Gary Haugen: The hidden reason for poverty the world needs to address now

譯者: melody yang 審譯者: Coco Shen

To be honest, by personality,

老實說，依我的個性而言，

I'm just not much of a crier.

我不是個愛哭泣嚷嚷的人，

But I think in my career that's been a good thing.

但我想在我的工作上那是一件好事。

I'm a civil rights lawyer,

我是一個民權律師，

and I've seen some horrible things in the world.

而我見過世界上一些非常可怕的事情，

I began my career working police abuse cases in the United States.

我的職涯始於處理美國的警察濫權案件，

And then in 1994, I was sent to Rwanda

然後1994年，我被派到盧安達

to be the director of the U.N.'s genocide investigation.

做聯合國的盧安達大屠殺調查團團長，

It turns out that tears just aren't much help

結果發現當你試著調查一件大屠殺事件的時候

when you're trying to investigate a genocide.

眼淚沒什麼用。

The things I had to see, and feel and touch

那些我必須看到、感覺和觸碰的東西，

were pretty unspeakable.

都讓人難以言說。

What I can tell you is this:

我能告訴你的是：

that the Rwandan genocide

盧安達大屠殺

was one of the world's greatest failures of simple compassion.

是人類世界同情心數一數二的大失敗。

That word, compassion, actually comes from two Latin words:

同情心（compassion） 這個字其實源自兩個拉丁語的字：

cum passio, which simply mean "to suffer with."

「cum passio」， 直接的意思就是「和什麼人一起受苦」

And the things that I saw and experienced

而那些我在盧安達看到和經歷的事物，

in Rwanda as I got up close to human suffering,

讓我感受到人們承受的苦難，

it did, in moments, move me to tears.

那些時候，讓我流淚了。

But I just wish that I, and the rest of the world,

但我希望我自己，和整個世界。

had been moved earlier.

能早一點對此有同情心，

And not just to tears,

不只是流淚，

but to actually stop the genocide.

而是阻止這場慘案。

Now by contrast, I've also been involved

相對地

with one of the world's greatest successes of compassion.

我也經歷了同情心所帶來最好的成果，

And that's the fight against global poverty.

也就是全球性的對抗貧窮的運動。

It's a cause that probably has involved all of us here.

這場運動可能跟我們所有人都有關係。

I don't know if your first introduction

我不知道你們第一次了解到貧窮問題，

might have been choruses of "We Are the World,"

是因為〈We Are the World〉這首合唱曲，

or maybe the picture of a sponsored child on your refrigerator door,

或是你家冰箱門上貼的資助兒童的照片，

or maybe the birthday you donated for fresh water.

或是你生日時捐助了新鮮的飲用水。

I don't really remember what my first introduction to poverty was

我不太記得什麼讓我第一次了解貧窮問題，

but I do remember the most jarring.

不過我記得最難過的一次，

It was when I met Venus --

那是我遇到維納斯的時候。

she's a mom from Zambia.

她是來自尚比亞的母親，

She's got three kids and she's a widow.

是一位有著三個孩子的寡婦，

When I met her, she had walked about 12 miles

當我看到她，她走了19多公里的路

in the only garments she owned,

她穿著她唯一一套衣服

to come to the capital city and to share her story.

到首都來敘說她的故事。

She sat down with me for hours,

她坐了好幾個小時

just ushered me in to the world of poverty.

引領我進入貧窮的世界。

She described what it was like when the coals on the cooking fire

她所描述貧窮的景況， 像是：燒爐火的煤炭

finally just went completely cold.

最終熄滅冷卻了。

When that last drop of cooking oil finally ran out.

烹調的油用盡最後一滴。

When the last of the food, despite her best efforts,

盡最大的努力撙節

ran out.

還是用盡了所有的食物。

She had to watch her youngest son, Peter,

她不得不看著最小的兒子彼得

suffer from malnutrition,

患上營養不良，

as his legs just slowly bowed into uselessness.

他的腿慢慢蜷曲而無法行走，

As his eyes grew cloudy and dim.

他的眼睛變得迷矇灰暗，

And then as Peter finally grew cold.

最後他的身體變得冰冷。

For over 50 years, stories like this have been moving us to compassion.

過去五十年，像這樣的故事 激起我們的同情心

We whose kids have plenty to eat.

餵飽了很多孩子，

And we're moved not only to care about global poverty,

我們不只關心世界貧窮，

but to actually try to do our part to stop the suffering.

也試著盡力阻止它，

Now there's plenty of room for critique that we haven't done enough,

現在有許多批判的空間， 顯示我們做得還不夠。

and what it is that we've done hasn't been effective enough,

而且我們做的事情不夠有效。

but the truth is this:

不過事實是

The fight against global poverty is probably the broadest,

對抗貧窮的活動大概是人們的同情心

longest running manifestation of the human phenomenon of compassion

有史以來

in the history of our species.

發揮影響最廣泛的活動。

And so I'd like to share a pretty shattering insight

我想分享一個驚人的觀察，

that might forever change the way you think about that struggle.

可能會從此改變你對於對抗貧窮的想法。

But first, let me begin with what you probably already know.

不過首先， 我還是從大家知道的一些事情開始。

Thirty-five years ago, when I would have been graduating from high school,

35年前，我將從高中畢業的時候

they told us that 40,000 kids every day died because of poverty.

每天有四萬個孩童死於貧窮。

That number, today, is now down to 17,000.

現在的數字已經降到一萬七千人。

Way too many, of course,

當然這數字還是太多，

but it does mean that every year,

不過確實代表著每一年

there's eight million kids who don't have to die from poverty.

有八百萬個孩童不再死於貧窮。

Moreover, the number of people in our world

還有，在這世界上

who are living in extreme poverty,

每天生活費只有1.25美元

which is defined as living off about a dollar and a quarter a day,

被定義為赤貧的人們，

that has fallen from 50 percent,

從50%

to only 15 percent.

下降到只有15%，

This is massive progress,

這是極大的進展，

and this exceeds everybody's expectations about what is possible.

超乎所有人的預期。

And I think you and I,

而且說實話，我認為你我

I think, honestly, that we can feel proud and encouraged

都可以感到自豪且受到鼓勵。

to see the way that compassion actually has the power

看到惻隱之心發揮力量，

to succeed in stopping the suffering of millions.

成功阻止數百萬人受苦。

But here's the part that you might not hear very much about.

但是你大概不太知道，

If you move that poverty mark just up to two dollars a day,

如果把貧窮的標準上移到一天2美元，

it turns out that virtually the same two billion people

世界上幾乎仍然有20億人

who were stuck in that harsh poverty when I was in high school,

處於極度貧窮的狀態，

are still stuck there,

和我高中時一樣

35 years later.

在35年之後。

So why, why are so many billions still stuck in such harsh poverty?

為什麼有這麼多的幾十億人仍深陷於極度貧窮？

Well, let's think about Venus for a moment.

讓我們再回想一下維納斯，

Now for decades, my wife and I have been moved by common compassion

幾十年來，我妻子和我出於惻隱之心，

to sponsor kids, to fund microloans,

資助孩童、借出微型貸款，

to support generous levels of foreign aid.

慷慨地援助國外活動，

But until I had actually talked to Venus,

不過若不是到我跟維納斯談過後，

I would have had no idea that none of those approaches

我並不知道那些方式

actually addressed why she had to watch her son die.

都沒辦法改變她看著她兒子死去。

"We were doing fine," Venus told me,

「我們本來過得還好，」維納斯告訴我

"until Brutus started to cause trouble."

「直到布魯圖斯開始找麻煩。」

Now, Brutus is Venus' neighbor and "cause trouble"

布魯圖斯是維納斯的鄰居，

is what happened the day after Venus' husband died,

找麻煩是指維納斯的丈夫死後第二天，

when Brutus just came and threw Venus and the kids out of the house,

布魯圖斯就過來把維納斯和孩子趕出房子。

stole all their land, and robbed their market stall.

偷走他們的土地，搶走他們的市場攤位。

You see, Venus was thrown into destitution by violence.

維納斯的貧困是暴力所招致的。

And then it occurred to me, of course,

然後我突然意識到，

that none of my child sponsorships, none of the microloans,

我對兒童的資助、微型貸款，

none of the traditional anti-poverty programs

傳統的反貧窮方案，

were going to stop Brutus,

沒有一樣能夠阻止布魯圖斯這種人，

because they weren't meant to.

沒有一樣是用來阻止暴力的。

This became even more clear to me when I met Griselda.

事情在我遇到葛莉塞達變得更清楚

She's a marvelous young girl living in a very poor community

她是一個了不起的女孩，

in Guatemala.

生活在瓜地馬拉一個貧窮社區裡。

And one of the things we've learned over the years

我們過去所了解到的，

is that perhaps the most powerful thing

能夠使葛莉塞達和她的家人，

that Griselda and her family can do

脫離貧窮

to get Griselda and her family out of poverty

最有效的方法之一

is to make sure that she goes to school.

可能是讓她能夠去上學。

The experts call this the Girl Effect.

專家們把這叫做「女孩效應」

But when we met Griselda, she wasn't going to school.

不過當我們遇到葛莉塞達， 她並沒有去上學，

In fact, she was rarely ever leaving her home.

事實上，她幾乎沒離開家裡。

Days before we met her,

在我們遇見她的幾天前，

while she was walking home from church with her family,

當她和家人從教堂回家，

in broad daylight,

在光天化日之下

men from her community just snatched her off the street,

她社區裡的男人將她從街道上拖走，

and violently raped her.

而且強暴了她。

See, Griselda had every opportunity to go to school,

葛莉塞達是可以去上學的，

it just wasn't safe for her to get there.

但到學校的路卻是如此的危險。

And Griselda's not the only one.

葛莉塞達不是唯一一個。

Around the world, poor women and girls

世界上，貧窮的女人和女孩，

between the ages of 15 and 44,

在15到44歲之間，

they are -- when victims of the everyday violence

她們是家庭暴力與性暴力等，

of domestic abuse and sexual violence --

日常暴力的受害者。

those two forms of violence account for more death and disability

而這兩種暴力所造成的死亡和殘疾人數，

than malaria, than car accidents, than war combined.

超過瘧疾、車禍和戰爭的總和。

The truth is, the poor of our world are trapped in whole systems of violence.

所以事實是，我們這世界的貧窮， 是由整個暴力系統所造成的牢籠。

In South Asia, for instance, I could drive past this rice mill

舉例而言，在南亞， 我開車經過碾米廠

and see this man hoisting these 100-pound sacks

看到一個男人把100磅的袋子們，

of rice upon his thin back.

背在瘦弱的背上。

But I would have no idea, until later,

但我直到後來才知道

that he was actually a slave,

他是個奴隸，

held by violence in that rice mill since I was in high school.

從我上高中的時候， 他就為碾米廠的暴力所控制。

Decades of anti-poverty programs right in his community

數十年來在他生活的社區， 許多對抗貧窮的方案，

were never able to rescue him or any of the hundred other slaves

都無法將幾百個奴隸中的一個，

from the beatings and the rapes and the torture

從碾米廠的毒打、強姦和酷刑中，

of violence inside the rice mill.

解救出來。

In fact, half a century of anti-poverty programs

事實上，半個世紀以來的脫貧方案，

have left more poor people in slavery

讓更多窮人淪為奴隸的數量，

than in any other time in human history.

比人類有史以來其他時候的數量還要多。

Experts tell us that there's about 35 million people in slavery today.

專家說現在大約有三千五百萬人是奴隸

That's about the population of the entire nation of Canada,

相當於加拿大整個國家的人口，

where we're sitting today.

也是我們今天所在之地。

This is why, over time, I have come to call this epidemic of violence

這就是為什麼，我開始 稱這種傳染病一樣的暴力行為，

the Locust Effect.

蝗蟲效應。

Because in the lives of the poor, it just descends like a plague

因為在窮人的生活裡， 它就像瘟疫一樣降臨，

and it destroys everything.

摧毀了一切。

In fact, now when you survey very, very poor communities,

事實上，當你調查非常、 非常貧窮的社區時，

residents will tell you that their greatest fear is violence.

居民會告訴你， 他們最大的恐懼就是暴力。

But notice the violence that they fear

注意，他們害怕的暴力

is not the violence of genocide or the wars,

並不是戰爭那種滅族大屠殺，

it's everyday violence.

而是日常暴力。

So for me, as a lawyer, of course, my first reaction was to think,

所以，身為律師，我第一個反應是想

well, of course we've got to change all the laws.

我們必須要改變法律

We've got to make all this violence against the poor illegal.

我們必須把這些欺負窮人的暴力視為非法

But then I found out, it already is.

但我隨即發現， 我們已經有這樣的法律了。

The problem is not that the poor don't get laws,

問題不是那些窮人沒有法條可用，

it's that they don't get law enforcement.

問題是沒有執法。

In the developing world,

在那些開發中國家，

basic law enforcement systems are so broken

執法系統如此腐敗，

that recently the U.N. issued a report that found

最近聯合國發表報告，

that "most poor people live outside the protection of the law."

稱「最貧窮的人們生活在法律保護傘之外」。

Now honestly, you and I have just about no idea

說實話，你我無法想見，

of what that would mean

這代表什麼意思，

because we have no first-hand experience of it.

因為我們沒有第一手的經歷。

Functioning law enforcement for us is just a total assumption.

正常執法只是我們理所當然的假設。

In fact, nothing expresses that assumption more clearly than three simple numbers:

事實上，三個簡單的數字 最能傳達我們的想當然，

9-1-1,

「911」

which, of course, is the number for the emergency police operator

代表在加拿大和美國，

here in Canada and in the United States,

緊急聯絡警方的號碼，

where the average response time to a police 911 emergency call

911緊急電話的平均回應時間

is about 10 minutes.

大約是10分鐘。

So we take this just completely for granted.

所以我們視為理所當然。

But what if there was no law enforcement to protect you?

但是如果沒有執法單位來保護你呢？

A woman in Oregon recently experienced what this would be like.

一名在奧勒崗的女子經歷了類似的事情。

She was home alone in her dark house on a Saturday night,

週六晚上她一個人在她昏暗的房子裡，

when a man started to tear his way into her home.

一名男子試圖撬門而入，

This was her worst nightmare,

這是她最可怕的夢魘。

because this man had actually put her in the hospital from an assault

因為兩個禮拜前，

just two weeks before.

這名男子才襲擊她，讓她住了院。

So terrified, she picks up that phone and does what any of us would do:

驚慌失措下，她做了我們都會做的事：

She calls 911 --

打給911。

but only to learn that because of budget cuts in her county,

但卻發現她的所在郡，因為預算撙節

law enforcement wasn't available on the weekends.

週末沒有執法單位。

Listen.

「聽著，」

Dispatcher: I don't have anybody to send out there.

接線人員說：「我沒辦法派人員過去」

Woman: OK

女子說：「OK」

Dispatcher: Um, obviously if he comes inside the residence and assaults you,

接線人員說，「如果他要進到你家襲擊你，」

can you ask him to go away?

「可以請他離開嗎？」

Or do you know if he is intoxicated or anything?

「或者，你知道他是否醉了？」

Woman: I've already asked him. I've already told him I was calling you.

女子：「我已經請他離開了， 而且告訴他我打了911」

He's broken in before, busted down my door, assaulted me.

「以前他闖入過我家，攻擊了我」

Dispatcher: Uh-huh.

接線人員：「呃…」

Woman: Um, yeah, so ...

女子：「呃，那…」

Dispatcher: Is there any way you could safely leave the residence?

接線人員： 「你有沒有什麼方法可以離開那房子？」

Woman: No, I can't, because he's blocking pretty much my only way out.

女子：「不，我沒辦法， 他堵住唯一的出路」

Dispatcher: Well, the only thing I can do is give you some advice,

接線人員：「好吧， 我唯一能做的是給你一些建議。」

and call the sheriff's office tomorrow.

「明天我會通知警長辦公室。」

Obviously, if he comes in and unfortunately has a weapon

「當然，如果他闖入而且有武器，」

or is trying to cause you physical harm, that's a different story.

「還試圖造成你的身體傷害， 那就是另一回事了。」

You know, the sheriff's office doesn't work up there.

「你知道，今天警長辦公室休息，」

I don't have anybody to send."

「我無法派出任何人。」

Gary Haugen: Tragically, the woman inside that house

不幸地，這名女子就在自己房子裡

was violently assaulted, choked and raped

被暴力攻擊、緊扼，及強暴。

because this is what it means to live outside the rule of law.

這是生活在法律保護之外的情形，

And this is where billions of our poorest live.

也是那數十億窮人生活的環境。

What does that look like?

那種生活是什麼樣子呢？

In Bolivia, for example, if a man sexually assaults a poor child,

在玻利維亞， 如果一個男人強暴一個窮小孩，

statistically, he's at greater risk of slipping in the shower and dying

以統計數字來看， 他被送進監獄的機率，

than he is of ever going to jail for that crime.

比洗澡滑倒死掉還低。

In South Asia, if you enslave a poor person,

在南亞奴役一個人，

you're at greater risk of being struck by lightning

被送到監獄的機率

than ever being sent to jail for that crime.

比被雷打到還低。

And so the epidemic of everyday violence, it just rages on.

這些瘟疫般的日常暴力仍然肆虐，

And it devastates our efforts to try to help billions of people

摧毀我們努力去幫助的數十億人

out of their two-dollar-a-day hell.

脫離一天2美元地獄的嘗試。

Because the data just doesn't lie.

因為資料不會說謊。

It turns out that you can give all manner of goods and services

結果你可以提供窮人

to the poor,

好的食物和服務，

but if you don't restrain the hands of the violent bullies

但是，如果你無法抑止 把東西從他們手中奪走的

from taking it all away,

暴力霸凌，

you're going to be very disappointed in the long-term impact of your efforts.

你將會對長久以來努力的影響非常失望。

So you would think that the disintegration of basic law enforcement

所以你會想，在開發中國家

in the developing world would be a huge priority

基本執法的崩解是對抗貧窮，

for the global fight against poverty.

首要解決的問題，

But it's not.

不過，事實上並沒有

Auditors of international assistance recently couldn't find

國際援助的審計員最近發現，

even one percent of aid going to protect the poor

對於保護窮人 免於無法無天的日常暴力的援助

from the lawless chaos of everyday violence.

連百分之一都沒有。

And honestly, when we do talk about violence against the poor,

說實話，當我們談論對付窮人的暴力行為，

sometimes it's in the weirdest of ways.

用的方式有時候頗為怪異。

A fresh water organization tells a heart-wrenching story

提供新鮮水資源的組織， 說了一個令人痛心的故事：

of girls who are raped on the way to fetching water,

一個女孩在取水的路上被強暴，

and then celebrates the solution of a new well

然後還是慶祝新井的落成，

that drastically shortens their walk.

大大縮短了取水的路程。

End of story.

故事到這裡就結束了。

But not a word about the rapists who are still right there in the community.

但是完全沒有提及， 那些強暴者，還待在那個社區裡。

If a young woman on one of our college campuses

如果一位我們大學校園裡的年輕女性，

was raped on her walk to the library,

在去圖書館的路上被強暴，

we would never celebrate the solution of moving the library closer to the dorm.

我們絕不會為了將圖書館 遷至離宿舍較近的地方而慶祝。

And yet, for some reason, this is okay for poor people.

但是，為什麼這種事， 卻可以發生在窮人身上？

Now the truth is, the traditional experts

事實是， 在經濟發展和消除貧窮領域，

in economic development and poverty alleviation,

傳統的專家們，

they don't know how to fix this problem.

不知道如何解決這個問題。

And so what happens?

所以怎麼著？

They don't talk about it.

他們就不提了。

But the more fundamental reason

不過更根本的原因是，

that law enforcement for the poor in the developing world

能保護窮人的執法

is so neglected,

在開發中世界是如此被忽視，

is because the people inside the developing world, with money,

因為開發中世界裡的有錢人，

don't need it.

不需要這些。

I was at the World Economic Forum not long ago

不久前我在世界經濟論壇

talking to corporate executives who have massive businesses in the developing world

對開發中國家的大規模企業主管演講。

and I was just asking them,

我問他們：

"How do you guys protect all your people and property from all the violence?"

「你們如何保護所有人和財產免於暴力？」

And they looked at each other, and they said, practically in unison,

他們看著彼此，幾乎異口同聲地說：

"We buy it."

「我們用買的。」

Indeed, private security forces in the developing world

的確，開發中國家裡的私人保全，

are now, four, five and seven times larger than the public police force.

現在大約是公共警力的四、五或七倍，

In Africa, the largest employer on the continent now is private security.

在非洲，現在最大的公司 就是一家做私人保全的。

But see, the rich can pay for safety and can keep getting richer,

你看，富人可以付錢給保全， 而且愈來愈有錢，

but the poor can't pay for it and they're left totally unprotected

但窮人卻無法付錢，就完全沒有保障。

and they keep getting thrown to the ground.

他們持續被重重摔在地上，

This is a massive and scandalous outrage.

這真是巨大而醜惡的暴行。

And it doesn't have to be this way.

但它可以不要是這樣的。

Broken law enforcement can be fixed.

破敗的執法可以被修復，

Violence can be stopped.

暴力可以被阻止，

Almost all criminal justice systems,

幾乎所有的犯罪司法系統，

they start out broken and corrupt,

都是從破漏腐敗中開始，

but they can be transformed by fierce effort and commitment.

不過它們可以透過激烈的努力和決心轉化。

The path forward is really pretty clear.

前方的路的非常清晰。

Number one: We have to start making

第一：我們必須要開始

stopping violence indispensable to the fight against poverty.

讓終止暴力成為對抗貧窮問題不可或缺的一環。

In fact, any conversation about global poverty

事實上，所有攸關全球貧窮的對談，

that doesn't include the problem of violence must be deemed not serious.

如果沒有討論暴力問題， 就不算認真討論。

And secondly, we have to begin to seriously invest resources

第二，我們必須認真投入資源和專業知識，

and share expertise to support the developing world

支持開發中國家

as they fashion new, public systems of justice,

來建立新的司法系統，

not private security,

而非私人保全。

that give everybody a chance to be safe.

提供每個人安全的機會，

These transformations are actually possible

這些轉變真的是可行的，

and they're happening today.

而且現在正在發生。

Recently, the Gates Foundation funded a project

最近，蓋茲基金會資助了

in the second largest city of the Philippines,

在菲律賓第二大城的一個計畫，

where local advocates and local law enforcement

讓當地的倡導者和執法單位

were able to transform corrupt police and broken courts so drastically,

得以大力地改變腐敗的警察和法庭。

that in just four short years,

在短短四年內

they were able to measurably reduce

對於貧窮兒童的商業性暴力

the commercial sexual violence against poor kids by 79 percent.

估計有效減少79%。

You know, from the hindsight of history,

事後從歷史看來

what's always most inexplicable and inexcusable

最令人費解且最不可原諒的，

are the simple failures of compassion.

往往是失去了惻隱之心。

Because I think history convenes a tribunal of our grandchildren

因為我認為歷史會讓我們的孫子評斷

and they just ask us,

而且他們會問我們：

"Grandma, Grandpa, where were you?

「爺爺、奶奶，您當時在哪裡？」

Where were you, Grandpa, when the Jews were fleeing Nazi Germany

「爺爺，當猶太人逃離德國，」

and were being rejected from our shores?

「被拒絕疪護的時候，」

Where were you?

「你當時在哪裡？」

And Grandma, where were you when they were marching

「奶奶，當他們將我們的日裔美籍鄰居，」

our Japanese-American neighbors off to internment camps?

「強制送往集中營的時候，您在哪裡？」

And Grandpa, where were you when they were beating

「爺爺，當我們的非裔美國人鄰居，」

our African-American neighbors

「因為想投票而被毆打的時候，」

just because they were trying to register to vote?"

「您在哪裡？」

Likewise, when our grandchildren ask us,

就像這樣，我們的孫子也會問：

"Grandma, Grandpa, where were you

「奶奶、爺爺，當數十億最貧困的人們，」

when two billion of the world's poorest were drowning in a lawless chaos

「因為缺乏法律保障而遭受日常暴力的時候，」

of everyday violence?"

「您在哪裡？」

I hope we can say that we had compassion, that we raised our voice,

我希望我們可以說， 我們發揮了同情心，登高一呼

and as a generation, we were moved to make the violence stop.

作為這個世代，我們終止了暴力。

Thank you very much.

謝謝大家。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Chris Anderson: Really powerfully argued.

Chris Anderson: 非常有力的演說，

Talk to us a bit about some of the things

告訴我們一些正在拓展的行動吧，

that have actually been happening to, for example, boost police training.

例如加強警察的訓練，

How hard a process is that?

這過程有多困難？

GH: Well, one of the glorious things that's starting to happen now

講者：現在最樂觀的事情是

is that the collapse of these systems and the consequences are becoming obvious.

這些系統的腐敗已經浮上檯面了。

There's actually, now, political will to do that.

政治力量可以解決，

But it just requires now an investment of resources and transfer of expertise.

但需要資源和專業知識轉化的投入，

There's a political will struggle that's going to take place as well,

政治上也會發生一些奮戰，

but those are winnable fights,

不過是可以打贏的戰爭。

because we've done some examples around the world

因為我們在世界上已經有一些案例，

at International Justice Mission that are very encouraging.

像「國際公義使命團（IJM）」就很振奮人心。

CA: So just tell us in one country, how much it costs

CA：告訴我們，一個國家要花多少成本，

to make a material difference to police, for example --

才能在警察系統做到有形的改變，

I know that's only one piece of it.

雖然我知道這只是一小部分。

GH: In Guatemala, for instance, we've started a project there

講者：舉例來說，在瓜地馬拉， 我們開展了一項計畫，

with the local police and court system, prosecutors,

訓練當地的警察、司法系統、檢察官，

to retrain them so that they can actually effectively bring these cases.

提升他們處理這些事情的有效執行能力，

And we've seen prosecutions against perpetrators of sexual violence

我們看到針對性暴力的起訴，

increase by more than 1,000 percent.

增加了十倍之多，

This project has been very modestly funded at about a million dollars a year,

這項計畫的資金算是很節制， 一年大概需要一百萬美金，

and the kind of bang you can get for your buck

但這類投資非常值得。

in terms of leveraging a criminal justice system

若有適當地訓練、激勵和領導，

that could function if it were properly trained and motivated and led,

能將犯罪司法系統建立起來，發揮功能。

and these countries, especially a middle class

而且這些國家，尤其是中產階級，

that is seeing that there's really no future

因為不安穩的情勢和完全私人化的保全

with this total instability and total privatization of security

而看不到未來的那些地方，

I think there's an opportunity, a window for change.

現在有了一個轉變的機會。

CA: But to make this happen, you have to look at each part in the chain --

CA：但要落實這些，你需要注意每個環節

the police, who else?

警察、……還有呢？

GH: So that's the thing about law enforcement,

講者：執法

it starts out with the police,

從警方開始，

they're the front end of the pipeline of justice,

他們在司法的最前線，

but they hand if off to the prosecutors,

將罪犯送交至檢察官手中，

and the prosecutors hand it off to the courts,

檢察官把他們交給法庭，

and the survivors of violence have to be supported by social services

而暴力倖存者

all the way through that.

需要社會服務的支持，

So you have to do an approach that pulls that all together.

所以你必須有個方法把這些事情串在一起。

In the past, there's been a little bit of training of the courts,

過去，法庭的訓練很少，

but they get crappy evidence from the police,

他們又從警察那邊拿到爛證據，

or a little police intervention that has to do with narcotics or terrorism

或是有優良的執法系統，

but nothing to do with treating the common poor person

有一些警力介入毒品或恐怖主義，

with excellent law enforcement,

但是卻對普通的窮人無所作為。

so it's about pulling that all together,

所以重點是一切結合在一起，

and you can actually have people in very poor communities

然後讓極度貧窮的社區的人們

experience law enforcement like us,

也像我們一樣有執法單位的保護。

which is imperfect in our own experience, for sure,

雖然在我們的經驗裡，他們並不完美。

but boy, is it a great thing to sense that you can call 911

但是，你可以試著體會， 打911，就有人來保護你，

and maybe someone will protect you.

是一件很棒的事。

CA: Gary, I think you've done a spectacular job

CA：嘉理，我覺得你在書上和在這裡

of bringing this to the world's attention

喚起了全世界的注意，

in your book and right here today.

你做了一件了不起的工作，

Thanks so much.

非常謝謝你。

Gary Haugen.

侯嘉理。

(Applause)

（掌聲）