Stanley McChrystal: The military case for sharing knowledge

107,479 views ใƒป 2014-05-07

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Kwangmin Lee
00:12
When I was a young officer, they told me
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ Š์€ ์žฅ๊ต ์‹œ์ ˆ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ
00:14
to follow my instincts,
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๋ชธ ์†์—์„œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ
00:16
to go with my gut,
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๋ณธ๋Šฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
and what I've learned
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
00:21
is that often our instincts are wrong.
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์ข…์ข… ๋ณธ๋Šฅ๋„ ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
In the summer of 2010,
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2010๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„,
00:28
there was a massive leak of classified documents
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ํŽœํƒ€๊ณค์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ๋ฌธ๊ฑด์ด
00:32
that came out of the Pentagon.
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์œ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
It shocked the world,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
00:36
it shook up the American government,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋’คํ”๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
and it made people ask a lot of questions,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:40
because the sheer amount of information
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ
00:43
that was let out, and the potential impacts,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์˜ ํŒŒ์žฅ์ด
00:46
were significant.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
And one of the first questions we asked ourselves
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์จฐ ์˜๋ฌธ์€
00:53
was why would a young soldier have access
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์™œ ์ Š์€ ๋ณ‘์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์—
00:56
to that much information?
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์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
Why would we let sensitive things
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„
01:01
be with a relatively young person?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
01:05
In the summer of 2003, I was assigned to command
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2003๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„, ์ €๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ž„๋ฌด ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋ฅผ
01:08
a special operations task force,
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์ง€ํœ˜ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
and that task force was spread across the Mideast
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๊ทธ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋Š” ์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:13
to fight al Qaeda.
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์ค‘๋™ ์ „์—ญ์— ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
Our main effort was inside Iraq,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์—ญ์€ ์ด๋ผํฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:18
and our specified mission
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์ด๋ผํฌ์˜ ์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
01:20
was to defeat al Qaeda in Iraq.
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์ฃผ๋œ ์ž„๋ฌด์˜€์ง€์š”.
01:21
For almost five years I stayed there,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋จธ๋ฌธ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 5๋…„๋™์•ˆ
01:25
and we focused on fighting a war
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:26
that was unconventional and it was difficult
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ํž˜๊ฒจ์šด ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
and it was bloody
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์ž”์ธํ•œ ์ „ํˆฌ์˜€๊ณ 
01:33
and it often claimed its highest price
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๋–„๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ณ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:36
among innocent people.
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์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
We did everything we could
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
01:42
to stop al Qaeda
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
and the foreign fighters that came in as suicide bombers
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์ž์‚ด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ
01:47
and as accelerants to the violence.
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๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ๋„ ์‹ธ์›Œ์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:52
We honed our combat skills,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ „ํˆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์—ฐ๋งˆํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:54
we developed new equipment,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ 
01:57
we parachuted, we helicoptered,
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๊ณต์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ํ—ฌ๋ฆฌ์ฝฅํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
we took small boats, we drove, and we walked
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์ž‘์€ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๊ณ , ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ
02:02
to objectives night after night to stop
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๋งค์ผ ๋ฐค ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€
02:05
the killing that this network was putting forward.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ด์ธ์„ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
We bled,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ”ผํ˜๋ ธ๊ณ 
02:13
we died,
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์ „์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
and we killed to stop that organization
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด๋ผํฌ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ
02:19
from the violence that they were putting
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์žํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทผ์ ˆํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
02:21
largely against the Iraqi people.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์‚ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
Now, we did what we knew,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ
02:28
how we had grown up, and one of the things that we knew,
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๋˜ ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์€๋Œ€๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
02:31
that was in our DNA, was secrecy.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ DNA ์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ž‘์ „์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:34
It was security. It was protecting information.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ˆ๋ณด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๊ณ  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
It was the idea that information was the lifeblood
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์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๊ณง ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ด๋ž€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:39
and it was what would protect and keep people safe.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
And we had a sense that,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€๋Œ€๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ž‘์ „ํ•  ๋•Œ
02:44
as we operated within our organizations,
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ์ €์žฅ๊ณ ์—
02:46
it was important to keep information
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๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ 
02:48
in the silos within the organizations,
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์–ด๋ ดํ’‹์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
particularly only give information
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์•Œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„
02:53
to people had a demonstrated need to know.
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ํ”ผ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
But the question often came, who needed to know?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ข…์ข… ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
03:02
Who needed, who had to have the information
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ผญ ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ๋งŒ
03:05
so that they could do the important parts of the job that you needed?
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ? ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:09
And in a tightly coupled world,
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์ด˜์ด˜ํžˆ ์งœ์—ฌ์ง„ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ
03:11
that's very hard to predict.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
It's very hard to know who needs to have information
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š” ์—†๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:16
and who doesn't.
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์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์š”.
03:18
I used to deal with intelligence agencies,
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์ €๋Š” ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์š”์›๋“ค๊ณผ ์ผํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:20
and I'd complain that they weren't sharing enough intelligence,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:22
and with a straight face, they'd look at me and they'd say,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ์–ผ๊ตด๋กœ ์ €๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
"What aren't you getting?" (Laughter)
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"๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋ญ์ฃ ?" (์›ƒ์Œ)
03:26
I said, "If I knew that, we wouldn't have a problem."
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์ €๋Š” "๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๋ฉด, ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒ ์ง€์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:32
But what we found is we had to change.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
We had to change our culture about information.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
We had to knock down walls. We had to share.
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๋ฒฝ์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ๊ณ  ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
We had to change from who needs to know
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
03:41
to the fact that who doesn't know,
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
and we need to tell, and tell them as quickly as we can.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ์š”.
03:46
It was a significant culture shift for an organization
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๋ผ›์†๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ
03:49
that had secrecy in its DNA.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
We started by doing things, by building,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:57
not working in offices,
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๋ฒฝ์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋งŒ๋“ 
03:59
knocking down walls, working in things we called
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์ƒํ™ฉ์‹ค์ด๋ž€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
04:00
situation awareness rooms,
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์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
and in the summer of 2007,
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2007๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„
04:05
something happened which demonstrated this.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
We captured the personnel records
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์šฉ๋ณ‘์„
04:09
for the people who were bringing foreign fighters
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์ด๋ผํฌ๋กœ ์œ ์ž…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„
04:11
into Iraq.
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์ž…์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
And when we got the personnel records, typically,
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:15
we would have hidden these,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ์ถ”๊ณ ๋Š”
04:17
shared them with a few intelligence agencies,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์š”์›๋“ค๋งŒ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ
04:19
and then try to operate with them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์ „์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
But as I was talking to my intelligence officer,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด ์ฐธ๋ชจ์™€ ์˜๋…ผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
04:23
I said, "What do we do?"
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ?"
04:24
And he said, "Well, you found them." Our command.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€๋‹˜, ์‚ฌ๋ น๊ด€๊ป˜์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:27
"You can just declassify them."
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"๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:29
And I said, "Well, can we declassify them?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์ฃ . "๋น„๋ฐ€๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ?
04:31
What if the enemy finds out?"
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์ ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ฉด ์–ด์ฉŒ์ง€?"
04:32
And he says, "They're their personnel records."
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋”๊ตฐ์š”. "๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:34
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:36
So we did,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:37
and a lot of people got upset about that,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
04:39
but as we passed that information around,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด์ž๋งˆ์ž
04:41
suddenly you find that information is only of value
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€
04:44
if you give it to people who have the ability
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ
04:46
to do something with it.
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๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š”์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
The fact that I know something has zero value
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
04:50
if I'm not the person who can actually
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
04:52
make something better because of it.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:54
So as a consequence, what we did was
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์€
04:56
we changed the idea of information,
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์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
instead of knowledge is power,
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์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํž˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
05:01
to one where sharing is power.
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๊ณต์œ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํž˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
05:04
It was the fundamental shift,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
not new tactics, not new weapons,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „์ˆ ๋„, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:08
not new anything else.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
It was the idea that we were now part of a team
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒ€์˜ ์ผ์›์ด๋ฉฐ
05:12
in which information became the essential link
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ํŒ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
between us, not a block between us.
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ํŒ€์›๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฒฝ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:19
And I want everybody to take a deep breath
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์ž ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ˆจ์„ ๊นŠ์ด ๋“ค์ด๋งˆ์‹  ๋‹ค์Œ
05:22
and let it out,
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๋‚ด์‰ฌ์–ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:24
because in your life, there's going to be information
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€
05:26
that leaks out you're not going to like.
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์ƒˆ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
Somebody's going to get my college grades out,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ํญ๋กœํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
05:30
a that's going to be a disaster. (Laughter)
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์žฌ์•™์ด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ)
05:34
But it's going to be okay, and I will tell you that
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:38
I am more scared of the bureaucrat
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค
05:41
that holds information in a desk drawer
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์„œ๋ž์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธˆ๊ณ  ์†์— ๋„ฃ์–ด๋งŒ ๋‘๋Š”
05:43
or in a safe than I am of someone who leaks,
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ํ–‰์ • ํŽธ์˜์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋‘๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
because ultimately, we'll be better off if we share.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
05:57
Helen Walters: So I don't know if you were here this morning,
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ํ—ฌ๋ Œ ์›”ํ„ฐ์Šค: ์•„์นจ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์…ง๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
05:59
if you were able to catch Rick Ledgett,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์•ˆ๋ณด๊ตญ ๋ถ€๊ตญ์žฅ์ธ
06:01
the deputy director of the NSA
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๋ฆญ ๋ ˆ์ ฏ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ณด์…จ๋Š”์ง€์š”.
06:03
who was responding to Edward Snowden's talk earlier this week.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ ์ดˆ, ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ์Šค๋…ธ์šฐ๋“ ์˜ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์„ ํŽด์…จ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:07
I just wonder, do you think the American government
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ์ ์€, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ์Šค๋…ธ์šฐ๋“ ์„
06:09
should give Edward Snowden amnesty?
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๋ฉด์ฑ…์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
Stanley McChrystal: I think that Rick said something very important.
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์Šคํƒ ๋ฆฌ ๋งฅํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒˆ: ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
We, most people, don't know all the facts.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
I think there are two parts of this.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
06:18
Edward Snowden shined a light on an important need
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์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ์Šค๋…ธ์šฐ๋“ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์•„์•ผํ•˜๋Š”
06:22
that people had to understand.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
He also took a lot of documents that he didn't have
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜
06:26
the knowledge to know the importance of,
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
so I think we need to learn the facts about this case
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ ์Šค๋…ธ์šฐ๋“ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
06:31
before we make snap judgments
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์„ฑ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
06:33
about Edward Snowden.
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์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์•Œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
HW: Thank you so much. Thank you.
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ํ—ฌ๋ Œ ์›”ํ„ฐ์Šค: ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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