Mark Forsyth: What's a snollygoster? A short lesson in political speak
27,671 views ・ 2012-10-01
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00:00
Translator: Morton Bast
Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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譯者: Yuguo Zhang
審譯者: Gina Wang
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One of my favorite words in the whole
of the Oxford English Dictionary
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全牛津英語字典中
我最喜歡的單字是 snollygoster
00:19
is "snollygoster,"
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00:21
just because it sounds so good.
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不僅因為它聽起來很棒
而且它的意思是
00:23
And what snollygoster means
is "a dishonest politician."
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“一位不誠實的政客”
00:27
Although there was a 19th-century
newspaper editor
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不過,有一位19世紀的報紙編輯
給了最好的定義,他說:
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who defined it rather better when he said,
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"A snollygoster is a fellow
who seeks office
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“snollygoster 是一個為了謀求高位的人
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regardless of party,
platform or principle,
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不擇政黨、場合或原則
為了贏得該職位
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and who, when he wins,
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00:39
gets there by the sheer force
of monumental talknophical assumnancy."
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他會竭盡全力
用三寸不爛之舌以達到目的"
00:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:46
Now, I have no idea
what "talknophical" is.
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我完全不懂“talknophical”是什麼意思
00:48
Something to do with words, I assume.
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我想大概是和言語詞彙有關
但言語詞彙卻是政治運作的核心
00:50
But it's very important that words
are at the center of politics,
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所有政客都明白
他們必須試著控制言論
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and all politicians know
they have to try and control language.
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00:56
It wasn't until, for example, 1771
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舉例來說,一直到1771年
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that the British Parliament
allowed newspapers to report
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英國國會才准許報紙刊出
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the exact words that were said
in the debating chamber.
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政客在議會所說的逐字稿
01:07
And this was actually
all down to the bravery
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事實上,這全是因為一位勇敢的人
他非凡的名字叫 Brass Crosby
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of a guy with the extraordinary
name of Brass Crosby,
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01:13
who took on Parliament.
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他對抗國會
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And he was thrown into the Tower of London
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然後被丟進倫敦塔裡
遭到囚禁
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and imprisoned,
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但是他還是很勇敢
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but he was brave enough,
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在國會挺身而出
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he was brave enough
to take them on, and in the end,
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最終,因倫敦廣大的民眾支持而贏得勝利
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he had such popular support
in London that he won.
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僅僅幾年後
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And it was only a few years later
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01:28
that we have the first recorded use
of the phrase "as bold as brass."
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出現這片語最早的使用記錄
“as bold as brass”
(像Brass一樣的勇敢)
很多人認為這片語的來源與金屬有關
01:34
Most people think
that's down to the metal.
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不是的,它是出自於
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It's not; it's down to a campaigner
for the freedom of the press.
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一位捍衛新聞自由的勇士
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But to really show you
how words and politics interact,
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不過它真正顯示出
言語和政治如何互動
我想來說說過去的美國
01:45
I want to take you back
to the United States of America,
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01:47
just after they'd achieved independence.
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在它才剛獨立的時候
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And they had to face the question
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他們須面對一個問題
要如何稱呼他們的領袖喬治·華盛頓
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of what to call
George Washington, their leader.
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01:54
They didn't know.
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他們不知道
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What do you call the leader
of a republican country?
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應該怎麼尊稱一位共和國的領袖
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And this was debated
in Congress for ages and ages.
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國會為了這問題爭論許久
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And there were all sorts
of suggestions on the table,
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檯面上有許多的建議
有些貌似可行
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which might have made it.
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02:06
I mean, some people
wanted him to be called
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有些人想稱他為
「首席行政官華盛頓」
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"Chief Magistrate Washington,"
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02:10
and other people,
"His Highness, George Washington,"
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而另一些人想稱他為「喬治·華盛頓殿下」
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and other people,
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還有人稱他「保障美國人民自由的保衛者華盛頓」
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"Protector of the Liberties
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02:16
of the People of the United States
of America Washington."
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02:19
Not that catchy.
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不怎麼響亮
02:21
Some people just wanted
to call him king --
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一些人只想稱他為「國王」
他們認為這稱號過去用過並經得起考驗
02:24
it was tried and tested.
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02:25
They weren't even being monarchical,
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他們甚至並不想延續君主獨裁制
他們的想法是
國王是可以透過選舉產生的
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they had the idea that you could
be elected king for a fixed term.
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有一定的任期
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And, you know, it could have worked.
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這樣大概可行
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And everybody got insanely bored,
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為此每個人都感到非常地厭煩,事實上
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because this debate
went on for three weeks.
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這場辯論持續了3個禮拜
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I read a diary of this poor senator
who just keeps coming back,
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我讀過當時一位可憐議員的日記
裡面不斷的寫著「還是這個議題」
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"Still on this subject."
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導致延宕和和厭倦的原因是
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And the reason for the delay
and the boredom
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02:43
was that the House of Representatives
were against the Senate.
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眾議院是反對參議院的
眾議院不想讓華盛頓
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The House of Representatives didn't want
Washington to get drunk on power.
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沉醉於權力
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They didn't want to call him "king,"
in case that gave him ideas,
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他們不想稱他為國王
以防他或他的繼任者會自認為國王
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or his successor ideas.
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他們想給他一個最謙卑、最微不足道
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So they wanted to give him
the humblest, meagerest,
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02:59
most pathetic title
that they could think of.
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最為可悲的頭銜
而這個頭銜叫 President (總統)
03:02
And that title ...
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03:04
was "President."
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03:06
(Laughter)
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03:08
"President." They didn't invent the title.
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President,不是他們創造的字眼
這個頭銜以前就存在
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I mean, it existed before,
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03:11
but it just meant somebody
who presides over a meeting.
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但它只指會議主持人
03:14
It was like the foreman of the jury.
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類似陪審團主席
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And it didn't have much more grandeur
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與 foreman(工頭)或 overseer(監工)相比
它一點也沒有比較顯赫
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than the term "foreman" or "overseer."
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03:19
There were occasional presidents
of little colonial councils
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雖然這名稱會偶爾指某些小殖民地的行政官
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and bits of government,
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有一絲地區首領意味
但它真的是個不怎樣的頭銜
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but it was really a nothing title.
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這也是為什麼參議院反對這頭銜的原因
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And that's why the Senate objected to it.
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他們說,這太荒謬,你們不能稱他為主席
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They said, "That's ridiculous!
You can't call him 'President.'
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這個人必須去簽條約和接見外國貴賓
03:32
This guy has to go and sign treaties
and meet foreign dignitaries.
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03:35
Who's going to take him seriously
if he's got a silly little title
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誰會認真對待他
如果他只有如此愚蠢的小頭銜:
美國總統
(President of the United States of America)
03:39
like 'President of the United
States of America'?"
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03:41
(Laughter)
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03:42
And after three weeks
of debate, in the end,
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之後經過三週的辯論
03:46
the Senate did not cave in.
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最後參議院也沒有屈服
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Instead, they agreed to use
the title "President" for now.
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他們同意暫時先用 President 這稱號
但他們也極力澄清
03:56
But they also wanted
it absolutely set down
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他們不同意這個頭銜
03:59
that they didn't agree with it,
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是出於對文明國家對意見和做法的尊重
04:02
from a decent respect for the opinions
and practice of civilized nations,
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04:07
whether under republican
or monarchical forms of government,
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無論此政府是行共和制或者君主制
04:11
whose custom it is to annex,
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他的職權依照慣例
04:13
through the office
of the Chief Magistrate,
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同首席行政總理,是極具體面的尊稱
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titles of respectability --
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而不是該死的 President
04:18
not bloody "President."
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還有在同外國交際時
04:20
And that, in the intercourse
with foreign nations,
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美國人們的尊嚴
04:24
the majesty of the people
of the United States
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04:27
may not be hazarded
by an appearance of singularity --
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不會被這怪異的頭銜所損害
04:31
i.e., we don't want to look
like bloody weirdos.
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意即:我們不想被看成一群該死的怪人
從這個故事裡我們學到三件有趣的事
04:35
Now, you can learn
three interesting things from this.
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首先,也是我最喜歡的
04:38
First of all -- and this is my favorite --
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is that, so far as I've ever
been able to find out,
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到目前為止,在所有我能找到的資料裡
參議院從來沒有正式的認可過「總統」這個頭銜
04:43
the Senate has never formally
endorsed the title of President.
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04:48
Barack Obama, President Obama,
is there on borrowed time,
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歐巴馬「總統」一稱,到現在還是暫借的
04:51
just waiting for the Senate
to spring into action.
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還在等待參議院著手處理名稱一事
04:54
(Laughter)
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04:55
The second thing you can learn
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我們可以學到的第二件事是
當一個政府宣稱這只是一項臨時措施
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is that, when a government says
that this is a temporary measure --
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(笑聲)--
05:00
(Laughter)
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you can still be waiting 223 years later.
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它會持續223年之久而不改變
但第三件事
05:08
But the third thing you can learn --
and this is the really important one,
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非常重要
是我最想讓你們記住的要點
05:11
the point I want to leave you on --
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就是「美國總統」這個頭銜
05:13
is that the title, "President
of the United States of America,"
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05:17
doesn't sound that humble
at all these days, does it?
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現在聽起來一點都不卑微,不是嗎?
05:21
Something to do
with the slightly over 5,000
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他有大約5000多枚
05:24
nuclear warheads he has at his disposal
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核彈彈頭等著他發號施令
還有著全世界最大的經濟體
05:27
and the largest economy in the world
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還有許多飛機艇艦,和其他的資源
05:29
and a fleet of drones
and all that sort of stuff.
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05:32
Reality and history
have endowed that title with grandeur.
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現實和歷史賦予了這個頭銜尊貴的含義
05:39
And so the Senate won in the end.
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所以最終參議院仍然贏了
05:41
They got their title of respectability.
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他們得到了想要的體面頭銜
05:43
And also, the Senate's other worry,
the appearance of singularity --
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而且,參議院擔心
這個頭銜聽起來很古怪
05:47
well, it was a singularity back then.
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它也只有過去那時候很古怪而已
05:49
But now, do you know
how many nations have a president?
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但現在,你知道現在有多少個國家有「總統」嗎?
147個
05:52
A hundred and forty-seven.
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05:54
All because they want
to sound like the guy
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這都是因為他們想讓自己聽起來
05:56
who's got the 5,000 nuclear warheads, etc.
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像那個擁有5000多枚核彈的傢伙一樣
所以到最後,參議院勝利了
06:01
And so, in the end, the Senate won
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眾議院輸了
06:04
and the House of Representatives lost ...
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06:07
because nobody's going to feel that humble
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因為沒有人會感到謙卑
當他們被告知
06:10
when they're told that they are now
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他們現在是美國總統
06:12
the President of the United
States of America.
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06:16
And that's the important lesson
I think you can take away,
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這是很重要的一課
也是我想留給你們思考的要點
06:19
and the one I want to leave you with.
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政客們該謹慎選擇用詞,並利用詞彙塑造
06:21
Politicians try to pick and use words
to shape and control reality,
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和控制現實,但是事實上
06:24
but in fact,
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06:26
reality changes words far more
than words can ever change reality.
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現實改變詞彙遠遠超過
詞彙能改變現實
非常感謝大家
06:32
Thank you very much.
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