Want kids to learn well? Feed them well | Sam Kass

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martínez

翻译人员: Zhao Ningqi 校对人员: Lipeng Chen

I am a chef

我是一个大厨，

and a food policy guy,

也是一个食物政策专家，

but I come from a whole family of teachers.

但是我来自一个教师家庭。

我的姐姐是芝加哥的 一个特殊教育老师，

My sister is a special ed teacher in Chicago.

My father just retired after 25 years teaching fifth grade.

我的父亲当了25年的 五年级老师，刚刚退休。

我的姑姑和叔叔是教授。

My aunt and uncle were professors.

My cousins all teach.

我的堂兄妹都是老师。

基本上我家里的所有人 除了我都是老师。

Everybody in my family, basically, teaches except for me.

They taught me that the only way to get the right answers

他们教会我得到正确答案的唯一方式

is to ask the right questions.

就是问出正确的问题。

所以当谈到

So what are the right questions

when it comes to improving the educational outcomes for our children?

提高我们孩子的教育水平， 什么才是正确的问题？

There's obviously many important questions,

显而易见有很多重要的问题，

but I think the following is a good place to start:

但是我觉得可以从这个问题开始：

我们认为孩子发育中的头脑和

What do we think the connection is

他们发育中的身体

between a child's growing mind

and their growing body?

有什么联系？

What can we expect our kids to learn

我们能够期望我们的孩子学到什么，

if their diets are full of sugar and empty of nutrients?

如果他们的饮食充满糖分却缺少营养？

What can they possibly learn

如果他们的身体

if their bodies are literally going hungry?

经常处于饥饿状态， 他们怎么可能学到东西呢？

And with all the resources that we are pouring into schools,

我们向学校投入了大量的资源，

we should stop and ask ourselves:

但我们应该停下自问：

“我们真的在为孩子们的成功铺路吗？”

Are we really setting our kids up for success?

几年前，

Now, a few years ago,

I was a judge on a cooking competition called "Chopped."

我是一个烹饪节目 “厨艺大战（Chopped）”的裁判。

Four chefs compete with mystery ingredients

大厨们用神秘食材比拼，

to see who can cook the best dishes.

看谁能煮出最棒的菜肴。

除了某一集，这集非常特殊。

Except for this episode -- it was a very special one.

Instead of four overzealous chefs trying to break into the limelight --

不是四个专业的大厨 尝试得到公众的注意——

something that I would know nothing about --

对这个我不太了解——

(Laughter)

（笑声）

这些大厨是学校厨师；

these chefs were school chefs;

you know, the women that you used to call "lunch ladies,"

就是那些被你们称为“食堂大婶儿”的人，

but the ones I insist we call "school chefs."

但我坚持叫她们“校园厨师”。

Now, these women -- God bless these women --

这些女人——她们非常伟大——

spend their day cooking for thousands of kids,

每天为上千个孩子做饭，

breakfast and lunch, with only $2.68 per lunch,

早餐和午餐，每份午餐 只有2.68美元的预算，

而其中只有一美元真正花在了食物上。

with only about a dollar of that actually going to the food.

In this episode,

在这集节目中，

主要的神秘食材是藜麦。

the main-course mystery ingredient was quinoa.

Now, I know it's been a long time

我知道距离你们大多数人

上次吃学校午餐已经很久了，

since most of you have had a school lunch,

and we've made a lot of progress on nutrition,

我们已经在营养上取得了很大进步，

but quinoa still is not a staple in most school cafeterias.

但是藜麦依旧不是学校餐厅的主食。

（笑声）

(Laughter)

So this was a challenge.

所以这是一个挑战。

But the dish that I will never forget was cooked by a woman

但是我永远不会忘记一个 名叫谢丽尔·巴巴拉的女人

named Cheryl Barbara.

所煮的菜。

Cheryl was the nutrition director

谢丽尔是康涅狄格州社区高中的

at High School in the Community in Connecticut.

营养负责人。

她能煮美味的意大利面食。

She cooked this delicious pasta.

It was amazing.

非常好吃。

It was a pappardelle with Italian sausage,

是宽面条配意大利香肠，

甘蓝和帕玛森芝士。

kale, Parmesan cheese.

It was delicious, like, restaurant-quality good, except --

非常美味，达到了餐馆水准，

除了她基本上只是把没熟的藜麦

she basically just threw the quinoa, pretty much uncooked,

into the dish.

扔进面里。

It was a strange choice,

这是一个奇怪的选择，

and it was super crunchy.

而且吃起来非常脆。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So I took on the TV accusatory judge thing that you're supposed to do,

所以我做了电视节目裁判应该做的，

and I asked her why she did that.

我问她为什么这样做。

Cheryl responded, "Well, first, I don't know what quinoa is."

谢丽尔回答：“好吧， 首先我不知道藜麦是什么。”

（笑声）

(Laughter)

"But I do know that it's a Monday,

“但是我知道今天是周一，

and that in my school, at High School in the Community,

在我的社区高中，

I always cook pasta."

我总是会煮意大利面。”

谢丽尔解释说，很多她的孩子，

See, Cheryl explained that for many of her kids,

there were no meals on the weekends.

在周末没办法吃到饭。

No meals on Saturday.

周六没有东西吃。

No meals on Sunday, either.

周日也没有。

所以她煮意大利面，因为她想保证

So she cooked pasta because she wanted to make sure

she cooked something she knew her children would eat.

煮一些孩子一定会吃的东西。

Something that would stick to their ribs, she said.

一些有足够营养的东西，她说。

Something that would fill them up.

一些能够填饱他们的东西。

Cheryl talked about how, by the time Monday came,

谢丽尔还提到，周一来临的时候，

her kids' hunger pangs were so intense

她的孩子都感到非常饥饿，

that they couldn't even begin to think about learning.

以至于无法专心学习。

Food was the only thing on their mind.

孩子们满脑子都只有食物。

The only thing.

只想吃东西。

And unfortunately, the stats -- they tell the same story.

不幸的是，数据也验证了这一点。

让我们举一个孩子的例子，

So, let's put this into the context of a child.

And we're going to focus on

我们会着重关注

the most important meal of the day, breakfast.

一天中最重要的一餐，早餐。

Meet Allison.

这是艾莉森。

She's 12 years old,

她12岁，

非常聪明，

she's smart as a whip

and she wants to be a physicist when she grows up.

而且她长大想成为一个物理学家。

If Allison goes to a school that serves a nutritious breakfast

如果艾莉森去一个向所有学生 提供营养丰富的

to all of their kids,

免费早餐的学校，

here's what's going to follow.

接下来会这样。

Her chances of getting a nutritious meal,

她能够得到一顿营养餐，

one with fruit and milk, one lower in sugar and salt,

一顿有水果和牛奶，低糖低盐的饭菜的

dramatically increase.

机会会大幅增加。

Allison will have a lower rate of obesity than the average kid.

艾莉森患有肥胖的几率会低于平均值。

She'll have to visit the nurse less.

她不需要经常去看医生。

不容易焦虑，或者沮丧。

She'll have lower levels of anxiety and depression.

She'll have better behavior.

她会有更好的表现，

She'll have better attendance, and she'll show up on time more often.

她会有更好的出席率， 更经常准时上课。

为什么？

Why?

Well, because there's a good meal waiting for her at school.

因为有一顿好的早餐在学校等着她。

总而言之，艾莉森的健康状况

Overall, Allison is in much better health

than the average school kid.

要好于平均水平。

So what about that kid

那么那个

who doesn't have a nutritious breakfast waiting for him?

没有营养早餐 等着他的孩子会怎么样？

Well, meet Tommy.

来看看汤米。

He's also 12. He's a wonderful kid.

他也是12岁，一个很棒的孩子。

He wants to be a doctor.

他想成为一个医生。

By the time Tommy is in kindergarten,

汤米上幼儿园的时候，

he's already underperforming in math.

数学已经成了他的弱项。

By the time he's in third grade,

在三年级的时候，

he's got lower math and reading scores.

他在数学和阅读上成绩更低了。

By the time he's 11,

到他11岁的时候，

it's more likely that Tommy will have to have repeated a grade.

汤米很有可能会复读一年。

研究显示，没有持续摄取到营养的孩子，

Research shows that kids who do not have consistent nourishment,

particularly at breakfast,

特别是早餐，

have poor cognitive function overall.

学习能力都有所欠缺。

So how widespread is this problem?

那么这个问题有多广泛呢？

Well, unfortunately, it's pervasive.

不幸的是，它到处存在。

Let me give you two stats

让我给你们两个数据，

that seem like they're on opposite ends of the issue,

看起来它们和问题表现的相反，

but are actually two sides of the same coin.

但是其实是一个硬币的两面。

一方面，

On the one hand,

六分之一的美国人的 食物没有保障，

one in six Americans are food insecure,

including 16 million children -- almost 20 percent --

包括一千六百万孩子，几乎占到20%，

are food insecure.

食物没有保障。

In this city alone, in New York City,

在这个城市，纽约城，

每年有四十七万未成年人食不果腹。

474,000 kids under the age of 18 face hunger every year.

It's crazy.

难以置信。

On the other hand,

另一方面，

diet and nutrition is the number one cause of preventable death and disease

饮食和营养是可预防死亡 和疾病的首要原因，

in this country, by far.

至少在这个国家是这样。

And fully a third of the kids that we've been talking about tonight

我们今天讨论的孩子中有三分之一，

are on track to have diabetes in their lifetime.

都迟早会患上糖尿病。

Now, what's hard to put together but is true

我知道很难把这些联系起来，但是

is that, many times, these are the same children.

很多情况下，这都是同一群孩子。

So they fill up on the unhealthy and cheap calories

他们生活的社区里充斥着 粗制滥造的廉价食物，

that surround them in their communities and that their families can afford.

价格仅限在他们的家庭 能承受的范围之内。

But then by the end of the month,

但是在每个月末，

food stamps run out or hours get cut at work,

食物补贴券用尽， 或者工作时间被迫减少，

and they don't have the money to cover the basic cost of food.

他们就没有足够钱来 支付基本的食物了。

但是我们应该 有能力解决这个问题，对吗？

But we should be able to solve this problem, right?

We know what the answers are.

我们知道答案是什么。

As part of my work at the White House, we instituted a program

作为我在白宫工作的一部分， 我们开始了一个项目，

给所有低收入孩子占人数40%的

that for all schools that had 40 percent more low-income kids,

we could serve breakfast and lunch to every kid in that school.

学校中的每个孩子提供早餐和午餐。

For free.

免费。

This program has been incredibly successful,

这个项目非常成功，

because it helped us overcome a very difficult barrier

因为它帮助我们扫除了 一个巨大的障碍，

when it came to getting kids a nutritious breakfast.

帮助孩子们获得一顿营养的早餐，

And that was the barrier of stigma.

然而这就是克服障碍的突破点。

See, schools serve breakfast before school,

学校会通常在上课前提供早餐，

and it was only available for the poor kids.

但通常只提供给贫困的孩子。

So everybody knew who was poor and who needed government help.

所以每个人都知道谁家贫困， 谁需要政府的帮助。

Now, all kids, no matter how much or how little their parents make,

然而，所有的孩子， 无论家庭收入的多少，

have a lot of pride.

都有很强的自尊心。

那么后来怎么样了呢？

So what happened?

Well, the schools that have implemented this program

实施我们这个项目的学校

saw an increase in math and reading scores by 17.5 percent.

数学和阅读分数提高了17.5%。

17.5 percent.

17.5%。

And research shows that when kids have a consistent, nutritious breakfast,

研究表明，当孩子们有了 持续的营养早餐，

their chances of graduating increase by 20 percent.

他们的毕业率就会提高20%。

20 percent.

20%。

当我们给孩子们需要的营养，

When we give our kids the nourishment they need,

we give them the chance to thrive,

我们就给了他们成功的机会，

both in the classroom and beyond.

不论在校内还是校外。

Now, you don't have to trust me on this,

你可能并不相信我，

but you should talk to Donna Martin.

但是你应该和唐纳·马丁谈谈。

I love Donna Martin.

我爱唐纳·马丁这个人。

唐纳·马丁斯是佐治亚州 伯克郡韦恩斯伯勒的

Donna Martin is the school nutrition director at Burke County

in Waynesboro, Georgia.

学校营养负责人。

伯克郡是美国15个最穷的州中

Burke County is one of the poorest districts

in the fifth-poorest state in the country,

最穷的郡之一，

and about 100 percent of Donna's students live at or below the poverty line.

唐纳所有学生的家庭 都处在贫困线或以下。

A few years ago,

几年前，

Donna decided to get out ahead of the new standards that were coming,

唐纳决定提前实施即将开始的规定，

and overhaul her nutrition standards.

全面修改她的营养标准。

She improved and added fruit and vegetables and whole grains.

她提高了蔬果和全麦的供应量和质量，

She served breakfast in the classroom to all of her kids.

给教室里所有孩子提供免费早餐。

And she implemented a dinner program.

她还开始实施晚餐项目，

Why?

为什么呢？

Well, many of her kids didn't have dinner when they went home.

因为她的很多孩子回到家都没有晚餐。

So how did they respond?

那么这些孩子对此有什么反应呢？

Well, the kids loved the food.

事实表明，孩子们喜欢这些食物，

They loved the better nutrition,

他们喜欢更好的营养，

and they loved not being hungry.

也喜欢不再饥肠辘辘的感觉。

But Donna's biggest supporter came from an unexpected place.

但是对唐纳最大的支持 来自一个意想不到的人，

他的名字是埃里克·派克，

His name from Eric Parker,

他是伯克郡灰熊的橄榄球教练。

and he was the head football coach for the Burke County Bears.

Now, Coach Parker had coached mediocre teams for years.

派克教练教导普通球队很多年了，

The Bears often ended in the middle of the pack --

灰熊队经常在赛季中间被淘汰——

a big disappointment in one of the most passionate football states

作为联盟里对橄榄球最有热情的州之一，

in the Union.

这结果太让人失望了。

But the year Donna changed the menus,

但是唐纳改变菜单的那年，

灰熊队不仅赢得了他们的分区，

the Bears not only won their division,

they went on to win the state championship,

还赢得了州冠军，

打败了桃子郡特洛伊。

beating the Peach County Trojans

28-14.

28比14。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And Coach Parker,

不过教练派克

he credited that championship to Donna Martin.

把那个冠军颁给了唐纳·马丁。

When we give our kids the basic nourishment,

当我们给了孩子基本的营养，

他们就会茁壮成长。

they're going to thrive.

And it's not just up to the Cheryl Barbaras

而且这不仅是谢丽尔·巴巴拉

and the Donna Martins of the world.

和唐纳·马丁的责任。

这是我们所有人的责任。

It's on all of us.

And feeding our kids the basic nutrition is just the starting point.

给我们的孩子提供 基本的营养还只是开始。

What I've laid out is really a model

我阐述的真的只是一个模型，

for so many of the most pressing issues that we face.

一个关于我们面对的诸多问题的模型。

If we focus on the simple goal of properly nourishing ourselves,

如果我们注重于像给自己足够的 营养这样简单的目标，

we could see a world that is more stable and secure;

我们就能够见证一个 更稳定安全的世界；

we could dramatically improve our economic productivity;

我们能够大程度提高我们的经济效率，

我们能够改变我们的医疗保健，

we could transform our health care

and we could go a long way

我们还能够继续保证

in ensuring that the Earth can provide for generations to come.

地球上世代的可持续发展。

Food is that place where our collective efforts

食物是我们一起努力就能够产生

巨大影响的一件事。

can have the greatest impact.

So we have to ask ourselves: What is the right question?

所以我们要自问： “正确的问题是什么？”

What would happen

如果我们给自己

if we fed ourselves more nutritious, more sustainably grown food?

更多营养，更可持续生长的 食物，会发生什么？

What would be the impact?

这会产生何等的影响？

Cheryl Barbara,

谢丽尔·巴巴拉，

Donna Martin,

唐纳·马丁，

Coach Parker and the Burke County Bears --

教练派克和伯克郡灰熊——

I think they know the answer.

我觉得他们知道答案。

Thank you guys so very much.

非常感谢你们。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）