Want kids to learn well? Feed them well | Sam Kass

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martínez

譯者: SF Huang 審譯者: 易帆 余

I am a chef

我是一位廚師，

and a food policy guy,

也是一位糧食政策制定者。

but I come from a whole family of teachers.

但是，我來自一個老師世家。

My sister is a special ed teacher in Chicago.

我的姐妹在芝加哥擔任特教老師。

My father just retired after 25 years teaching fifth grade.

我的父親剛從任教了 25 年的小學五年級退休。

My aunt and uncle were professors.

我的姑姑和叔叔都是教授。

My cousins all teach.

我的堂兄弟姊妹也都從事教職。

Everybody in my family, basically, teaches except for me.

基本上我的家族成員， 除了我以外，都從事教職。

They taught me that the only way to get the right answers

他們教我，

想要獲得正解的方法只有一種，

is to ask the right questions.

那就是問對問題。

So what are the right questions

當談到改善孩童教育成果時，

when it comes to improving the educational outcomes for our children?

什麼才是對的問題呢？

There's obviously many important questions,

顯然有很多舉足輕重的問題，

but I think the following is a good place to start:

但我想以下面的提問來切入主題：

What do we think the connection is

我們認為孩童的身體成長 與心智成長有何關連?

between a child's growing mind

and their growing body?

What can we expect our kids to learn

我們期望我們的孩童能學到些什麼，

if their diets are full of sugar and empty of nutrients?

如果他們吃的盡是些 高糖、無營養的垃圾食物?

What can they possibly learn

他們怎麼能夠專心學習，

if their bodies are literally going hungry?

如果他們的身體因缺乏 適當的營養而處於飢餓狀態？

And with all the resources that we are pouring into schools,

當我們傾注所有資源到學校的同時，

we should stop and ask ourselves:

我們應該停下腳步，捫心自問：

Are we really setting our kids up for success?

我們這樣的做法， 真的能讓我們的孩子成功嗎？

Now, a few years ago,

幾年前，

I was a judge on a cooking competition called "Chopped."

我擔任電視節目 "Chopped" 《廚藝大賽》的評審，

Four chefs compete with mystery ingredients

4 位廚師使用神秘食材來比賽，

to see who can cook the best dishes.

看誰能烹煮出最棒的佳餚。

Except for this episode -- it was a very special one.

但是，這一集的節目不同── 它非常特別。

Instead of four overzealous chefs trying to break into the limelight --

有別於 4 位過度熱情、 想獲得大眾關注的廚師們──

something that I would know nothing about --

這些是我不懂的東西──

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

these chefs were school chefs;

他們是學校的廚師 ──

you know, the women that you used to call "lunch ladies,"

你知道的，就是你們說的 「營養午餐阿姨」；

but the ones I insist we call "school chefs."

但我堅持要稱她們為校廚。

Now, these women -- God bless these women --

現在，這些女士們 ── 上帝保佑她們 ──

spend their day cooking for thousands of kids,

為數千名的孩童做早餐與午餐，

breakfast and lunch, with only $2.68 per lunch,

每餐只有 2.68 塊美金的預算，

with only about a dollar of that actually going to the food.

而實際花在餐費的成本， 只有美金 1 元。

In this episode,

在這一集裡，

the main-course mystery ingredient was quinoa.

主要的神秘食材是藜麥。

Now, I know it's been a long time

我知道，對在座大多數的人而言，

since most of you have had a school lunch,

學校的營養午餐 是很久遠以前的事了；

and we've made a lot of progress on nutrition,

而我們在改善營養方面， 已有長足的進步。

but quinoa still is not a staple in most school cafeterias.

但是，藜麥在多數學校的 自助餐廳裡，尚未成為主食。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So this was a challenge.

所以，這是一項挑戰。

But the dish that I will never forget was cooked by a woman

讓我難以忘懷的一道菜，

named Cheryl Barbara.

是由雪若‧芭芭拉所烹煮的。

Cheryl was the nutrition director

雪若是一名任職於

at High School in the Community in Connecticut.

康乃狄克州社區中學的營養主管。

She cooked this delicious pasta.

她煮的這道義大利麵非常好吃。

It was amazing.

它好吃到爆。

It was a pappardelle with Italian sausage,

它是義大利寬麵加上義大利香腸、

kale, Parmesan cheese.

羽衣甘藍和帕瑪森起司。

It was delicious, like, restaurant-quality good, except --

它很美味，具餐廳級的水準，

除了──基本上她只是把 幾乎是生的藜麥

she basically just threw the quinoa, pretty much uncooked,

into the dish.

灑在麵上。

It was a strange choice,

她選的食材很奇怪，

and it was super crunchy.

但是它吃起來超酥脆的。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

So I took on the TV accusatory judge thing that you're supposed to do,

所以我做了身為電視節目 毒舌評審應該做的事，

and I asked her why she did that.

我問她為什麼要灑這個上去。

Cheryl responded, "Well, first, I don't know what quinoa is."

雪若答說：「嗯，首先， 我不知道藜麥是什麼。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

"But I do know that it's a Monday,

「但是，我知道每個禮拜一

and that in my school, at High School in the Community,

在我服務的社區中學，

I always cook pasta."

我都會煮義大利麵。」

See, Cheryl explained that for many of her kids,

你們看，雪若說明了 大多數學童的狀況，

there were no meals on the weekends.

周末沒有正餐吃。

No meals on Saturday.

禮拜六沒有，

No meals on Sunday, either.

禮拜天也沒有。

So she cooked pasta because she wanted to make sure

雪若煮義大利麵，

因為她想要確保她煮的 是孩童會想吃的一餐。

she cooked something she knew her children would eat.

Something that would stick to their ribs, she said.

會讓他們茁壯、 長肉的食物，她說道。

Something that would fill them up.

能夠餵飽他們的食物。

Cheryl talked about how, by the time Monday came,

雪若說一到禮拜一，

her kids' hunger pangs were so intense

她的學童們早已飢腸轆轆，

that they couldn't even begin to think about learning.

餓到他們無法想到學習這件事。

Food was the only thing on their mind.

他們唯一惦記的就是食物。

The only thing.

吃飽這件事而已。

And unfortunately, the stats -- they tell the same story.

遺憾的是，每一州的情況都一樣。

So, let's put this into the context of a child.

讓我們將孩童套用在此情境中。

And we're going to focus on

我們將聚焦在

the most important meal of the day, breakfast.

一天當中最重要的一餐：早餐。

Meet Allison.

這位是愛莉森。

She's 12 years old,

今年 12 歲。

she's smart as a whip

非常聰明靈巧。

and she wants to be a physicist when she grows up.

長大後想成為物理學家。

If Allison goes to a school that serves a nutritious breakfast

假如愛莉森上的學校，

提供學童們富含營養的早餐，

to all of their kids,

here's what's going to follow.

我們可以預見接下來的事情。

Her chances of getting a nutritious meal,

她獲得營養膳食的機會，

one with fruit and milk, one lower in sugar and salt,

指的是包含水果、 牛奶、低糖與低鹽的飲食，

dramatically increase.

大幅地增加了。

Allison will have a lower rate of obesity than the average kid.

比起一般學童來說， 愛莉森變肥胖的機率較低。

She'll have to visit the nurse less.

她看校護的次數也會減少。

She'll have lower levels of anxiety and depression.

她的焦慮感、沮喪感會較低。

She'll have better behavior.

她的行為表現較佳。

She'll have better attendance, and she'll show up on time more often.

她上課會有較佳的出席率 且更常準時上學。

Why?

為什麼？

Well, because there's a good meal waiting for her at school.

因為學校有好吃的餐點在等著她。

Overall, Allison is in much better health

總而言之，比起其他的學童， 愛莉森的健康狀況更好。

than the average school kid.

So what about that kid

那些沒有營養早餐 等著他們的學童呢？

who doesn't have a nutritious breakfast waiting for him?

Well, meet Tommy.

讓我來看看湯米。

He's also 12. He's a wonderful kid.

他也是 12 歲，是個很棒的小孩。

He wants to be a doctor.

長大後想成為一名醫生。

By the time Tommy is in kindergarten,

湯米上幼稚園時，

he's already underperforming in math.

他的數學已經趕不上 同年的小孩了。

By the time he's in third grade,

到他三年級的時候，

he's got lower math and reading scores.

他的數學與閱讀成績都不理想。

By the time he's 11,

11 歲時，

it's more likely that Tommy will have to have repeated a grade.

湯米很可能要留級重讀。

Research shows that kids who do not have consistent nourishment,

研究顯示學童如果沒有 持續攝取足夠的營養，

particularly at breakfast,

尤其是早餐，

have poor cognitive function overall.

總體的認知功能會較差。

So how widespread is this problem?

所以，這個問題 有多廣泛、多嚴重呢？

Well, unfortunately, it's pervasive.

不幸的是， 全國都面臨著這個問題。

Let me give you two stats

讓我給各位舉兩個例子，

that seem like they're on opposite ends of the issue,

他們看起來截然不同，

but are actually two sides of the same coin.

但其實他們是一體的兩面。

On the one hand,

從一方面來看，

one in six Americans are food insecure,

1/6 的美國人處在糧食危機中，

including 16 million children -- almost 20 percent --

包含一千六百萬孩童 ── 將近 20% 的比例，

are food insecure.

處於糧食危機中。

In this city alone, in New York City,

單就這個城市紐約而言，

474,000 kids under the age of 18 face hunger every year.

474,000 名 18 歲以下的孩童 每年都面臨飢餓的危機。

It's crazy.

這令人難以置信。

On the other hand,

另一方面，

diet and nutrition is the number one cause of preventable death and disease

飲食和營養是目前導致

本國可預防死亡與疾病的首要因素。

in this country, by far.

And fully a third of the kids that we've been talking about tonight

而我們今晚談論的孩童中，

are on track to have diabetes in their lifetime.

有 1/3 的人可能在 一生中得到糖尿病。

Now, what's hard to put together but is true

很難兜在一起，但卻是事實，

is that, many times, these are the same children.

遭受飢餓之苦與糖尿病之苦的小孩，

常是同一群小孩。

So they fill up on the unhealthy and cheap calories

他們攝取生活中垂手可得、 家庭負擔得起的

that surround them in their communities and that their families can afford.

不健康、廉價的卡路里食品。

But then by the end of the month,

到了月底時，

food stamps run out or hours get cut at work,

當食物券花完或 家長時薪工作的時數被刪減，

and they don't have the money to cover the basic cost of food.

他們就沒有足夠的錢來支付 基本的伙食所需。

But we should be able to solve this problem, right?

但是，我們應該可以 解決這個問題，對吧?

We know what the answers are.

我們知道問題的答案是什麼。

As part of my work at the White House, we instituted a program

我在白宮的工作項目中有一個計畫，

that for all schools that had 40 percent more low-income kids,

在全校超過 40% 低收入家庭的學校，

we could serve breakfast and lunch to every kid in that school.

提供免費的早餐和午餐 給全校的孩童。

For free.

This program has been incredibly successful,

這個計畫獲得卓越的成效，

because it helped us overcome a very difficult barrier

因它幫助我們克服了 一個在提供營養早餐給孩童時，

when it came to getting kids a nutritious breakfast.

極為棘手的障礙。

And that was the barrier of stigma.

那個障礙就是污名。

See, schools serve breakfast before school,

學校在每天上課前提供早餐，

and it was only available for the poor kids.

而且只提供給貧窮的學童。

So everybody knew who was poor and who needed government help.

這時大家就都知道誰家很窮， 誰需要政府的補助了。

Now, all kids, no matter how much or how little their parents make,

現在，所有的孩童不論貧富，

have a lot of pride.

都能保有自尊。

So what happened?

結果如何呢？

Well, the schools that have implemented this program

有執行這個計畫的學校，

saw an increase in math and reading scores by 17.5 percent.

他們學生的數學與閱讀成績， 提升了17.5%。

17.5 percent.

17.5%。

And research shows that when kids have a consistent, nutritious breakfast,

而研究顯示，當孩童持續地 攝取營養早餐，

their chances of graduating increase by 20 percent.

他們順利畢業的機率提高 20%。

20 percent.

20%。

When we give our kids the nourishment they need,

當我們提供孩童所需的營養，

we give them the chance to thrive,

我們就提供了他們茁壯成長的機會，

both in the classroom and beyond.

不論在校內或校外。

Now, you don't have to trust me on this,

你們可以不買我的帳，

but you should talk to Donna Martin.

但是你們得和唐娜‧瑪汀談談。

I love Donna Martin.

我愛唐娜‧瑪汀。

Donna Martin is the school nutrition director at Burke County

唐娜‧瑪汀在喬治亞州

韋恩斯伯勒的伯克郡 擔任學校的營養主管。

in Waynesboro, Georgia.

Burke County is one of the poorest districts

伯克郡是全美赤貧區的

in the fifth-poorest state in the country,

前五名之一。

and about 100 percent of Donna's students live at or below the poverty line.

唐娜所有的學生都是 生活在貧窮指標以下。

A few years ago,

幾年前，

Donna decided to get out ahead of the new standards that were coming,

唐娜決定帶頭迎接新標準的來臨，

and overhaul her nutrition standards.

重新仔細檢視它的營養標準。

She improved and added fruit and vegetables and whole grains.

她增加了蔬菜、水果與全麥食品。

She served breakfast in the classroom to all of her kids.

她提供所有孩童營養早餐。

And she implemented a dinner program.

她也置入了晚餐計畫。

Why?

為什麼？

Well, many of her kids didn't have dinner when they went home.

許多她的學生回家後， 沒有晚餐可吃。

So how did they respond?

這些孩童覺得如何呢？

Well, the kids loved the food.

他們愛這些食物。

They loved the better nutrition,

他們喜愛較營養的餐點，

and they loved not being hungry.

當然也欣喜不用再餓肚子了。

But Donna's biggest supporter came from an unexpected place.

但是，唐娜的最大贊助者 來自一個出乎意料的人。

His name from Eric Parker,

他的名字是艾力克‧帕爾克。

and he was the head football coach for the Burke County Bears.

他是伯克郡熊隊的足球首席教練。

Now, Coach Parker had coached mediocre teams for years.

現在，帕爾克教練 在一般球隊任教多年。

The Bears often ended in the middle of the pack --

熊隊通常沒能晉級比賽──

a big disappointment in one of the most passionate football states

以一個對足球充滿狂熱的州來說，

in the Union.

是一件憾事。

But the year Donna changed the menus,

但當唐娜改變菜單的那年，

the Bears not only won their division,

熊隊不僅贏得了區賽，

they went on to win the state championship,

更贏得了州際盃的冠軍賽，

beating the Peach County Trojans

以 28 比 14 大勝橘郡的

28-14.

特洛伊人隊。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And Coach Parker,

而帕爾克教練，

he credited that championship to Donna Martin.

他把獲勝的功勞歸於唐娜‧瑪汀。

When we give our kids the basic nourishment,

當我們供給孩子們基本的營養所需，

they're going to thrive.

他們就會茁壯與成長。

And it's not just up to the Cheryl Barbaras

這並非只靠雪若‧芭芭拉

and the Donna Martins of the world.

和唐娜‧瑪汀。

It's on all of us.

而是有賴大家一起來完成。

And feeding our kids the basic nutrition is just the starting point.

讓我們的孩童攝取基本的營養品，

只是個開端。

What I've laid out is really a model

我所提出來的是一個

for so many of the most pressing issues that we face.

大家所面臨眾多急迫性 議題中的例子。

If we focus on the simple goal of properly nourishing ourselves,

假如我們能純粹聚焦在 適當地滋養我們自身，

we could see a world that is more stable and secure;

我們就能看到一個 更穩定與更安全的世界；

we could dramatically improve our economic productivity;

我們能大幅地提升經濟生產力；

we could transform our health care

我們能改善醫療保健，

and we could go a long way

並確保地球能夠永續地供應

in ensuring that the Earth can provide for generations to come.

我們世代子孫所需。

Food is that place where our collective efforts

食物就是我們集眾人之力，

can have the greatest impact.

就能產生巨大成效的項目 。

So we have to ask ourselves: What is the right question?

所以，我們捫心自問： 什麼是對的問題?

What would happen

如果我們攝取更多的營養、 增加更多的永續綠色飲食，

if we fed ourselves more nutritious, more sustainably grown food?

會如何呢 ?

What would be the impact?

會帶來什麼樣的影響呢 ?

Cheryl Barbara,

雪若‧芭芭拉、

Donna Martin,

唐娜‧瑪汀、

Coach Parker and the Burke County Bears --

帕爾克教練與伯克郡的熊隊──

I think they know the answer.

我想他們知道答案。

Thank you guys so very much.

非常謝謝大家。

(Applause)

（掌聲）