarian models.

有一個革命正在發生

The collective voices of people

人們集體的聲音和意見

needs to be more integrated through new technologies

需要能以新科技作更好的整合

into the organizational strategies and plans of actions

融入組織策略和行動計畫中

and not just recycled

而不是只被回收

for fundraising or marketing.

拿來做為募款或行銷的故事

We need to, for example, embrace

我們需要去

the big data,

採納更大筆的數據

the knowledge that is there from market leaders

去擁抱那些來自市場領導者的知識

who understand what it means

因爲他們知道

to use and leverage big data.

如何使用和發揮大筆數據的意義

One idea that I'd like you to consider, for instance,

比如說，一個我想要你們去想想的事情

is to take a look at our IT departments.

是看看我們的科技部門

They're normally backroom or basement hardware service providers,

他們通常是幕後或地下室的硬體服務提供商，

but they need to be elevated to software strategists.

但他們需要被提升為軟體戰略家。

We need people in our organizations

我們的組織，需要那些

who know what it's like to work with big data.

了解怎麼使用這些大量數據的人才

We need technology

我們需要科技

as a core organizational principle.

來成為我們組織的中心原則

We need technological strategists in the boardroom

我們需要科技策略家在董事會中

who can ask and answer the question,

來提問和回答相關問題

"What would Amazon or Google

像是"亞馬遜或谷歌

do with all of this data?"

會怎麼處理這些資訊?"

and convert it to humanitarian good.

然後將這些資訊轉換為人道資產

The possibilities

這些新的數位科技

that new digital technologies are bringing

所能帶來的發展

can help humanitarian organizations,

將可以幫助人道救援組織

not only ensure

不僅只是保證

that people's right to information is met,

人民知的權力受到保障

or that they have their right to communicate,

或是他們有溝通的權力

but I think in the future,

我想在未來

humanitarian organizations will also have to anticipate

人道組織應該也要預設

the right for people to access

人們有得到

critical communication technologies

關鍵溝通科技的權力

in order to ensure

唯有藉此才能保證

that their voices are heard,

人民的聲音會被聽見

that they're truly participating,

他們真正的參與

that they're truly empowered in the humanitarian world.

在這個人道的世界裏他們真正的被賦權

It has always been the elusive ideal

確保所有受災害影響的人

to ensure full participation of people affected by disasters

都能徹底參與人道救援的工作

in the humanitarian effort.

在過去這一直都是個遙不可及的理想

We now have the tools. We now have the possibilities.

我們現在有工具，可以實現這個可能性

There are no more reasons not to do it.

沒有任何其他理由阻止我們這麼做了

I believe we need to bring the humanitarian world

我相信我們需要將人道的世界

from analog to digital.

從類比帶到數位

Thank you very much.

非常感謝大家

(Applause)

(掌聲)