Stanley McChrystal: The military case for sharing knowledge

107,662 views ・ 2014-05-07

TED


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譯者: Adrienne Lin 審譯者: Kuan-Yi Li
00:12
When I was a young officer, they told me
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當我還是個年輕軍官時, 他們告訴我
00:14
to follow my instincts,
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要跟著直覺走、
00:16
to go with my gut,
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照本能行事,
00:19
and what I've learned
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而我學到的是
00:21
is that often our instincts are wrong.
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我們的直覺通常都是錯的。
00:25
In the summer of 2010,
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2010 年夏天,
00:28
there was a massive leak of classified documents
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有許多機密文件
00:32
that came out of the Pentagon.
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從國防部流出。
00:35
It shocked the world,
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這震驚了世界
00:36
it shook up the American government,
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也撼動了美國政府,
00:38
and it made people ask a lot of questions,
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並引起民眾的許多質疑,
00:40
because the sheer amount of information
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因為這些外洩的大量資訊
00:43
that was let out, and the potential impacts,
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和潛在的影響
00:46
were significant.
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極為驚人。
00:49
And one of the first questions we asked ourselves
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很多人首先會問
00:53
was why would a young soldier have access
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為什麼一位年輕的士兵有權限
00:56
to that much information?
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獲得這麼多的資訊?
00:59
Why would we let sensitive things
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為什麼我們讓敏感資訊
01:01
be with a relatively young person?
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被一位年輕人知道?
01:05
In the summer of 2003, I was assigned to command
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2003 年的夏天,我被派任指揮
01:08
a special operations task force,
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一個特別行動部隊,
01:11
and that task force was spread across the Mideast
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這是分佈在中東的部隊,
01:13
to fight al Qaeda.
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為打擊蓋達組織。
01:15
Our main effort was inside Iraq,
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我們主要精力放在伊拉克,
01:18
and our specified mission
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而我們的具體任務
01:20
was to defeat al Qaeda in Iraq.
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是要擊敗伊拉克的蓋達組織,
01:21
For almost five years I stayed there,
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我在那待了將近五年時間。
01:25
and we focused on fighting a war
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我們專心打一場戰爭,
01:26
that was unconventional and it was difficult
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這是非常規且困難的戰爭,
01:31
and it was bloody
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非常血腥
01:33
and it often claimed its highest price
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且付出最慘痛代價的
01:36
among innocent people.
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往往都是那些無辜的人。
01:39
We did everything we could
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我們盡全力
01:42
to stop al Qaeda
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阻止蓋達組織,
01:44
and the foreign fighters that came in as suicide bombers
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阻止外國自殺炸彈客,
01:47
and as accelerants to the violence.
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因為他們加劇了這場暴力。
01:52
We honed our combat skills,
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我們精進作戰技巧、
01:54
we developed new equipment,
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發展新裝備、
01:57
we parachuted, we helicoptered,
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我們跳傘、搭直升機、
02:00
we took small boats, we drove, and we walked
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乘小船、開車、步行,
02:02
to objectives night after night to stop
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日以繼夜的活動都為了
02:05
the killing that this network was putting forward.
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阻止這組織所帶來的殺戮。
02:10
We bled,
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我們流血、
02:13
we died,
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有人死亡、
02:14
and we killed to stop that organization
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我們殺戮,
都為阻止這組織
02:19
from the violence that they were putting
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加諸在伊拉克人民的暴力行為。
02:21
largely against the Iraqi people.
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02:25
Now, we did what we knew,
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我們執行所知的、
02:28
how we had grown up, and one of the things that we knew,
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一直以來所學的, 這其中一件事就是
02:31
that was in our DNA, was secrecy.
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在我們組織的 DNA 中存在著保密性。
02:34
It was security. It was protecting information.
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這是保護資訊關乎安全、 資訊是命脈的想法,
02:36
It was the idea that information was the lifeblood
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02:39
and it was what would protect and keep people safe.
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認為這可以保護人民。
02:42
And we had a sense that,
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我們也感受到
02:44
as we operated within our organizations,
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自己組織運作時,
02:46
it was important to keep information
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很重要的是,將資訊
02:48
in the silos within the organizations,
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儲存在這組織的地窖中,
02:50
particularly only give information
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特別是只將資訊
02:53
to people had a demonstrated need to know.
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提供給需要知道的人。
02:57
But the question often came, who needed to know?
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但這經常引起一個問題:誰需要知道?
03:02
Who needed, who had to have the information
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誰需要知道這資訊
03:05
so that they could do the important parts of the job that you needed?
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以達成所需的重要任務?
03:09
And in a tightly coupled world,
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在這個緊密相連的世界中,
03:11
that's very hard to predict.
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這是很難預測的。
03:13
It's very hard to know who needs to have information
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很難知道誰需要這些資訊
03:16
and who doesn't.
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而誰不需要。
03:18
I used to deal with intelligence agencies,
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我以前跟情報機關合作過,
03:20
and I'd complain that they weren't sharing enough intelligence,
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也會抱怨他們不分享足夠的情報。
03:22
and with a straight face, they'd look at me and they'd say,
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他們通常都一臉正經的告訴我:
03:24
"What aren't you getting?" (Laughter)
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「有什麼你不知道的嗎?」(笑聲)
03:26
I said, "If I knew that, we wouldn't have a problem."
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我說,「要是我知道答案, 我們就不會有這問題了。」
03:32
But what we found is we had to change.
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不過我發現我們需要改變。
03:34
We had to change our culture about information.
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我們必須改變我們對資訊的文化。
03:36
We had to knock down walls. We had to share.
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必須打破壁壘、必須分享。
03:38
We had to change from who needs to know
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必須從「誰必須知道」的想法
03:41
to the fact that who doesn't know,
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轉變為「誰不知道,
03:43
and we need to tell, and tell them as quickly as we can.
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我們需要盡快告訴他們」。
03:46
It was a significant culture shift for an organization
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這是很重大的組織文化轉變,
03:49
that had secrecy in its DNA.
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尤其對一個 DNA 中 存在著保密性的組織來說更是如此。
03:55
We started by doing things, by building,
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我們開始建立
03:57
not working in offices,
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--不是在辦公室中--
03:59
knocking down walls, working in things we called
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而是打破壁壘,
04:00
situation awareness rooms,
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在我們所謂的狀況警覺室中工作。
04:03
and in the summer of 2007,
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在 2007 年夏天,
04:05
something happened which demonstrated this.
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有件事成為知識分享的佳例。
04:07
We captured the personnel records
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我們找到一些人員資料,
04:09
for the people who were bringing foreign fighters
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是那些將外國武裝份子
04:11
into Iraq.
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帶進伊拉克的人員資料。
04:13
And when we got the personnel records, typically,
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通常我們拿到這些人員資料時
04:15
we would have hidden these,
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會把它們藏起來,
04:17
shared them with a few intelligence agencies,
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只分享給極少數情報組織,
04:19
and then try to operate with them.
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再與其合作。
04:21
But as I was talking to my intelligence officer,
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但當我與情報官討論時,
04:23
I said, "What do we do?"
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我問:「我們要怎麼做?」
04:24
And he said, "Well, you found them." Our command.
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他說:「你找到這些資料的。」 我們有權處理。
04:27
"You can just declassify them."
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「你可以撤銷機密等級。」
04:29
And I said, "Well, can we declassify them?
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我說:「我們能撤銷機密等級嗎?
04:31
What if the enemy finds out?"
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如果被敵軍發現呢?」
04:32
And he says, "They're their personnel records."
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他說:「這本就是他們的人員名單啊。」
04:34
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:36
So we did,
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所以我們就這麼做了,
04:37
and a lot of people got upset about that,
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引起許多人不滿,
04:39
but as we passed that information around,
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但當我們將資訊分享出去時,
04:41
suddenly you find that information is only of value
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你會突然發現,
資訊唯有在交給 能做出行動的人時才有價值
04:44
if you give it to people who have the ability
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04:46
to do something with it.
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04:48
The fact that I know something has zero value
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我空握有知識是沒有價值的
04:50
if I'm not the person who can actually
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除非我是那個
04:52
make something better because of it.
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可以將之加以運用的人。
04:54
So as a consequence, what we did was
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因此我們將
04:56
we changed the idea of information,
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資訊的想法改變了。
04:59
instead of knowledge is power,
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與其將知識視為力量,
05:01
to one where sharing is power.
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不如想成分享是力量。
05:04
It was the fundamental shift,
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這是很徹底的想法轉變,
05:06
not new tactics, not new weapons,
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不是新的作戰策略、新武器,
05:08
not new anything else.
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這想法一點也不新穎。
05:10
It was the idea that we were now part of a team
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只是將我們視為一個團隊
05:12
in which information became the essential link
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而知識是我們之間的必要連結
05:15
between us, not a block between us.
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而不是彼此間的阻礙。
05:19
And I want everybody to take a deep breath
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現在請大家深吸一口氣,
05:22
and let it out,
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吐出來。
05:24
because in your life, there's going to be information
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因為你的一生中,一定會有些資訊
05:26
that leaks out you're not going to like.
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被洩漏出來,而你不喜歡的。
05:28
Somebody's going to get my college grades out,
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有人會把我大學成績抖出來,
05:30
a that's going to be a disaster. (Laughter)
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一定會很慘。(笑聲)
05:34
But it's going to be okay, and I will tell you that
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但這一點也沒關係,告訴你們
05:38
I am more scared of the bureaucrat
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比起這個,我更怕官僚制度
05:41
that holds information in a desk drawer
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將資訊鎖在抽屜中
05:43
or in a safe than I am of someone who leaks,
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或是保險箱裡,而不是怕有人洩密。
05:46
because ultimately, we'll be better off if we share.
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因為追根究柢, 相互分享會達到更好的結果。
05:49
Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:51
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
05:57
Helen Walters: So I don't know if you were here this morning,
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海倫.華特:我們不知道 你今早在不在現場。
05:59
if you were able to catch Rick Ledgett,
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不過如果你遇到瑞克.雷傑特
06:01
the deputy director of the NSA
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——美國國家安全局副局長——
06:03
who was responding to Edward Snowden's talk earlier this week.
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他回應了幾天前 愛德華.史諾頓的演講。
06:07
I just wonder, do you think the American government
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我想問,你認為美國政府
06:09
should give Edward Snowden amnesty?
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應該給愛德華豁免權嗎?
06:12
Stanley McChrystal: I think that Rick said something very important.
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史丹利.麥克力斯托: 我想瑞克提到一點很重要。
06:14
We, most people, don't know all the facts.
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大多數的人都不知道全情。
06:17
I think there are two parts of this.
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我想這件事有一體兩面。
06:18
Edward Snowden shined a light on an important need
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愛德華.史諾頓揭露了
世人須了解的重要之事。
06:22
that people had to understand.
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06:23
He also took a lot of documents that he didn't have
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但他也拿了許多
他並不知道其重要性的文件。
06:26
the knowledge to know the importance of,
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06:29
so I think we need to learn the facts about this case
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所以我想我們需要了解更多實情
06:31
before we make snap judgments
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才能對愛德華.史諾頓一案做出評判。
06:33
about Edward Snowden.
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06:35
HW: Thank you so much. Thank you.
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海倫.華特:非常謝謝你。
06:37
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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