Mark Forsyth: What's a snollygoster? A short lesson in political speak

27,671 views ・ 2012-10-01

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
0
0
7000
翻译人员: Bill Wang 校对人员: Yuguo Zhang
00:15
One of my favorite words in the whole of the Oxford English Dictionary
1
15926
3581
我很喜欢的词之一
在整个牛津英语词典里叫“snollygoster”。
00:19
is "snollygoster,"
2
19531
1843
00:21
just because it sounds so good.
3
21398
1646
不仅因为它听起来很不错。
而且它的意思是
00:23
And what snollygoster means is "a dishonest politician."
4
23068
3389
“一个诡诈的政客”。
00:27
Although there was a 19th-century newspaper editor
5
27376
2530
尽管这只是一个19世纪的
报纸编辑给出的一个很好的定义,他的原话:
00:29
who defined it rather better when he said,
6
29930
2033
00:31
"A snollygoster is a fellow who seeks office
7
31987
2516
“‘snollygoster’是一个这样的家伙,他会为了谋求高位
00:34
regardless of party, platform or principle,
8
34527
3583
而不在乎任何政党、任何舞台或任何原则,
他会用其三寸不烂之舌
00:38
and who, when he wins,
9
38134
1508
00:39
gets there by the sheer force of monumental talknophical assumnancy."
10
39666
5224
口若悬河而赢得高位。”
(笑声)
00:44
(Laughter)
11
44914
1529
(笑声)
00:46
Now, I have no idea what "talknophical" is.
12
46467
2098
我一点儿也不明白“talknophical”是什么意思。
00:48
Something to do with words, I assume.
13
48589
1802
大概是和言语词汇相关的词汇,我假设。
但是言语词汇对于政治中心之作用是非常重要的,
00:50
But it's very important that words are at the center of politics,
14
50415
3275
并且所有的政客都明白他们必须尝试着控制他们的话语言论。
00:53
and all politicians know they have to try and control language.
15
53714
3205
00:56
It wasn't until, for example, 1771
16
56943
3028
举例来说,一直到1771年,
00:59
that the British Parliament allowed newspapers to report
17
59995
4423
英国议会才允许新闻报纸报道
01:04
the exact words that were said in the debating chamber.
18
64442
2772
在辩论会上政客们说的真实话语。
01:07
And this was actually all down to the bravery
19
67714
2297
而且实际上这全是因为一个勇敢的人,
这个伟大的名字叫布艾斯·克若斯比 (Brass Crosby),
01:10
of a guy with the extraordinary name of Brass Crosby,
20
70035
3309
01:13
who took on Parliament.
21
73368
1726
在议会上提议。
01:15
And he was thrown into the Tower of London
22
75118
2078
他被丢到了伦敦塔里
遭到囚禁,
01:17
and imprisoned,
23
77220
2094
但是他还是很勇敢
01:19
but he was brave enough,
24
79338
2809
拥有足够的勇气在议会上提议,
01:22
he was brave enough to take them on, and in the end,
25
82171
2479
并且到最后他在伦敦拥有众多的支持声音而赢得了胜利。
01:24
he had such popular support in London that he won.
26
84674
2435
而且仅仅几年后
01:27
And it was only a few years later
27
87133
1763
01:28
that we have the first recorded use of the phrase "as bold as brass."
28
88920
4871
我们有了第一次记录使用短语
“as bold as brass” (意译:敢作敢为)
很多人认为这个短语出自于金属什么的。
01:34
Most people think that's down to the metal.
29
94321
2024
不是的,它是出自于
01:36
It's not; it's down to a campaigner for the freedom of the press.
30
96369
3830
一个新闻自由卫士。
01:40
But to really show you how words and politics interact,
31
100811
4186
不过为了真实的表明
词汇和政治怎样互相影响,
我想带你回到过去的美国,
01:45
I want to take you back to the United States of America,
32
105021
2620
01:47
just after they'd achieved independence.
33
107665
2364
在它刚刚宣布独立的时候。
01:50
And they had to face the question
34
110469
1748
那时他们有一个问题要面对
就是怎样称号乔治·华盛顿, 他们的领袖。
01:52
of what to call George Washington, their leader.
35
112241
2705
01:54
They didn't know.
36
114970
1256
他们不知道,
01:56
What do you call the leader of a republican country?
37
116250
2956
应该尊称一个共和国的领袖为什么?
01:59
And this was debated in Congress for ages and ages.
38
119595
2867
就这个问题在国会上争论了很久很久。
02:02
And there were all sorts of suggestions on the table,
39
122486
2532
并且产生了很多建议,
这些建议貌似可行。
02:05
which might have made it.
40
125042
1195
02:06
I mean, some people wanted him to be called
41
126261
2237
我的意思是,一些人想叫他为
首席行政官华盛顿,
02:08
"Chief Magistrate Washington,"
42
128522
1790
02:10
and other people, "His Highness, George Washington,"
43
130336
2489
而另一些人称他为乔治·华盛顿殿下,
02:12
and other people,
44
132849
1234
还有人叫他美利坚联合政府自由解放的保卫者华盛顿。
02:14
"Protector of the Liberties
45
134107
2758
02:16
of the People of the United States of America Washington."
46
136889
3051
02:19
Not that catchy.
47
139964
1336
没有一个朗朗上口的名字。
02:21
Some people just wanted to call him king --
48
141607
2434
一些人只是想叫他国王。
他们认为是个称号是过去用过并经过考验的。
02:24
it was tried and tested.
49
144065
1506
02:25
They weren't even being monarchical,
50
145595
1730
他们甚至并没有延续君主制,
他们的主意是你可以是选举的国王
02:27
they had the idea that you could be elected king for a fixed term.
51
147349
3214
有一个固定的任期。
02:30
And, you know, it could have worked.
52
150587
2264
你知道的,这样大概会可行。
02:32
And everybody got insanely bored,
53
152875
1858
而且每一个人都感到神经错乱似地厌烦了,事实上,
02:34
because this debate went on for three weeks.
54
154757
2074
因为这场辩论持续了3个礼拜。
02:36
I read a diary of this poor senator who just keeps coming back,
55
156855
2990
我读过一个当时可怜议员的日记,
里面持续的记录着,“竟然又是这个议题。”
02:39
"Still on this subject."
56
159869
1248
而致使延期和厌倦的原因是
02:41
And the reason for the delay and the boredom
57
161141
2529
02:43
was that the House of Representatives were against the Senate.
58
163694
3615
众议院对战参议院。
众议院不想让华盛顿
02:47
The House of Representatives didn't want Washington to get drunk on power.
59
167333
4217
沉醉于权力。
02:51
They didn't want to call him "king," in case that gave him ideas,
60
171574
3087
他们不想称他为国王
以防万一他或他的继任者会产生什么想法。
02:54
or his successor ideas.
61
174685
1340
所以他们给他一个他们能够想到的,最低微的、最微不足道的、
02:56
So they wanted to give him the humblest, meagerest,
62
176049
3147
02:59
most pathetic title that they could think of.
63
179220
2647
最为可悲的头衔。
而这个头衔叫“President”。
03:02
And that title ...
64
182616
1230
03:04
was "President."
65
184704
1395
03:06
(Laughter)
66
186123
2064
03:08
"President." They didn't invent the title.
67
188211
2027
President (会议主持,总统)。他们没有创造这个头衔。我的意思是,这个头衔以前就有,
03:10
I mean, it existed before,
68
190262
1322
03:11
but it just meant somebody who presides over a meeting.
69
191608
2665
但是它是指一个会议的主持人。
03:14
It was like the foreman of the jury.
70
194297
1883
同陪审团主席的意思相似。
03:16
And it didn't have much more grandeur
71
196204
1836
并且它一点也不显得非常极其地位显赫
比起“foreman(陪审团主席)”和“overseer(监工)”来。
03:18
than the term "foreman" or "overseer."
72
198064
1854
03:19
There were occasional presidents of little colonial councils
73
199942
2873
虽然偶尔会有一些小型殖民地的会议主持人
03:22
and bits of government,
74
202839
1172
并有一丝政府管理的意思,但是它真的是个什么都不是的头衔。
03:24
but it was really a nothing title.
75
204035
1765
而且这也是为什么参议院反对这个头衔。
03:26
And that's why the Senate objected to it.
76
206250
2010
他们说这个真的很荒谬,你们不能叫他会议主持。
03:28
They said, "That's ridiculous! You can't call him 'President.'
77
208284
3749
这个人还得去签条约和接见外宾。
03:32
This guy has to go and sign treaties and meet foreign dignitaries.
78
212057
3419
03:35
Who's going to take him seriously if he's got a silly little title
79
215500
3555
谁还会认真对待他,
如果他只有一个这样愚蠢的小头衔
比如美利坚联邦政府主持(President of the United States of America)?
03:39
like 'President of the United States of America'?"
80
219079
2641
03:41
(Laughter)
81
221744
1011
03:42
And after three weeks of debate, in the end,
82
222779
2432
之后经过三周的辩论,
03:46
the Senate did not cave in.
83
226547
2698
最后参议院也没有屈服。
03:50
Instead, they agreed to use the title "President" for now.
84
230626
4860
作为替代,他们同意先用着头衔“President”,
但他们也要求绝对确定下来
03:56
But they also wanted it absolutely set down
85
236316
2784
他们不同意这个头衔
03:59
that they didn't agree with it,
86
239124
1817
是出于对文明国家的意见和做法的尊重,
04:02
from a decent respect for the opinions and practice of civilized nations,
87
242229
5449
04:07
whether under republican or monarchical forms of government,
88
247702
3804
无论是民主党还是共和党执政,
04:11
whose custom it is to annex,
89
251530
2114
他们会自定义它,
04:13
through the office of the Chief Magistrate,
90
253668
2016
通过首席行政官办公室,获得非常体面的头衔称号 -
04:15
titles of respectability --
91
255708
2131
而不是杯具的“President”-
04:18
not bloody "President."
92
258512
1247
还有在同外国交际时,
04:20
And that, in the intercourse with foreign nations,
93
260642
2722
美利坚人们的威严
04:24
the majesty of the people of the United States
94
264270
3247
04:27
may not be hazarded by an appearance of singularity --
95
267541
3983
可能不会有被这个奇特头衔损害的危险,
04:31
i.e., we don't want to look like bloody weirdos.
96
271548
2412
即我们不想被后人看成一群杯具的变态。
现在从这个故事里你能够了解到三件有趣的事情。
04:35
Now, you can learn three interesting things from this.
97
275745
2605
首先,也是我最喜欢的地方,
04:38
First of all -- and this is my favorite --
98
278374
2197
04:40
is that, so far as I've ever been able to find out,
99
280595
2436
到目前为止所有我能找到的资料里,
参议院从来没有正式的认可过“总统”这个头衔。
04:43
the Senate has never formally endorsed the title of President.
100
283055
4304
04:48
Barack Obama, President Obama, is there on borrowed time,
101
288351
2919
巴拉克·奥巴马,“总统奥巴马”的头衔,到现在还是暂借的,
04:51
just waiting for the Senate to spring into action.
102
291294
3140
只是在一直等待参议院的突然正式任命。
04:54
(Laughter)
103
294458
1246
04:55
The second thing you can learn
104
295728
1452
第二件事你可以了解到
当美国政府宣称这只是一项临时措施时 --
04:57
is that, when a government says that this is a temporary measure --
105
297204
3220
(笑声)--
05:00
(Laughter)
106
300448
2368
05:02
you can still be waiting 223 years later.
107
302840
4371
它会持续223年之久。
但第三件事你能了解到的,
05:08
But the third thing you can learn -- and this is the really important one,
108
308114
3516
而且也是非常重要的一件,
我很想让你们记住这个要点,
05:11
the point I want to leave you on --
109
311654
1724
就是这个头衔,美利坚联邦政府总统(President of the United States of America),
05:13
is that the title, "President of the United States of America,"
110
313402
3932
05:17
doesn't sound that humble at all these days, does it?
111
317358
3305
听起来从来也没有过地位低微的意思,不是吗?
05:21
Something to do with the slightly over 5,000
112
321504
3199
大概是有着超过5000多的
05:24
nuclear warheads he has at his disposal
113
324727
2250
核弹头被他支配控制着,
还有着全世界最大的经济体,
05:27
and the largest economy in the world
114
327001
2173
还有一大群战机及其他军事力量。
05:29
and a fleet of drones and all that sort of stuff.
115
329198
2519
05:32
Reality and history have endowed that title with grandeur.
116
332797
5969
现实和历史赋予了这个头衔高贵的含义。
05:39
And so the Senate won in the end.
117
339751
1618
所以最后参议院赢了。
05:41
They got their title of respectability.
118
341393
2428
他们得到了他们要的体面头衔。
05:43
And also, the Senate's other worry, the appearance of singularity --
119
343845
3536
而且,参议院担心的另一件事,这个头衔听起来很古怪 --
05:47
well, it was a singularity back then.
120
347405
2124
哦,它曾经在那段时光听起来古怪。
05:49
But now, do you know how many nations have a president?
121
349553
2849
但是现在,你知道现在有多少个国家有总统吗?
147个。
05:52
A hundred and forty-seven.
122
352426
1783
05:54
All because they want to sound like the guy
123
354772
2011
这都是因为他们想让自己的头衔听起来
05:56
who's got the 5,000 nuclear warheads, etc.
124
356807
2552
像那个拥有5000多个核弹头的家伙,等等。
所以到最后,参议院胜利了
06:01
And so, in the end, the Senate won
125
361415
2879
众议院输了,
06:04
and the House of Representatives lost ...
126
364318
2457
06:07
because nobody's going to feel that humble
127
367823
2516
因为没有人会感到不体面
当他们被告知他们现在是
06:10
when they're told that they are now
128
370363
1687
美利坚联邦政府总统。
06:12
the President of the United States of America.
129
372074
3032
06:16
And that's the important lesson I think you can take away,
130
376503
2766
而且这是很重要的一课我认为你们能够学到的,
也是我想留给你们的要点。
06:19
and the one I want to leave you with.
131
379293
1775
政客们小心翼翼地选择用词,并利用词汇塑造
06:21
Politicians try to pick and use words to shape and control reality,
132
381092
3794
和控制现实,但是事实上,
06:24
but in fact,
133
384910
1658
06:26
reality changes words far more than words can ever change reality.
134
386592
5180
现实改变词汇远远超过
词汇能改变的现实。
非常感谢。
06:32
Thank you very much.
135
392502
1265
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7