An Ode to Envy | Parul Sehgal | TED Talks

192,914 views ・ 2013-10-23

TED


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翻译人员: Daisy Hong 校对人员: Ho Man Li
00:13
So when I was eight years old,
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我八岁的时候,
00:15
a new girl came to join the class,
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班里新来了个女生,
00:17
and she was so impressive,
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她如此引人注目,
00:20
as the new girl always seems to be.
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就像所有新来的女孩那样。
00:23
She had vast quantities of very shiny hair
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她有一大把光泽的秀发
00:25
and a cute little pencil case,
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一个可爱的小文具盒
00:28
super strong on state capitals,
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特别擅长记周分首都名字
00:32
just a great speller.
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在拼写上无人能比
00:34
And I just curdled with jealousy that year,
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那一年我整个人被嫉妒笼罩
00:39
until I hatched my devious plan.
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直到我想出那个邪恶的计划
00:43
So one day I stayed a little late after school,
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有一天我放学后又逗留了一会儿
00:47
a little too late, and I lurked in the girls' bathroom.
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其实留到挺晚的,我一直潜伏在女卫生间
00:51
When the coast was clear, I emerged,
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等时机一到,我就出动了
00:53
crept into the classroom,
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潜入教室
00:55
and took from my teacher's desk the grade book.
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从老师桌子上拿了分数册
00:59
And then I did it.
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然后我的阴谋得逞了——
01:01
I fiddled with my rival's grades,
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我篡改了我对手的分数
01:04
just a little, just demoted some of those A's.
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只改了一点,就是把某些A等降级了
01:07
All of those A's. (Laughter)
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好吧,其实是所有的A(笑声)
01:10
And I got ready to return the book to the drawer,
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当我准备把册子放回抽屉时
01:13
when hang on, some of my other classmates
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不过等等!其他有些同学的分数
01:16
had appallingly good grades too.
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也高得令人发指!
01:20
So, in a frenzy,
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于是,由于一时的疯狂错乱
01:22
I corrected everybody's marks,
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我改了所有人的分数
01:24
not imaginatively.
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但方式并没什么创造性
01:26
I gave everybody a row of D's
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我给了所有人一行的D等分
01:28
and I gave myself a row of A's,
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然后给自己一行A
01:31
just because I was there, you know, might as well.
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因为我已经在这了,倒不如做得彻底些
01:34
And I am still baffled by my behavior.
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我现在还难以理解我的行为
01:40
I don't understand where the idea came from.
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我不理解这主意是从哪儿冒出来的
01:42
I don't understand why I felt so great doing it.
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我不懂为什么这样做时居然很爽
01:45
I felt great.
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我当时感觉棒极了
01:47
I don't understand why I was never caught.
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我也不明白为啥我从未被发现
01:50
I mean, it should have been so blatantly obvious.
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我是说,这件事做得如此明显
01:51
I was never caught.
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我居然没被发现!
01:52
But most of all, I am baffled by,
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但重要的是,我为何如此在乎
01:55
why did it bother me so much
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这个女孩,这个身材瘦小的小女孩
01:56
that this little girl, this tiny little girl,
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那么擅长于拼写?
01:58
was so good at spelling?
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这点一直让我困惑
02:00
Jealousy baffles me.
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嫉妒让我困惑
02:02
It's so mysterious, and it's so pervasive.
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它如此神秘,无处不在
02:05
We know babies suffer from jealousy.
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我们知道婴儿们受嫉妒之苦
02:08
We know primates do. Bluebirds are actually very prone.
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也知道灵长类动物会嫉妒,蓝知更鸟极易嫉妒
02:11
We know that jealousy is the number one cause
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我们知道嫉妒是美国配偶谋杀的
02:15
of spousal murder in the United States.
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罪魁祸首
02:18
And yet, I have never read a study
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但我却从未读到一篇研究
02:21
that can parse to me its loneliness
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能够解释“嫉妒”的寂寞
02:24
or its longevity or its grim thrill.
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它的长久存在,或它的残酷刺激
02:29
For that, we have to go to fiction,
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为了理解它,我们不得不看小说
02:31
because the novel is the lab
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因为小说是一个实验室
02:34
that has studied jealousy
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能研究“嫉妒”的
02:35
in every possible configuration.
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所有可能的形态
02:37
In fact, I don't know if it's an exaggeration to say
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其实,我不知道这样说是不是夸张:
02:41
that if we didn't have jealousy,
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如果我们没有嫉妒
02:43
would we even have literature?
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我们会有文学吗?
02:45
Well no faithless Helen, no "Odyssey."
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如果没有不忠的海伦,就没有《奥德赛》
02:49
No jealous king, no "Arabian Nights."
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没有心怀妒忌的国王,就没有《一千零一夜》
02:52
No Shakespeare.
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也不会有莎士比亚
02:55
There goes high school reading lists,
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我们高中都有阅读书单
02:57
because we're losing "Sound and the Fury,"
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因为我们正在失去《喧嚣与骚动》
02:59
we're losing "Gatsby," "Sun Also Rises,"
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正在失去《了不起的盖茨比》《太阳照常升起》
03:01
we're losing "Madame Bovary," "Anna K."
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正在失去《包法利夫人》《安娜·卡列琳娜》
03:05
No jealousy, no Proust. And now, I mean,
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没有嫉妒,就没有普鲁斯特。现在我是说
03:08
I know it's fashionable to say that Proust
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我知道人们总爱说
03:09
has the answers to everything,
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普鲁斯特什么都知道
03:11
but in the case of jealousy,
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但说到嫉妒这件事
03:14
he kind of does.
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他确实比较懂
03:16
This year is the centennial of his masterpiece, "In Search of Lost Time,"
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今年是他的巨著《追忆似水年华》一百周年
03:20
and it's the most exhaustive study of sexual jealousy
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这部作品是对性嫉妒最透彻的研究
03:24
and just regular competitiveness, my brand,
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还包括我们可以想到的常见的竞争性
03:27
that we can hope to have. (Laughter)
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也就是我在行的那种(笑声)
03:29
And we think about Proust, we think
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当我们想到普鲁斯特
03:32
about the sentimental bits, right?
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我们会想到那些情感细节对吧?
03:33
We think about a little boy trying to get to sleep.
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我们想到一个小男孩正要入梦
03:35
We think about a madeleine moistened in lavender tea.
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想到一块玛德琳蛋糕泡在薰衣草茶中
03:39
We forget how harsh his vision was.
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我们却忘了他的眼光多么犀利
03:41
We forget how pitiless he is.
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他多么冷酷无情
03:43
I mean, these are books that Virginia Woolf said
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这些书在弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫看来
03:45
were tough as cat gut.
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跟猫的肠子一样硬
03:48
I don't know what cat gut is,
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我不知道猫肠是什么
03:50
but let's assume it's formidable.
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不过我们就假设它坚如顽石吧
03:53
Let's look at why they go so well together,
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我们来看看这些因素为何走在一起会如此合拍。
03:56
the novel and jealousy, jealousy and Proust.
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小说和嫉妒,嫉妒和普鲁斯特
04:00
Is it something as obvious as that jealousy,
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妒忌归结到人,欲望,阻碍
04:03
which boils down into person, desire, impediment,
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成为一个如此牢固的叙事基础
04:06
is such a solid narrative foundation?
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是不是非常明显?
04:11
I don't know. I think it cuts very close to the bone,
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我不知道。我认为它极大地触动我们的敏感神经
04:14
because let's think about what happens
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因为只需想想当我们嫉妒时
04:16
when we feel jealous.
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会发生什么
04:17
When we feel jealous, we tell ourselves a story.
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当我们感到嫉妒时,我们会给自己编个故事
04:21
We tell ourselves a story about other people's lives,
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讲述一个关于他人生活的故事
04:26
and these stories make us feel terrible
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这些故事让我们感觉很糟糕
04:28
because they're designed to make us feel terrible.
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因为它们本来就是为了让我们难受的
04:31
As the teller of the tale and the audience,
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我们自己作为故事的讲者与观众
04:33
we know just what details to include,
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明确知道要加入哪些细节
04:35
to dig that knife in. Right?
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从哪插入致命一刀。对吗?
04:39
Jealousy makes us all amateur novelists,
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嫉妒让我们都成为业余小说家
04:42
and this is something Proust understood.
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而这一点普鲁斯特能明白
04:44
In the first volume, Swann's Way,
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在第一卷,《去斯万家那边》
04:47
the series of books,
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这是一系列作品中的一部
04:49
Swann, one of the main characters,
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斯万是主要人物之一
04:51
is thinking very fondly of his mistress
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正思念他的情人
04:54
and how great she is in bed,
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想着她在床上多棒
04:56
and suddenly, in the course of a few sentences,
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突然,在几句话中间
04:59
and these are Proustian sentences,
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还有,这些都是普鲁斯特式的句子
05:01
so they're long as rivers,
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所以它们长得像河
05:02
but in the course of a few sentences,
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但是就在这几句中间
05:04
he suddenly recoils and he realizes,
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斯万猛然一惊,他意识到
05:07
"Hang on, everything I love about this woman,
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“等等,这个女人身上我爱的一切
05:10
somebody else would love about this woman.
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也会是别人可能爱上她的理由
05:14
Everything that she does that gives me pleasure
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所有她所做的令我快乐的事
05:17
could be giving somebody else pleasure,
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也会给别人快乐
05:19
maybe right about now."
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或许这会儿就在发生呢。”
05:21
And this is the story he starts to tell himself,
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这就是他开始给自己编织的故事
05:24
and from then on, Proust writes that
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然后,普鲁斯特写道
05:26
every fresh charm Swann detects in his mistress,
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斯万每发现他情人的一种新魅力
05:29
he adds to his "collection of instruments
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就加进他“性虐密室中的
05:31
in his private torture chamber."
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一系列工具”中
05:35
Now Swann and Proust, we have to admit,
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现在我们不得不承认,斯万和普鲁斯特
05:37
were notoriously jealous.
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两人的嫉妒心臭名昭著
05:39
You know, Proust's boyfriends would have to leave
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知道吗,普鲁斯特的男朋友们若要跟他分手
05:41
the country if they wanted to break up with him.
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就不得不逃离这个国家
05:43
But you don't have to be that jealous
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但是你不需要那么嫉妒
05:46
to concede that it's hard work. Right?
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才会承认嫉妒的确不容易,对吧?
05:49
Jealousy is exhausting.
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嫉妒让人身心俱疲
05:51
It's a hungry emotion. It must be fed.
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它是一种饥渴的情感,必须得到满足
05:54
And what does jealousy like?
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嫉妒喜欢什么呢?
05:56
Jealousy likes information.
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嫉妒喜欢信息
05:59
Jealousy likes details.
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喜欢细节
06:02
Jealousy likes the vast quantities of shiny hair,
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喜欢一大把光泽的秀发
06:05
the cute little pencil case.
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可爱的文具盒
06:07
Jealousy likes photos.
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嫉妒喜欢照片
06:09
That's why Instagram is such a hit. (Laughter)
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这也是Instagram这么火的原因(笑声)
06:12
Proust actually links the language of scholarship and jealousy.
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普鲁斯特其实将学术语言与嫉妒的语言相联
06:16
When Swann is in his jealous throes,
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当斯万挣扎在他的嫉妒中
06:19
and suddenly he's listening at doorways
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突然他就开始站在门口偷听
06:21
and bribing his mistress' servants,
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开始贿赂他情人的佣人
06:23
he defends these behaviors.
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他为这些行为辩护
06:24
He says, "You know, look, I know you think this is repugnant,
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他说:“瞧,我知道你觉得这令人讨厌,
06:27
but it is no different
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但这与诠释一篇古文
06:29
from interpreting an ancient text
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或看着一座纪念碑
06:31
or looking at a monument."
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没什么两样。”
06:33
He says, "They are scientific investigations
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他说:“这些是科学的调查,
06:35
with real intellectual value."
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有真正的知识价值。”
06:38
Proust is trying to show us that jealousy
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普鲁斯特试图告诉我们
06:40
feels intolerable and makes us look absurd,
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嫉妒让人难以忍受,让我们看起来荒谬
06:43
but it is, at its crux, a quest for knowledge,
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但在其关键之处,是一种对知识的追求
06:48
a quest for truth, painful truth,
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对令人痛心的真理的追求
06:51
and actually, where Proust is concerned,
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事实上,就普鲁斯特而言
06:53
the more painful the truth, the better.
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真理越令人痛苦越好
06:56
Grief, humiliation, loss:
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悲伤,耻辱,丧失:
07:01
These were the avenues to wisdom for Proust.
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这些都是通往普林斯特智慧的路
07:04
He says, "A woman whom we need,
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他说:“一个我们需要的女人,一个让我们痛苦的女人
07:08
who makes us suffer, elicits from us
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引发了我们全部的情感
07:11
a gamut of feelings far more profound and vital
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远比一个让我们感兴趣的天才所能有的
07:14
than a man of genius who interests us."
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更加深刻和致命。”
07:18
Is he telling us to just go and find cruel women?
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他是在告诉我们去找残忍的女人吗?
07:21
No. I think he's trying to say
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不。我想他是说
07:24
that jealousy reveals us to ourselves.
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嫉妒让我们看清自己
07:27
And does any other emotion crack us open
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有没有其他情感也能以这种特别的方式
07:30
in this particular way?
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让我们发掘自己?
07:32
Does any other emotion reveal to us
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其他情感会不会让我们看到
07:34
our aggression and our hideous ambition
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自己的敌意,自己丑恶的企图心
07:37
and our entitlement?
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和自己所应得的?
07:40
Does any other emotion teach us to look
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其他情感能不能教会我们
07:42
with such peculiar intensity?
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如此独特而透彻地看待世界?
07:46
Freud would write about this later.
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弗洛伊德不久后就写道这一点
07:48
One day, Freud was visited
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有一天,一位心神不宁的青年拜访弗洛伊德
07:50
by this very anxious young man who was consumed
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这个青年认为他妻子背叛了他
07:52
with the thought of his wife cheating on him.
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并因此心力憔悴
07:55
And Freud says, it's something strange about this guy,
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弗洛伊德觉得这个家伙有点诡异
07:57
because he's not looking at what his wife is doing.
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因为他并没有真正关注他妻子做了什么
07:59
Because she's blameless; everybody knows it.
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因为他妻子是清白的,大家都知道
08:01
The poor creature is just
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这个可怜的家伙只是
08:02
under suspicion for no cause.
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毫无缘由地怀疑着
08:04
But he's looking for things that his wife is doing
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但他却在寻找他妻子的一些
08:07
without noticing, unintentional behaviors.
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无意识的、纯属无意的举动
08:10
Is she smiling too brightly here,
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她是不是笑得太灿烂了
08:12
or did she accidentally brush up against a man there?
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或者,她真是无意中碰到了那个男人吗?
08:15
[Freud] says that the man is becoming
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弗洛伊德说这个男人正在变成
08:18
the custodian of his wife's unconscious.
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他妻子无意识行为的看守人
08:22
The novel is very good on this point.
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小说关于这点写得很好
08:24
The novel is very good at describing how jealousy
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该小说很善于描述嫉妒是如何训练我们
08:27
trains us to look with intensity but not accuracy.
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极端地看问题,却不是准确性
08:31
In fact, the more intensely jealous we are,
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其实,我们的嫉妒越强烈
08:35
the more we become residents of fantasy.
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我们会越频繁地幻想
08:38
And this is why, I think, jealousy doesn't
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所以我认为嫉妒不仅仅
08:41
just provoke us to do violent things
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引诱我们去做暴力的事
08:43
or illegal things.
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或非法的事
08:45
Jealousy prompts us to behave in ways
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嫉妒会促使我们的行为
08:48
that are wildly inventive.
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变得异常极端
08:50
Now I'm thinking of myself at eight, I concede,
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我承认我想到了八岁时候的自己
08:52
but I'm also thinking of this story I heard on the news.
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但我也想到了在新闻上看到的一个故事
08:56
A 52-year-old Michigan woman was caught
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密歇根一个52岁的妇女被发现
09:00
creating a fake Facebook account
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注册一个虚假Facebook账户
09:03
from which she sent vile, hideous messages
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并用该账户对自己发送了
09:07
to herself for a year.
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一年的恶意消息
09:11
For a year. A year.
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一年。整整一年。
09:13
And she was trying to frame
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她还试图陷害
09:15
her ex-boyfriend's new girlfriend,
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她前男友的现任女友
09:17
and I have to confess when I heard this,
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我必须承认当我听到这时
09:21
I just reacted with admiration.
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我的反应是对她钦佩
09:23
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
09:24
Because, I mean, let's be real.
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因为,我想说,大家面对现实吧
09:27
What immense, if misplaced, creativity. Right?
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多么有创造力啊!只不过用错了地方,不是么?
09:31
This is something from a novel.
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这事来源于小说
09:34
This is something from a Patricia Highsmith novel.
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一部派翠西亚·海史密斯的小说
09:37
Now Highsmith is a particular favorite of mine.
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海史密斯是我特别喜爱的作家
09:39
She is the very brilliant and bizarre woman of American letters.
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她是美国文学史上非常杰出而又奇诡的一位
09:43
She's the author of "Strangers on a Train"
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她是《火车怪客》和
09:45
and "The Talented Mr. Ripley,"
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《天才里普利先生》的作者
09:47
books that are all about how jealousy,
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这些书都是关于嫉妒如何
09:51
it muddles our minds,
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让我们思维混乱
09:52
and once we're in the sphere, in that realm of jealousy,
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而且一旦我们进入了嫉妒的领域
09:55
the membrane between what is and what could be
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真实性和可能性之间的薄膜
10:01
can be pierced in an instant.
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瞬间就被刺穿
10:04
Take Tom Ripley, her most famous character.
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例如汤姆·里普利,她作品里最著名的人物
10:06
Now, Tom Ripley goes from wanting you
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里普利一开始想要你
10:09
or wanting what you have
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或想要你所拥有的
10:11
to being you and having what you once had,
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然后又想成为你,并拥有你曾经拥有的
10:14
and you're under the floorboards,
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你被关在地下室
10:16
he's answering to your name,
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他应答着你的名字
10:17
he's wearing your rings,
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戴着你的戒指
10:19
emptying your bank account.
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花光你的银行账户
10:21
That's one way to go.
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这是一条路
10:23
But what do we do? We can't go the Tom Ripley route.
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但我们怎么做呢?我们不能重复里普利的路
10:27
I can't give the world D's,
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我不能给这个世界带来巨大变化
10:29
as much as I would really like to, some days.
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即便我愿意有一天这点能实现
10:32
And it's a pity, because we live in envious times.
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这很遗憾,因为我们生活在羡慕的时代
10:35
We live in jealous times.
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我们生活在嫉妒的时代
10:38
I mean, we're all good citizens of social media,
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我是说,我们都是社交媒体的好公民
10:40
aren't we, where the currency is envy?
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在那里嫉妒是一种潮流,不是吗?
10:43
Does the novel show us a way out? I'm not sure.
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小说能给我们解决办法吗?我不确定
10:48
So let's do what characters always do when they're not sure,
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那我们就来学学小说人物吧,看他们在遇到难解之事
10:51
when they are in possession of a mystery.
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且不确定时是怎么做的
10:53
Let's go to 221B Baker Street
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让我们回到贝克街221B号
10:56
and ask for Sherlock Holmes.
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问问夏洛克·福尔摩斯
10:58
When people think of Holmes,
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当人们想到福尔摩斯
11:00
they think of his nemesis being Professor Moriarty,
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就会想到他的对手莫里亚蒂教授
11:03
right, this criminal mastermind.
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这个犯罪天才
11:06
But I've always preferred [Inspector] Lestrade,
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但我一直更喜欢警探雷斯垂德
11:08
who is the rat-faced head of Scotland Yard
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一副阴险面孔的苏格兰场头子
11:11
who needs Holmes desperately,
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他非常需要福尔摩斯
11:13
needs Holmes' genius, but resents him.
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需要他的智慧,但憎恨他
11:15
Oh, it's so familiar to me.
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哦,我对这再熟悉不过了
11:17
So Lestrade needs his help, resents him,
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雷斯垂德需要他的帮助,同时憎恨他
11:21
and sort of seethes with bitterness over the course of the mysteries.
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在神秘案件的侦破中,总是恼火又苦闷
11:24
But as they work together, something starts to change,
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但他们一起工作使得有些事开始改变
11:28
and finally in "The Adventure of the Six Napoleons,"
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最终在“六个拿破仑”的案子中
11:31
once Holmes comes in, dazzles everybody with his solution,
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福尔摩斯一登场,他的智慧就让所有人惊艳
11:35
Lestrade turns to Holmes and he says,
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雷斯垂德转向福尔摩斯对他说:
11:38
"We're not jealous of you, Mr. Holmes.
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“福尔摩斯先生,我们不嫉妒你,
11:43
We're proud of you."
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我们为你骄傲。”
11:46
And he says that there's not a man at Scotland Yard
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还说,苏格兰场里没有人会不愿意
11:48
who wouldn't want to shake Sherlock Holmes' hand.
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与福尔摩斯握手
11:51
It's one of the few times we see Holmes moved
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这是少数几次我们看到福尔摩斯
11:54
in the mysteries, and I find it very moving,
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在探案时被感动,我也很受感动
11:56
this little scene, but it's also mysterious, right?
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这个情节也很神秘不是吗?
11:59
It seems to treat jealousy
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这好像把嫉妒看做
12:01
as a problem of geometry, not emotion.
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一个几何问题,而不是情感
12:04
You know, one minute Holmes is on the other side from Lestrade.
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这一分钟,福尔摩斯站在雷斯垂德对立面
12:06
The next minute they're on the same side.
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下一分钟他们站在同一边
12:08
Suddenly, Lestrade is letting himself
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突然间,雷斯垂德允许自己
12:10
admire this mind that he's resented.
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来仰慕这个他曾憎恶的人
12:13
Could it be so simple though?
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不过难道如此简单吗?
12:15
What if jealousy really is a matter of geometry,
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如果嫉妒真的是一个几何问题改怎么办,
12:18
just a matter of where we allow ourselves to stand
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一个关于我们如何选择
12:22
in relation to another?
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与他人关系的立场的问题?
12:24
Well, maybe then we wouldn't have to resent
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或许到那时,我们不会再憎恨
12:26
somebody's excellence.
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某人的才华
12:28
We could align ourselves with it.
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我们会努力追赶
12:31
But I like contingency plans.
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但我喜欢应急计划
12:33
So while we wait for that to happen,
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所以当我们等待那一刻到来时
12:36
let us remember that we have fiction for consolation.
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我们要记住,我们还有小说作为慰藉
12:38
Fiction alone demystifies jealousy.
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小说就已经将嫉妒阐明
12:41
Fiction alone domesticates it,
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小说将嫉妒驯化
12:43
invites it to the table.
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将它请上餐桌
12:45
And look who it gathers:
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看看它把谁都叫来了:
12:47
sweet Lestrade, terrifying Tom Ripley,
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可爱的雷斯垂德,可怕的汤姆·里普利
12:51
crazy Swann, Marcel Proust himself.
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疯狂的斯万,还有马塞尔·普鲁斯特自己
12:55
We are in excellent company.
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我们有如此优秀的伙伴
12:57
Thank you.
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谢谢大家
12:59
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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