Gary Haugen: The hidden reason for poverty the world needs to address now

319,225 views ・ 2015-04-21

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翻译人员: Yumeng Guo 校对人员: 杏儀 歐陽
00:12
To be honest, by personality,
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说实话,从性格上来讲,
00:15
I'm just not much of a crier.
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我并不是一个容易流泪的人。
00:19
But I think in my career that's been a good thing.
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但考虑到我的职业, 能有这个性格是件好事。
00:23
I'm a civil rights lawyer,
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我是一名民权律师,
00:24
and I've seen some horrible things in the world.
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我见过一些发生在 全球各地的可怕的事情。
00:29
I began my career working police abuse cases in the United States.
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我的第一份职业是在美国 处理警察滥用职权的案子。
00:32
And then in 1994, I was sent to Rwanda
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后来,1994年,我被派往卢旺达,
00:36
to be the director of the U.N.'s genocide investigation.
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领导联合国种族灭绝调查组。
00:41
It turns out that tears just aren't much help
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我发现,当你调查 种族灭绝的惨案时,
00:45
when you're trying to investigate a genocide.
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泪水派不上多大用场。
00:49
The things I had to see, and feel and touch
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那些我不得不面对的事实, 那些令我感触深刻的故事,
00:54
were pretty unspeakable.
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都难以名状。
00:57
What I can tell you is this:
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我可以明确告诉你们的是:
01:00
that the Rwandan genocide
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卢旺达种族灭绝是
01:02
was one of the world's greatest failures of simple compassion.
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缺乏同情导致的 全世界最惨的惨案之一。
01:09
That word, compassion, actually comes from two Latin words:
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"同情"这个词 来源于两个拉丁词汇:
01:13
cum passio, which simply mean "to suffer with."
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cum和passio, 其含义是"同甘苦"。
01:18
And the things that I saw and experienced
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目睹卢旺达的惨案,
01:22
in Rwanda as I got up close to human suffering,
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我感受到了那里的 人们所承受的苦难,
01:24
it did, in moments, move me to tears.
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这让我落下泪水。
01:28
But I just wish that I, and the rest of the world,
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我多么希望, 我,以及整个世界,
01:30
had been moved earlier.
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可以在一切发生前就投以同情。
01:33
And not just to tears,
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不单单是落下同情的泪水,
01:35
but to actually stop the genocide.
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更要切实阻止这场惨案。
01:38
Now by contrast, I've also been involved
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与之对比,我也经历了
01:41
with one of the world's greatest successes of compassion.
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同情带来的最美好的硕果之一。
01:47
And that's the fight against global poverty.
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这就是全世界范围内 拯救贫困的运动。
01:50
It's a cause that probably has involved all of us here.
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这场运动或许 跟在座的每个人都相关。
01:52
I don't know if your first introduction
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我不知道是什么让 你们初次了解到世界贫困问题,
01:54
might have been choruses of "We Are the World,"
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是"天下一家"这一合唱曲,
01:58
or maybe the picture of a sponsored child on your refrigerator door,
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还是你们家冰箱门上贴着的 受到救济的儿童的照片,
02:02
or maybe the birthday you donated for fresh water.
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还是你把过生日的钱拿去 捐给了水质净化项目?
02:06
I don't really remember what my first introduction to poverty was
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我不记得是什么让我 第一次了解到贫困问题,
02:09
but I do remember the most jarring.
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但我记得给我留下 最深刻印象的一次经历,
02:13
It was when I met Venus --
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那一次我见到了Venus,
02:15
she's a mom from Zambia.
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她是来自赞比亚的一位母亲,
02:18
She's got three kids and she's a widow.
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她是一个遗孀,有三个孩子。
02:21
When I met her, she had walked about 12 miles
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她走了大概12英里 才到了我们碰面的地方,
02:25
in the only garments she owned,
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她穿着唯一的一套衣服,
02:27
to come to the capital city and to share her story.
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来到首都,向我讲述她的故事。
02:31
She sat down with me for hours,
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她坐着跟我聊了好几个小时,
02:35
just ushered me in to the world of poverty.
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让我深刻体会到了 贫穷世界究竟是何等模样。
02:40
She described what it was like when the coals on the cooking fire
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她向我描述着一幅幅贫困的画面:
02:43
finally just went completely cold.
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煮食炉火的煤烧尽、凉透,
02:46
When that last drop of cooking oil finally ran out.
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最后一滴食用油消耗殆尽,
02:51
When the last of the food, despite her best efforts,
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尽管她极力节衣缩食,依然耗尽了
02:55
ran out.
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最后一口食物。
02:58
She had to watch her youngest son, Peter,
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她不得不眼睁睁地 看着小儿子 Peter
03:01
suffer from malnutrition,
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遭受营养不良的折磨,
03:03
as his legs just slowly bowed into uselessness.
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他的双腿渐渐萎缩, 丧失了行走的能力。
03:07
As his eyes grew cloudy and dim.
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他的眼睛变得黯淡无光,
03:11
And then as Peter finally grew cold.
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直到最后,他的身子变冰冷了。
03:18
For over 50 years, stories like this have been moving us to compassion.
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过去的五十多年间, 这样的故事激起了我们的同情心,
03:23
We whose kids have plenty to eat.
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同情那些吃不饱饭的孩子。
03:26
And we're moved not only to care about global poverty,
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我们不只是在心里 默默关心全球贫困问题,
03:29
but to actually try to do our part to stop the suffering.
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还尽了自己的一份力, 让贫困的人不再受苦受难。
03:34
Now there's plenty of room for critique that we haven't done enough,
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有很多方面我们做的还不够,
03:37
and what it is that we've done hasn't been effective enough,
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我们做的很多事情效果还不够显著,
03:41
but the truth is this:
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但事实是:
03:44
The fight against global poverty is probably the broadest,
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抗击世界贫困的运动很可能是
人类出于同情心而发起的 有史以来涉及范围最广,
03:48
longest running manifestation of the human phenomenon of compassion
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03:53
in the history of our species.
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持续时间最为长久的运动。
03:56
And so I'd like to share a pretty shattering insight
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我会给你们分享一些我的见解,
04:00
that might forever change the way you think about that struggle.
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或许会永远改变大家 对这场运动的认识。
04:04
But first, let me begin with what you probably already know.
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但首先,我来谈一下你们大多 已经知道的一些事实。
04:07
Thirty-five years ago, when I would have been graduating from high school,
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35年前,我快要从高中毕业的时候,
04:10
they told us that 40,000 kids every day died because of poverty.
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有数据表明每天有 四万个儿童死于饥饿。
04:17
That number, today, is now down to 17,000.
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今天,这个数字下降到一万七千。
04:21
Way too many, of course,
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当然,还是很多,
04:23
but it does mean that every year,
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但这确实表明,
每年都有八百万名儿童 不会因饥饿而离开这个世界。
04:26
there's eight million kids who don't have to die from poverty.
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04:31
Moreover, the number of people in our world
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而且,全世界生活在
04:34
who are living in extreme poverty,
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极度贫困状态的人数
04:36
which is defined as living off about a dollar and a quarter a day,
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——极度贫困的定义是 每天用于糊口的钱不超过1.25美金——
04:39
that has fallen from 50 percent,
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已经从世界人口的50%
04:43
to only 15 percent.
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下降到只有15%。
04:47
This is massive progress,
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这是卓越的进步,
04:48
and this exceeds everybody's expectations about what is possible.
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超出了所有人的预期。
04:54
And I think you and I,
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我认为我们所有人,
04:57
I think, honestly, that we can feel proud and encouraged
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说实话, 我们应当为此而感到自豪,
05:01
to see the way that compassion actually has the power
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能够见证同情迸发出的力量
05:05
to succeed in stopping the suffering of millions.
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如何解救了数以百万计的人们。
05:10
But here's the part that you might not hear very much about.
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但后面这个数据 你们可能没听说过。
05:14
If you move that poverty mark just up to two dollars a day,
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如果把贫困线稍稍上移, 设为一天2美金,
05:19
it turns out that virtually the same two billion people
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你就会发现世界上仍然有20亿人
05:22
who were stuck in that harsh poverty when I was in high school,
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生活在极度贫困的状态下,
05:26
are still stuck there,
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我上高中时有这么多人,
05:28
35 years later.
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35年后的今天依然是。
05:30
So why, why are so many billions still stuck in such harsh poverty?
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为什么呢?为什么有好几十亿人 深陷贫困的深渊?
05:36
Well, let's think about Venus for a moment.
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让我们再回到Venus的故事。
05:39
Now for decades, my wife and I have been moved by common compassion
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数十年来,我的夫人和我出于同情
05:43
to sponsor kids, to fund microloans,
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帮助孩子,资助小额贷款,
05:45
to support generous levels of foreign aid.
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慷慨地支持国外援救行动。
05:49
But until I had actually talked to Venus,
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但直到我亲身跟Venus攀谈后,
05:52
I would have had no idea that none of those approaches
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我才知道以前所做的一切 都没有切中要害,
05:55
actually addressed why she had to watch her son die.
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以致于她不得不眼睁睁地 看着她的孩子死去。
06:01
"We were doing fine," Venus told me,
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“本来我们过得挺好,” Venus告诉我,
06:06
"until Brutus started to cause trouble."
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”直到Brutus开始惹麻烦。“
06:10
Now, Brutus is Venus' neighbor and "cause trouble"
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Brutus是Venus的邻居, ”惹麻烦“是指
06:13
is what happened the day after Venus' husband died,
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Venus丈夫去世后的第二天,
06:17
when Brutus just came and threw Venus and the kids out of the house,
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Brutus将Venus 和她的孩子们赶出了家门,
06:21
stole all their land, and robbed their market stall.
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掠去了所有的土地, 抢走了值钱的东西。
06:26
You see, Venus was thrown into destitution by violence.
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是暴力让Venus陷入贫困。
06:32
And then it occurred to me, of course,
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这让我突然间意识到,
06:34
that none of my child sponsorships, none of the microloans,
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我的儿童资助、小额贷款、
06:38
none of the traditional anti-poverty programs
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传统的抗击贫困的运动,
06:42
were going to stop Brutus,
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都无法阻止Brutus,
06:46
because they weren't meant to.
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因为所做的一切都没切中要害。
06:49
This became even more clear to me when I met Griselda.
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当我遇到Griselda后, 我更加清晰地意识到这个问题。
06:54
She's a marvelous young girl living in a very poor community
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她是一个美丽的年轻女子,
住在危地马拉 一个贫困不堪的社区。
06:59
in Guatemala.
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07:00
And one of the things we've learned over the years
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根据我们过去的经验,
07:03
is that perhaps the most powerful thing
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我们认为让Griselda和她的家庭
07:05
that Griselda and her family can do
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走出贫困的最有效的办法,
07:08
to get Griselda and her family out of poverty
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或许就是确保
07:11
is to make sure that she goes to school.
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Griselda能够完成学业。
07:14
The experts call this the Girl Effect.
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专家称之为“女孩效应”。
07:19
But when we met Griselda, she wasn't going to school.
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但当我们遇到Griselda时, 她并没有上学。
07:23
In fact, she was rarely ever leaving her home.
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事实上,她几乎走不出家门。
07:28
Days before we met her,
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在我们遇见她的几天前,
07:30
while she was walking home from church with her family,
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当她离开教堂, 跟家人走在回家的路上时,
07:32
in broad daylight,
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光天化日之下,
07:35
men from her community just snatched her off the street,
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她所在社区的几个男人 把她从街道上拉走,
07:38
and violently raped her.
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强暴了她。
07:41
See, Griselda had every opportunity to go to school,
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所以,Griselda并不缺少上学的机会,
07:46
it just wasn't safe for her to get there.
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只是上学的路上太不安全了。
07:49
And Griselda's not the only one.
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Griselda并不是唯一 面临这个问题的孩子。
07:52
Around the world, poor women and girls
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全世界,在15到44岁之间的
07:55
between the ages of 15 and 44,
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贫困的妇女和女孩中,
08:00
they are -- when victims of the everyday violence
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因日常家庭暴力和性暴力侵犯
08:04
of domestic abuse and sexual violence --
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而丧生或残疾的人数
08:07
those two forms of violence account for more death and disability
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要超过因疟疾、交通事故、战争
08:12
than malaria, than car accidents, than war combined.
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而死亡或残疾的妇女数量之和。
08:23
The truth is, the poor of our world are trapped in whole systems of violence.
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真相是,全世界的穷人 都深陷暴力的牢笼。
08:28
In South Asia, for instance, I could drive past this rice mill
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比如说,在南亚, 我开车驶过一片稻田,
08:32
and see this man hoisting these 100-pound sacks
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看到这个男人用他瘦弱的后背
08:35
of rice upon his thin back.
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驼着100磅重的米袋。
08:37
But I would have no idea, until later,
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但当时我根本就没想到,
08:38
that he was actually a slave,
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他原来是一个奴隶,
08:41
held by violence in that rice mill since I was in high school.
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在我上着高中时, 他就被迫碾米作坊劳作。
08:46
Decades of anti-poverty programs right in his community
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数十年来,他所在社区的 抗击贫困的运动
08:50
were never able to rescue him or any of the hundred other slaves
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都没能解救他, 也没能解救作坊中其他
08:54
from the beatings and the rapes and the torture
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遭受殴打、强暴、酷刑的
08:57
of violence inside the rice mill.
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百余名奴隶。
09:01
In fact, half a century of anti-poverty programs
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事实上,相对于 人类历史上其他任何时刻,
09:06
have left more poor people in slavery
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近半世纪以来的抗击贫困的运动,
09:09
than in any other time in human history.
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让人类历史上沦为奴隶的人数达到了顶峰。
09:13
Experts tell us that there's about 35 million people in slavery today.
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专家告诉我们, 世界上目前大概有三千五百万奴隶。
09:19
That's about the population of the entire nation of Canada,
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这大概相当于加拿大 整个国家人口的数量,
09:22
where we're sitting today.
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这就是目前的状况。
09:26
This is why, over time, I have come to call this epidemic of violence
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这就是为什么, 我将这遍布的暴力称之为
09:29
the Locust Effect.
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“蝗虫效应”。
09:31
Because in the lives of the poor, it just descends like a plague
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因为,穷人们就像 遭受了一场瘟疫般,
09:34
and it destroys everything.
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家庭支离破碎,生活惨不忍睹。
09:37
In fact, now when you survey very, very poor communities,
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事实上,如今当你跟 那些极度贫困的社区居民交流时,
09:41
residents will tell you that their greatest fear is violence.
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他们会告诉你 他们最大的恐惧,就是暴力。
09:46
But notice the violence that they fear
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注意,他们恐惧的暴力
09:48
is not the violence of genocide or the wars,
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不是种族灭绝或战争,
09:51
it's everyday violence.
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而是日常暴力。
09:54
So for me, as a lawyer, of course, my first reaction was to think,
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因此,对我而言,作为一个律师, 我的第一个反应理所当然是,
09:57
well, of course we've got to change all the laws.
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我们必须要修正法律。
09:59
We've got to make all this violence against the poor illegal.
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我们必须以法律作为武器 严惩暴力行为。
10:03
But then I found out, it already is.
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但我随即发现, 相关法律条文已经有了。
10:06
The problem is not that the poor don't get laws,
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问题不在于 没有保护穷人的法律条文,
10:09
it's that they don't get law enforcement.
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而在于法律得不到实施。
10:14
In the developing world,
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在发展中国家,
10:16
basic law enforcement systems are so broken
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践行法律的机构系统腐朽不堪,
10:19
that recently the U.N. issued a report that found
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联合国最近的报告显示,
10:22
that "most poor people live outside the protection of the law."
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”绝大多数穷人 得不到法律保障。“
10:28
Now honestly, you and I have just about no idea
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说实话,你我都想象不到,
10:30
of what that would mean
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没有法律保障意味着什么,
10:32
because we have no first-hand experience of it.
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因为我们都没有切身体会过。
10:35
Functioning law enforcement for us is just a total assumption.
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在我们心目中, 法律的践行完全是理所当然的,
10:38
In fact, nothing expresses that assumption more clearly than three simple numbers:
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事实上,给我们吃定心丸的 就是那三个数字:
10:43
9-1-1,
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911,
10:45
which, of course, is the number for the emergency police operator
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不用说,这就是加拿大和美国
10:48
here in Canada and in the United States,
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通用的紧急报警号码,
10:52
where the average response time to a police 911 emergency call
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拨打911的警方平均响应时间
10:56
is about 10 minutes.
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大概是10分钟。
10:57
So we take this just completely for granted.
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我们认为这完全是理所当然的。
11:00
But what if there was no law enforcement to protect you?
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但是,如果没有法律保护你, 会发生什么?
11:06
A woman in Oregon recently experienced what this would be like.
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俄勒冈州的一名女子 最近就有过这样的切身经历。
11:11
She was home alone in her dark house on a Saturday night,
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在一个周六的夜晚, 她独自呆在灯光昏暗的家中,
11:15
when a man started to tear his way into her home.
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此时一名男子试图撬门而入。
11:18
This was her worst nightmare,
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这是她一段噩梦般的经历,
11:20
because this man had actually put her in the hospital from an assault
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因为就在两周前, 这个男子袭击了她,
11:25
just two weeks before.
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让她受伤住进了医院。
11:27
So terrified, she picks up that phone and does what any of us would do:
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惊慌失措中,她拿起电话, 像所有人都会做的那样:
11:30
She calls 911 --
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她拨打了911——
11:33
but only to learn that because of budget cuts in her county,
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但却发现她所在的郡县为节约资金,
11:38
law enforcement wasn't available on the weekends.
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周末并不提供警力援助。
11:41
Listen.
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请听。
11:42
Dispatcher: I don't have anybody to send out there.
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话务员:这边没有人可以过去。
11:45
Woman: OK
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女子:好吧。
11:46
Dispatcher: Um, obviously if he comes inside the residence and assaults you,
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话务员:嗯, 如果他要闯入你家侵犯你,
11:50
can you ask him to go away?
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你能跟他说,让他走吗?
11:51
Or do you know if he is intoxicated or anything?
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或者,你知道他是不是 喝醉了之类的吗?
11:54
Woman: I've already asked him. I've already told him I was calling you.
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女子:我已经跟他说不要进来了。 我已经告诉他我拨911了。
11:57
He's broken in before, busted down my door, assaulted me.
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以前他就闯入过我家,侵犯了我。
12:00
Dispatcher: Uh-huh.
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话务员:呃,嗯。
12:01
Woman: Um, yeah, so ...
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女子:呃,这样,那么......
12:02
Dispatcher: Is there any way you could safely leave the residence?
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话务员:你有没有办法 安全地逃出家门?
12:05
Woman: No, I can't, because he's blocking pretty much my only way out.
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女子:没有,没办法, 因为他堵在我唯一的出口。
12:08
Dispatcher: Well, the only thing I can do is give you some advice,
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话务员:好吧,我唯一能做的 就是给你一些建议,
12:11
and call the sheriff's office tomorrow.
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明天我会报告给警官。
12:14
Obviously, if he comes in and unfortunately has a weapon
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当然,如果他闯进来,还拿着武器,
12:19
or is trying to cause you physical harm, that's a different story.
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或试图给你造成身体伤害, 那就是另一回事了。
12:22
You know, the sheriff's office doesn't work up there.
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你也知道,警局今天休息,
我没法派人去救你。“
12:25
I don't have anybody to send."
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12:29
Gary Haugen: Tragically, the woman inside that house
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不幸的是,这名女子在自己家里
12:32
was violently assaulted, choked and raped
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被残暴地殴打,窒息,强奸,
12:38
because this is what it means to live outside the rule of law.
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这就是生活在法律保障之外的情形。
12:45
And this is where billions of our poorest live.
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这就是数十亿穷人所生活的环境。
12:52
What does that look like?
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具体是什么样的呢?
12:54
In Bolivia, for example, if a man sexually assaults a poor child,
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比如,在玻利维亚,如果一个男人 对一个穷人家的孩子性骚扰,
12:58
statistically, he's at greater risk of slipping in the shower and dying
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从统计数字来看,他被逮捕的概率
13:03
than he is of ever going to jail for that crime.
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还没有洗澡跌倒致死的概率高。
13:08
In South Asia, if you enslave a poor person,
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在南非,如果你奴役一个穷人,
13:12
you're at greater risk of being struck by lightning
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你更可能遭到雷劈,
13:15
than ever being sent to jail for that crime.
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而不是被逮捕。
13:18
And so the epidemic of everyday violence, it just rages on.
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日常暴力如瘟疫般席卷着穷人的世界。
13:23
And it devastates our efforts to try to help billions of people
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这让我们为帮助 数十亿穷人脱离贫困线
13:27
out of their two-dollar-a-day hell.
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所付出的一切努力化为泡影。
13:31
Because the data just doesn't lie.
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因为数据不会说谎。
13:33
It turns out that you can give all manner of goods and services
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你可以倾尽所有,为穷人提供
13:36
to the poor,
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救济品和服务设施,
13:38
but if you don't restrain the hands of the violent bullies
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但如果你不遏制抢走
13:41
from taking it all away,
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这一切的暴徒,
13:42
you're going to be very disappointed in the long-term impact of your efforts.
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你所付出的努力会让你失望透顶。
13:47
So you would think that the disintegration of basic law enforcement
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因此,你们会觉得抗击 全球贫困的头等要事
13:51
in the developing world would be a huge priority
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是解决发展中国家最基本的
13:54
for the global fight against poverty.
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法律实施问题。
13:57
But it's not.
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但并不是这样的。
14:01
Auditors of international assistance recently couldn't find
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国际援助的审查者发现,
14:04
even one percent of aid going to protect the poor
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穷人的援助金中,
14:08
from the lawless chaos of everyday violence.
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用在帮助穷人逃脱暴力方面的部分 连百分之一都不到。
14:12
And honestly, when we do talk about violence against the poor,
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当我们谈论穷人面对的暴力问题时,
14:16
sometimes it's in the weirdest of ways.
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状况却奇怪得让人匪夷所思。
14:19
A fresh water organization tells a heart-wrenching story
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一个纯净水援助组织 先是讲述了一个揪心的故事,
14:22
of girls who are raped on the way to fetching water,
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女孩们在打水的路上遭到强暴,
14:26
and then celebrates the solution of a new well
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然后便为在她们家附近修建了水井,
14:30
that drastically shortens their walk.
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解决了她们长途取水的问题 而沾沾自喜。
14:33
End of story.
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一切就这样到此为止了。
14:36
But not a word about the rapists who are still right there in the community.
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压根儿就没有提到 活跃在她们社区的暴力分子。
14:43
If a young woman on one of our college campuses
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如果我们这有一个女大学生
14:46
was raped on her walk to the library,
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在去图书馆的路上遭人强暴,
14:49
we would never celebrate the solution of moving the library closer to the dorm.
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我们绝对不会赞扬 将图书馆移到宿舍附近的解决办法。
14:55
And yet, for some reason, this is okay for poor people.
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但是出于某种原因,对于穷人而言, 这种办法却是可行的。
15:00
Now the truth is, the traditional experts
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事实上,
传统的发展经济和抗击贫困的专家
15:03
in economic development and poverty alleviation,
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15:05
they don't know how to fix this problem.
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并不知道如何解决这个问题。
15:08
And so what happens?
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那要怎么办呢?
15:09
They don't talk about it.
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他们只好对此保持沉默。
15:13
But the more fundamental reason
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但发展中国家的穷人
得不到法律援助的现状 如此遭人冷落,
15:17
that law enforcement for the poor in the developing world
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15:20
is so neglected,
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其更深层次的原因在于,
15:22
is because the people inside the developing world, with money,
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发展中国家的富人们
15:25
don't need it.
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根本不需要法律援助。
15:29
I was at the World Economic Forum not long ago
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不久之前,在一个世界经济论坛上,
15:31
talking to corporate executives who have massive businesses in the developing world
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我与几位跟发展中国家 有广泛商业往来的高管们交谈,
15:35
and I was just asking them,
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我问他们,
15:37
"How do you guys protect all your people and property from all the violence?"
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“你们这些人怎么 保护家人和财产不受侵害?”
15:43
And they looked at each other, and they said, practically in unison,
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4822
他们面面相觑,几乎异口同声地说,
15:48
"We buy it."
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“我们拿钱买保障。”
15:51
Indeed, private security forces in the developing world
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事实上,发展中国家私人保卫力量
15:55
are now, four, five and seven times larger than the public police force.
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是公共警力的 五倍、六倍,甚至八倍。
16:02
In Africa, the largest employer on the continent now is private security.
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在非洲这片大陆上, 目前最大的生意就是私人警卫。
16:10
But see, the rich can pay for safety and can keep getting richer,
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富人可以用金钱买来安全, 并能不断积累财富,
16:14
but the poor can't pay for it and they're left totally unprotected
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3802
但穷人买不起, 只能深陷在危险的环境中,
16:18
and they keep getting thrown to the ground.
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这种情况愈演愈烈。
16:22
This is a massive and scandalous outrage.
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这种无处不在的丑闻 简直让我怒不可遏。
16:26
And it doesn't have to be this way.
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事实完全不必这样发展下去。
16:29
Broken law enforcement can be fixed.
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腐朽的法律实施系统可以修复。
16:32
Violence can be stopped.
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暴力可以被停止。
16:34
Almost all criminal justice systems,
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几乎所有惩治罪犯的系统,
16:36
they start out broken and corrupt,
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起初都难免会有漏洞和腐败,
16:39
but they can be transformed by fierce effort and commitment.
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但不懈的努力和坚定的决心 可以让系统走向完善。
16:43
The path forward is really pretty clear.
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前方要走的路非常清晰。
16:45
Number one: We have to start making
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第一,我们必须让抗击暴力
16:49
stopping violence indispensable to the fight against poverty.
279
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成为抗击贫困斗争中 不可缺少的一部分。
16:53
In fact, any conversation about global poverty
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2434
事实上,如果在谈论贫困时
16:55
that doesn't include the problem of violence must be deemed not serious.
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不涉及暴力问题, 那必然就没有抓住问题的实质。
17:01
And secondly, we have to begin to seriously invest resources
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4376
其次,我们必须大力
17:05
and share expertise to support the developing world
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提供资源和专家援助,
17:09
as they fashion new, public systems of justice,
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3357
为发展中国家建立新的公共保障系统,
而不是私人保卫,
17:13
not private security,
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1566
17:14
that give everybody a chance to be safe.
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这样才会尽可能保障每个人的安全。
17:18
These transformations are actually possible
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2682
这种转变是切实可行的,
17:21
and they're happening today.
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2609
并且已经在进行中了。
17:23
Recently, the Gates Foundation funded a project
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最近,盖茨基金会资助了
17:26
in the second largest city of the Philippines,
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在菲律宾第二大城市的一个项目,
17:29
where local advocates and local law enforcement
291
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当地的积极分子和法律工作者
17:32
were able to transform corrupt police and broken courts so drastically,
292
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6858
成功地改革了腐败的执法系统和 不作为的法院,
17:39
that in just four short years,
293
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2587
在短短的四年间,
17:41
they were able to measurably reduce
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针对贫穷儿童的
性暴力事件就有效地减少了79%。
17:44
the commercial sexual violence against poor kids by 79 percent.
295
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5494
17:51
You know, from the hindsight of history,
296
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3544
有了前车之鉴,
17:55
what's always most inexplicable and inexcusable
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5557
最说不过去、最令人无法容忍的事实
18:00
are the simple failures of compassion.
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就是同情心的丧失。
18:05
Because I think history convenes a tribunal of our grandchildren
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4728
因为,历史之镜会照出我们的良心,
18:10
and they just ask us,
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我们的子孙后代会质问我们,
18:11
"Grandma, Grandpa, where were you?
301
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3242
“爷爷奶奶,你们那时在干什么?
18:16
Where were you, Grandpa, when the Jews were fleeing Nazi Germany
302
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3555
爷爷,当犹太人逃离纳粹德国,
18:19
and were being rejected from our shores?
303
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1929
却在我们的海岸线遭到拒绝时,
18:21
Where were you?
304
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2128
您在哪儿?
18:23
And Grandma, where were you when they were marching
305
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2400
奶奶,当他们践踏日裔美国人,
18:26
our Japanese-American neighbors off to internment camps?
306
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4053
将他们关押起来时,您在哪儿?
18:30
And Grandpa, where were you when they were beating
307
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2389
爷爷,当那些非洲裔美国人
18:32
our African-American neighbors
308
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2273
只是因为想要获得投票权
18:34
just because they were trying to register to vote?"
309
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3520
而遭到殴打时,您在哪儿?”
18:38
Likewise, when our grandchildren ask us,
310
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4244
诸如此类,当我们的孙辈问我们,
18:42
"Grandma, Grandpa, where were you
311
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“爷爷,奶奶,
当世界上最穷的二十亿人遭受日常暴力 却得不到法律保障时,
18:45
when two billion of the world's poorest were drowning in a lawless chaos
312
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4493
18:49
of everyday violence?"
313
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2701
您在哪儿?”
18:53
I hope we can say that we had compassion, that we raised our voice,
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6565
我希望我们可以回答说: 我们赋予了同情心、发出了呼吁,
18:59
and as a generation, we were moved to make the violence stop.
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我们这一代人都为之动容, 也尽力去制止了暴力行为。
19:07
Thank you very much.
316
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2457
非常感谢。
19:10
(Applause)
317
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3689
(掌声)
19:25
Chris Anderson: Really powerfully argued.
318
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2895
Chris Anderson: 这真是个震撼人心的演讲。
19:28
Talk to us a bit about some of the things
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2279
告诉我们一些
19:31
that have actually been happening to, for example, boost police training.
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6524
正在开展的行动吧, 比如,警力的训练。
19:37
How hard a process is that?
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这样的过程有多难?
19:39
GH: Well, one of the glorious things that's starting to happen now
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GH: 现在正在进行的 最令人赞叹的事情之一就是
19:43
is that the collapse of these systems and the consequences are becoming obvious.
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这些体系的坍塌及其 后果已浮出水面,
19:47
There's actually, now, political will to do that.
324
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政客们正着力解决。
19:50
But it just requires now an investment of resources and transfer of expertise.
325
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4125
但现在正需要资源和专业技能的投入。
19:55
There's a political will struggle that's going to take place as well,
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3403
政治上也会有些阻力,
19:58
but those are winnable fights,
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但这些都是可以解决的,
20:00
because we've done some examples around the world
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因为全世界范围内已有先例,
20:02
at International Justice Mission that are very encouraging.
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比如“国际正义行动”就很鼓舞人心。
20:05
CA: So just tell us in one country, how much it costs
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CA: 告诉我们,在一个国家,
20:09
to make a material difference to police, for example --
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比如,要彻底革新警力系统, 需要多少投入——
20:12
I know that's only one piece of it.
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我知道这只是其中一小部分。
20:14
GH: In Guatemala, for instance, we've started a project there
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GH: 比如在危地马拉, 我们开展了一项运动,
20:17
with the local police and court system, prosecutors,
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训练当地的警力、司法系统和检察官,
20:21
to retrain them so that they can actually effectively bring these cases.
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提升他们的执行能力, 以有效地将罪犯绳之以法。
20:24
And we've seen prosecutions against perpetrators of sexual violence
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我们已经得知, 此后对性暴力罪犯的诉讼
20:29
increase by more than 1,000 percent.
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增加了十倍之多。
20:31
This project has been very modestly funded at about a million dollars a year,
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这项运动所需的资金 大概是每年一百万美金,
20:36
and the kind of bang you can get for your buck
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从中得到的丰硕的回报就是,
20:38
in terms of leveraging a criminal justice system
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如果可以训练出一只强大的队伍, 激励并有效地引领他们,
20:42
that could function if it were properly trained and motivated and led,
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打击罪犯、维护正义的体系 就可以高效地运作起来,
20:47
and these countries, especially a middle class
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在这些国家,尤其是中产阶层
20:50
that is seeing that there's really no future
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过去看到这不安定的局势、
20:53
with this total instability and total privatization of security
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完全私人化的警力时是多么无助,
20:57
I think there's an opportunity, a window for change.
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但我认为现在已经有了 去改变这一现状的机会了。
21:00
CA: But to make this happen, you have to look at each part in the chain --
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CA: 要让这成为现实, 你需要关注整条链上的每一个环节——
21:05
the police, who else?
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警方,还有呢?
21:07
GH: So that's the thing about law enforcement,
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GH: 关于法律的实施,
21:09
it starts out with the police,
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从警方开始,
21:11
they're the front end of the pipeline of justice,
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他们维护正义,奋斗在前线,
21:14
but they hand if off to the prosecutors,
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他们将罪犯送到检察官手里,
21:16
and the prosecutors hand it off to the courts,
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检察官再将罪犯送上法庭,
21:18
and the survivors of violence have to be supported by social services
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惨遭暴力的幸存者始终都需要
得到社会的保障与支持。
21:21
all the way through that.
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21:22
So you have to do an approach that pulls that all together.
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所以你需要做的就是 把这几方面结合在一起。
21:25
In the past, there's been a little bit of training of the courts,
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过去,对法院的培训很少,
21:28
but they get crappy evidence from the police,
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法院只能从警方得到蹩脚的证据,
21:30
or a little police intervention that has to do with narcotics or terrorism
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姑且不说这对惩治毒贩 和恐怖分子有多少帮助,
21:34
but nothing to do with treating the common poor person
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他们在建立完善的法律实施体系来
保障广大穷人的利益方面 几乎没有任何作为,
21:37
with excellent law enforcement,
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21:38
so it's about pulling that all together,
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因此,我们需要把 每一个环节有机地结合起来,
21:40
and you can actually have people in very poor communities
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让那些生活在贫困中的人们
21:44
experience law enforcement like us,
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像我们一样 得到法律的切实保障,
21:46
which is imperfect in our own experience, for sure,
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或许我们还对身边的问题满腹牢骚,
21:49
but boy, is it a great thing to sense that you can call 911
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但是当你知道只要拨打911,
21:52
and maybe someone will protect you.
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就会有人来保护你了, 是多么的不容易。
21:55
CA: Gary, I think you've done a spectacular job
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CA: Gary, 你太了不起了,
21:57
of bringing this to the world's attention
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通过你的书还有今天的演讲,
21:59
in your book and right here today.
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你会让全世界都开始关注这个问题。
22:01
Thanks so much.
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非常感谢,
22:02
Gary Haugen.
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Gary Haugen。
22:03
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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