An Ode to Envy | Parul Sehgal | TED Talks

192,914 views ・ 2013-10-23

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譯者: William Choi 審譯者: Willy Feng
00:13
So when I was eight years old,
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當我八歲的時候,
00:15
a new girl came to join the class,
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班裡來了位新的女同學,
00:17
and she was so impressive,
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她是那麼令人印象深刻,
00:20
as the new girl always seems to be.
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好像新來的女生應該就是那樣的。
00:23
She had vast quantities of very shiny hair
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她的秀髮豐盈且有光澤,
00:25
and a cute little pencil case,
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她有一個小巧玲瓏的文具盒,
00:28
super strong on state capitals,
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家境豐厚,
00:32
just a great speller.
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出色的拼寫能力。
00:34
And I just curdled with jealousy that year,
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那年我心中一直嫉妒氣得發抖,
00:39
until I hatched my devious plan.
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直至我策劃了一個陰謀。
00:43
So one day I stayed a little late after school,
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有一天,我放學後在學校留了一陣子,
00:47
a little too late, and I lurked in the girls' bathroom.
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確實有點兒晚,而我躲藏在女廁所,
00:51
When the coast was clear, I emerged,
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當學校沒有人之後,我就溜了出來,
00:53
crept into the classroom,
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悄悄地潛入教室,
00:55
and took from my teacher's desk the grade book.
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從老師桌子上拿到了成績紀錄簿,
00:59
And then I did it.
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我真的這樣做了,
01:01
I fiddled with my rival's grades,
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我竄改了競爭對手的成績,
01:04
just a little, just demoted some of those A's.
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只是改了一點點,把一些 A 降級,
01:07
All of those A's. (Laughter)
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其實是所有的 A 。(笑聲)
01:10
And I got ready to return the book to the drawer,
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當我準備要把那本紀錄簿放回抽屜時,
01:13
when hang on, some of my other classmates
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等等,同班的其他同學
01:16
had appallingly good grades too.
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也有令人震驚的好成績。
01:20
So, in a frenzy,
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於是,在狂亂中,
01:22
I corrected everybody's marks,
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我改了每個人的分數
01:24
not imaginatively.
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不是假想的。
01:26
I gave everybody a row of D's
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我給每個人一整行 D ,
01:28
and I gave myself a row of A's,
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之後給自己一整行 A ,
01:31
just because I was there, you know, might as well.
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只是因為我在那裡, 你知道啦,你也會這樣做的。
01:34
And I am still baffled by my behavior.
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我現在仍然對自己的行為感到不解。
01:40
I don't understand where the idea came from.
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我不知道這樣的意念是從哪兒來的。
01:42
I don't understand why I felt so great doing it.
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我不知道為什麼這樣做會感到爽快。
01:45
I felt great.
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我感覺很棒。
01:47
I don't understand why I was never caught.
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我不知道為什麼從來沒被抓到。
01:50
I mean, it should have been so blatantly obvious.
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我是說,這應該是顯而易見吧。
01:51
I was never caught.
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我一直沒被抓到。
01:52
But most of all, I am baffled by,
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但最重要的,讓我覺得難解的是,
01:55
why did it bother me so much
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為什麼這位個子小小的女孩,
01:56
that this little girl, this tiny little girl,
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如此擅長於拼寫,
01:58
was so good at spelling?
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會讓我覺得十分困擾?
02:00
Jealousy baffles me.
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嫉妒令我感到困惑。
02:02
It's so mysterious, and it's so pervasive.
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它是如此神秘,又是如此無孔不入。
02:05
We know babies suffer from jealousy.
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我們知道嬰兒們會嫉妒。
02:08
We know primates do. Bluebirds are actually very prone.
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我們知道靈長類動物也會。 藍色知更鳥事實上也非常易妒。
02:11
We know that jealousy is the number one cause
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我們知道在美國嫉妒是
02:15
of spousal murder in the United States.
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配偶謀殺案之頭號原因。
02:18
And yet, I have never read a study
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然而,我從沒讀過一項研究
02:21
that can parse to me its loneliness
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可以解析它的孤寂
02:24
or its longevity or its grim thrill.
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它的期限,或者它的嚴峻挑戰。
02:29
For that, we have to go to fiction,
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就是因為這點,我們必須看小說,
02:31
because the novel is the lab
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因為小說是個
02:34
that has studied jealousy
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在每一個合理的佈局下
02:35
in every possible configuration.
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來研究嫉妒的實驗室。
02:37
In fact, I don't know if it's an exaggeration to say
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事實上,我不知道這樣說是否太誇張,
02:41
that if we didn't have jealousy,
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如果我們沒有嫉妒心,
02:43
would we even have literature?
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那還會有文學嗎?
02:45
Well no faithless Helen, no "Odyssey."
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沒有不貞的海倫, 就沒有《奧德賽》。
02:49
No jealous king, no "Arabian Nights."
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沒有易妒的國王,就沒有《天方夜譚》,
02:52
No Shakespeare.
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也沒有莎士比亞。
02:55
There goes high school reading lists,
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讓我們看看高中的閱讀書目,
02:57
because we're losing "Sound and the Fury,"
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因為我們錯失了《喧嘩與騷動》,
02:59
we're losing "Gatsby," "Sun Also Rises,"
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我們錯失了《大享小傳》、《太陽照常升起》
03:01
we're losing "Madame Bovary," "Anna K."
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《包法利夫人》、《安娜.卡列妮娜》
03:05
No jealousy, no Proust. And now, I mean,
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沒有嫉妒,就沒有普魯斯特。我的意思是, (註:普魯斯特是法國小說家)
03:08
I know it's fashionable to say that Proust
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說「普魯斯特的小說包含所有的答案」
03:09
has the answers to everything,
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是一個時尚的說法,
03:11
but in the case of jealousy,
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但是就忌妒這方面來說,
03:14
he kind of does.
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他又好似有解析。
03:16
This year is the centennial of his masterpiece, "In Search of Lost Time,"
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今年是他的代表作《追憶似水年華》一百週年,
03:20
and it's the most exhaustive study of sexual jealousy
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這是有關由愛生妒最詳盡的研究,
03:24
and just regular competitiveness, my brand,
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和我們希望擁有的
03:27
that we can hope to have. (Laughter)
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正規競爭、舉止。(笑聲)
03:29
And we think about Proust, we think
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當我們想到普魯斯特,我們想到
03:32
about the sentimental bits, right?
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有關多愁善感的細節,對嗎?
03:33
We think about a little boy trying to get to sleep.
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我們想到一個正嘗試進入夢鄉的小男孩。
03:35
We think about a madeleine moistened in lavender tea.
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一塊蘸著薰衣草茶的瑪德蓮蛋糕。
03:39
We forget how harsh his vision was.
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我們忘記他的願景是如此的惡劣,
03:41
We forget how pitiless he is.
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忘記他是多麼的冷酷無情。
03:43
I mean, these are books that Virginia Woolf said
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我的意思是,這些書,正如維吉尼亞.吳爾芙所說的, (註:維吉尼亞.吳爾芙是英國小說家)
03:45
were tough as cat gut.
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如羊腸線般一樣堅韌。
03:48
I don't know what cat gut is,
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我不知道什麼是羊腸線,
03:50
but let's assume it's formidable.
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但讓我們假設它是難以對付的。
03:53
Let's look at why they go so well together,
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讓我們看看他們能走在一起的原因,
03:56
the novel and jealousy, jealousy and Proust.
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小說和嫉妒、嫉妒和普魯斯特,
04:00
Is it something as obvious as that jealousy,
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是否某些東西像那個嫉妒一樣明顯,
04:03
which boils down into person, desire, impediment,
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這歸結為人、 欲望、 障礙,
04:06
is such a solid narrative foundation?
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是如此實在的敘事基礎嗎?
04:11
I don't know. I think it cuts very close to the bone,
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我不知道。我想這已經非常接近事實。
04:14
because let's think about what happens
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因為,讓我們想想
04:16
when we feel jealous.
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當我們感到嫉妒時會發生的事情。
04:17
When we feel jealous, we tell ourselves a story.
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當我們感到嫉妒時,我們會告訴自己一個故事。
04:21
We tell ourselves a story about other people's lives,
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我們告訴自己一個有關其他人生活的故事,
04:26
and these stories make us feel terrible
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這些故事會使我們覺得可怕
04:28
because they're designed to make us feel terrible.
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因為它們設計到使我們感到可怕。
04:31
As the teller of the tale and the audience,
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作為敘事者以及聽眾,
04:33
we know just what details to include,
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我們知道包括哪些細節,
04:35
to dig that knife in. Right?
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要掏那把刀,對吧?
04:39
Jealousy makes us all amateur novelists,
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嫉妒讓所有人成為業餘小說家,
04:42
and this is something Proust understood.
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而這是普魯斯特理解的東西。
04:44
In the first volume, Swann's Way,
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在第一卷「在斯萬家那邊」, (註:《追憶似水年華》的第一卷)
04:47
the series of books,
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這系列的書籍,
04:49
Swann, one of the main characters,
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斯萬是其中一個主角,
04:51
is thinking very fondly of his mistress
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常常十分深情地想著情婦,
04:54
and how great she is in bed,
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和她在床上是多麼的棒,
04:56
and suddenly, in the course of a few sentences,
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突然間,在幾個句子中,
04:59
and these are Proustian sentences,
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而這些都是普魯斯特的句子,
05:01
so they're long as rivers,
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所以它們像河流一樣長,
05:02
but in the course of a few sentences,
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但在幾個句子中,
05:04
he suddenly recoils and he realizes,
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他突然往後跳回並意識到,
05:07
"Hang on, everything I love about this woman,
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「等會兒,我對這個女人所愛的一切
05:10
somebody else would love about this woman.
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別人都會喜歡。
05:14
Everything that she does that gives me pleasure
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她所做的的一切使我快樂,
05:17
could be giving somebody else pleasure,
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也都有可能使別人快樂,
05:19
maybe right about now."
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也許就是現在。」
05:21
And this is the story he starts to tell himself,
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這是他開始告訴自己的故事,
05:24
and from then on, Proust writes that
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從那時起,普魯斯特寫道,
05:26
every fresh charm Swann detects in his mistress,
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任何一個斯萬發現他情婦身上的鮮活魅力,
05:29
he adds to his "collection of instruments
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他都會把這些加到他的
05:31
in his private torture chamber."
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「私人折磨寢室裡的工具收藏間」。
05:35
Now Swann and Proust, we have to admit,
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現在我們不得不承認,斯萬和普魯斯特
05:37
were notoriously jealous.
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是臭名遠揚地嫉妒著。
05:39
You know, Proust's boyfriends would have to leave
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如果普魯斯特的男朋友們要和他分手
05:41
the country if they wanted to break up with him.
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他們就會出國去。
05:43
But you don't have to be that jealous
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但你不一定要那麼嫉妒
05:46
to concede that it's hard work. Right?
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去承認它是艱苦的工作,對吧?
05:49
Jealousy is exhausting.
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嫉妒令人太累了。
05:51
It's a hungry emotion. It must be fed.
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它是個飢餓的情緒。它必須被填滿。
05:54
And what does jealousy like?
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而嫉妒是像什麼樣的呢?
05:56
Jealousy likes information.
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嫉妒就好像資訊。
05:59
Jealousy likes details.
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嫉妒就好像細節。
06:02
Jealousy likes the vast quantities of shiny hair,
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嫉妒就好像那些濃密閃亮的頭髮,
06:05
the cute little pencil case.
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那個可愛的小小鉛筆盒。
06:07
Jealousy likes photos.
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嫉妒就好像照片。
06:09
That's why Instagram is such a hit. (Laughter)
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這就是 Instagram 如此受歡迎的原因。(笑聲) (註:Instagram 是手機上著名的照相app)
06:12
Proust actually links the language of scholarship and jealousy.
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事實上,普魯斯特把 學術上的語言和嫉妒連結起來。
06:16
When Swann is in his jealous throes,
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當斯萬在他的嫉妒中陣痛時,
06:19
and suddenly he's listening at doorways
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突然之間他會在門口偷聽
06:21
and bribing his mistress' servants,
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和賄賂他情婦的服務生,
06:23
he defends these behaviors.
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而他為這些行為進行辯護。
06:24
He says, "You know, look, I know you think this is repugnant,
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他說:「你看看,我知道你會覺得這是令人厭惡,
06:27
but it is no different
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但這和解讀古代文字比較
06:29
from interpreting an ancient text
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或注目看著一座紀念碑
06:31
or looking at a monument."
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並沒有什麼不同。」
06:33
He says, "They are scientific investigations
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他說:「他們是真正有理智能力的
06:35
with real intellectual value."
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科學探索。」
06:38
Proust is trying to show us that jealousy
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普魯斯特想要告訴我們
06:40
feels intolerable and makes us look absurd,
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嫉妒是不能容忍的,以及令我們顯得很可笑,
06:43
but it is, at its crux, a quest for knowledge,
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但是,在其癥結所在中,它是一個對知識的追求,
06:48
a quest for truth, painful truth,
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一個對真相的尋求,對痛苦真相的尋求,
06:51
and actually, where Proust is concerned,
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實際上,普魯斯特所關注的是
06:53
the more painful the truth, the better.
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越痛苦的真相越好。
06:56
Grief, humiliation, loss:
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悲傷,羞辱,遺失:
07:01
These were the avenues to wisdom for Proust.
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對普魯斯特來說, 這些都是往智慧之門的途徑。
07:04
He says, "A woman whom we need,
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他說:「那個我們需要的女人
07:08
who makes us suffer, elicits from us
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那個讓我們痛苦的女人,所誘發的情感
07:11
a gamut of feelings far more profound and vital
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比一位我們感興趣的天才所激發的
07:14
than a man of genius who interests us."
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來得更深遠和更重要。」
07:18
Is he telling us to just go and find cruel women?
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他是否告訴我們 只是去找的那些殘酷的女人嗎?
07:21
No. I think he's trying to say
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不,我想他想說的是
07:24
that jealousy reveals us to ourselves.
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嫉妒向我們揭示了我們自己。
07:27
And does any other emotion crack us open
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是否有其它情感用這種特定的方式
07:30
in this particular way?
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剖開我們?
07:32
Does any other emotion reveal to us
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是否其他情感透露了給我們有關
07:34
our aggression and our hideous ambition
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我們的攻擊性,我們醜陋的雄心
07:37
and our entitlement?
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和我們的權位?
07:40
Does any other emotion teach us to look
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是否其他情感教了我們
07:42
with such peculiar intensity?
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以那種奇特的強度去看世界?
07:46
Freud would write about this later.
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後來,弗洛伊德對此下筆。
07:48
One day, Freud was visited
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有一天,
07:50
by this very anxious young man who was consumed
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一位很著急的年輕人拜訪弗洛伊德
07:52
with the thought of his wife cheating on him.
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他滿腦子認為他妻子背叛他。
07:55
And Freud says, it's something strange about this guy,
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弗洛伊德說,這傢伙有點奇怪,
07:57
because he's not looking at what his wife is doing.
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因為他不是看著他的妻子在做什麼。
07:59
Because she's blameless; everybody knows it.
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因為大家都知道她是清白的 。
08:01
The poor creature is just
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那個可憐的生物只是
08:02
under suspicion for no cause.
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沒由來地懷疑。
08:04
But he's looking for things that his wife is doing
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而他在觀察他的妻子
08:07
without noticing, unintentional behaviors.
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沒有留心的無意識行為。
08:10
Is she smiling too brightly here,
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是否她在這裡微笑得太開懷,
08:12
or did she accidentally brush up against a man there?
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或者是否她巧恰地在某個男人前掃地?
08:15
[Freud] says that the man is becoming
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[弗洛伊德] 說這位男子正變成
08:18
the custodian of his wife's unconscious.
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他妻子之無意識的守護人。
08:22
The novel is very good on this point.
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小說在這點上很棒。
08:24
The novel is very good at describing how jealousy
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這本小說很正點地描述了嫉妒是如何
08:27
trains us to look with intensity but not accuracy.
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鍛鍊我們強有力但不準確的去看待事情。
08:31
In fact, the more intensely jealous we are,
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事實上,我們嫉妒得越強,
08:35
the more we become residents of fantasy.
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我們越成為幻想的居民。
08:38
And this is why, I think, jealousy doesn't
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其原因是,我認為,嫉妒不單是
08:41
just provoke us to do violent things
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挑起我們做暴力的事
08:43
or illegal things.
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或違法的事,
08:45
Jealousy prompts us to behave in ways
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嫉妒還促使我們
08:48
that are wildly inventive.
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狂野般的創新行為。
08:50
Now I'm thinking of myself at eight, I concede,
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現在我回想八歲的自己,我承認,
08:52
but I'm also thinking of this story I heard on the news.
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但我也同時想著我在新聞聽到的故事,
08:56
A 52-year-old Michigan woman was caught
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一個 52 歲密西根州女子被抓
09:00
creating a fake Facebook account
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她開了個假的 Facebook 帳戶
09:03
from which she sent vile, hideous messages
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給她自己發送
09:07
to herself for a year.
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醜陋可怕的訊息長達一年,
09:11
For a year. A year.
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一年,整整一年。
09:13
And she was trying to frame
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她試著誣陷
09:15
her ex-boyfriend's new girlfriend,
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她前男友的新女友,
09:17
and I have to confess when I heard this,
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而我必須坦白,當我聽見這,
09:21
I just reacted with admiration.
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我敬佩有加。
09:23
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:24
Because, I mean, let's be real.
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因為,我的意思是,說真的,
09:27
What immense, if misplaced, creativity. Right?
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如此巨大的,如果放錯了地方,其創造力,對吧?
09:31
This is something from a novel.
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這是源自小說中的一些東西,
09:34
This is something from a Patricia Highsmith novel.
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這是源自派翠西亞.海史密斯小說中的東西, (註:派翠西亞.海史密斯是美國犯罪小說家)
09:37
Now Highsmith is a particular favorite of mine.
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現在海史密斯是我特別喜歡的作家之一。
09:39
She is the very brilliant and bizarre woman of American letters.
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她非常聰明,而且是美國文學上的奇異女人。
09:43
She's the author of "Strangers on a Train"
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她是《火車怪客》
09:45
and "The Talented Mr. Ripley,"
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和 《天才雷普利》的作者,
09:47
books that are all about how jealousy,
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這些書都是關於嫉妒是如何
09:51
it muddles our minds,
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使我們的頭腦變胡塗,
09:52
and once we're in the sphere, in that realm of jealousy,
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一旦我們進入了那個嫉妒的領域中,
09:55
the membrane between what is and what could be
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這是什麼和可能是什麼之間的界線
10:01
can be pierced in an instant.
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可以在瞬間被打破。
10:04
Take Tom Ripley, her most famous character.
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以湯姆.雷普利為例,她最著名的角色。
10:06
Now, Tom Ripley goes from wanting you
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現在,湯姆.雷普利從想要你
10:09
or wanting what you have
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或想要你擁有的東西
10:11
to being you and having what you once had,
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到成為你和擁有你曾有過的東西,
10:14
and you're under the floorboards,
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而你躺在地板下,
10:16
he's answering to your name,
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他回應你的名字,
10:17
he's wearing your rings,
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他戴著你的戒指,
10:19
emptying your bank account.
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清空你的銀行帳戶。
10:21
That's one way to go.
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這是一條不歸路。
10:23
But what do we do? We can't go the Tom Ripley route.
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但我們要做些什麼呢? 我們不能去走湯姆.雷普利的路。
10:27
I can't give the world D's,
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我不能給世界一個 D (迪克) (註:指雷普利小說裡的角色 Dickie )
10:29
as much as I would really like to, some days.
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就像我真的很想在某幾天中可以做到。
10:32
And it's a pity, because we live in envious times.
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而這很可惜,因為我們生活在嫉妒的時代。
10:35
We live in jealous times.
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我們生活在嫉妒的時代。
10:38
I mean, we're all good citizens of social media,
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我是說,我們所有是社交媒體的良好公民,
10:40
aren't we, where the currency is envy?
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我們不是哪裡有貨幣哪裡有嫉妒嗎?
10:43
Does the novel show us a way out? I'm not sure.
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這本小說是否顯示我們一條出路嗎?我不確定。
10:48
So let's do what characters always do when they're not sure,
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所以讓我們做那些角色在他們不確定時
10:51
when they are in possession of a mystery.
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或當他們迷惘時會做的事。
10:53
Let's go to 221B Baker Street
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讓我們去到貝克街 221B 號
10:56
and ask for Sherlock Holmes.
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找夏洛克.福爾摩斯。
10:58
When people think of Holmes,
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當人們想到福爾摩斯
11:00
they think of his nemesis being Professor Moriarty,
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他們想到他的對手莫里亞蒂教授,
11:03
right, this criminal mastermind.
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是的,他是犯罪集團的主腦。
11:06
But I've always preferred [Inspector] Lestrade,
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但我一直很欣賞雷斯垂德 [探長]
11:08
who is the rat-faced head of Scotland Yard
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那個在蘇格蘭場的鼠臉人物
11:11
who needs Holmes desperately,
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急切著需要福爾摩斯,
11:13
needs Holmes' genius, but resents him.
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需要福爾摩斯的天才,但又怨恨他。
11:15
Oh, it's so familiar to me.
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哦,這個我好熟悉啊。
11:17
So Lestrade needs his help, resents him,
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雷斯垂德需要他的幫助,但怨恨他,
11:21
and sort of seethes with bitterness over the course of the mysteries.
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在謎團中的辛酸內翻騰。
11:24
But as they work together, something starts to change,
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但在當他們一起工作,事情開始改變,
11:28
and finally in "The Adventure of the Six Napoleons,"
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而最後的「六座拿破崙」 中,
11:31
once Holmes comes in, dazzles everybody with his solution,
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福爾摩斯進來,他的解答令每個人讚歎,
11:35
Lestrade turns to Holmes and he says,
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雷斯垂德轉過身對福爾摩斯說:
11:38
"We're not jealous of you, Mr. Holmes.
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「我們不是嫉妒你,福爾摩斯先生。
11:43
We're proud of you."
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我們為你感到驕傲。」
11:46
And he says that there's not a man at Scotland Yard
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他說在蘇格蘭場那裡
11:48
who wouldn't want to shake Sherlock Holmes' hand.
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沒有人不想和夏洛克.福爾摩斯握手。
11:51
It's one of the few times we see Holmes moved
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這是我們少數幾次看到福爾摩斯
11:54
in the mysteries, and I find it very moving,
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被謎團感動,我也覺得它很令人感動,
11:56
this little scene, but it's also mysterious, right?
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這個小小的場景,但它也是個謎團,對吧?
11:59
It seems to treat jealousy
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它似乎把嫉妒視為
12:01
as a problem of geometry, not emotion.
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幾何的問題,而不是感情的問題。
12:04
You know, one minute Holmes is on the other side from Lestrade.
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你知道,一分鐘前福爾摩斯 並沒有和雷斯垂德站在同一邊。
12:06
The next minute they're on the same side.
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下一分鐘他們站在同一邊。
12:08
Suddenly, Lestrade is letting himself
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突然間,雷斯垂德讓他自己
12:10
admire this mind that he's resented.
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佩服那位他憤恨的人。
12:13
Could it be so simple though?
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這會如此簡單不過吧?
12:15
What if jealousy really is a matter of geometry,
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如果嫉妒真的只是幾何問題,
12:18
just a matter of where we allow ourselves to stand
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那只是讓我們自己站在
12:22
in relation to another?
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另一位站的相對位置?
12:24
Well, maybe then we wouldn't have to resent
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也許我們不一定會
12:26
somebody's excellence.
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怨恨某人的卓越。
12:28
We could align ourselves with it.
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我們可以將自己與它對齊。
12:31
But I like contingency plans.
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但我喜歡應變計畫,
12:33
So while we wait for that to happen,
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所以當我們等待這種情況發生時,
12:36
let us remember that we have fiction for consolation.
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讓我們記住我們有小說來做安慰的。
12:38
Fiction alone demystifies jealousy.
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小說揭除嫉妒的神秘面紗。
12:41
Fiction alone domesticates it,
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小說也馴化了它,
12:43
invites it to the table.
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邀請它到桌上,
12:45
And look who it gathers:
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看看它收集了誰:
12:47
sweet Lestrade, terrifying Tom Ripley,
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甜美的雷斯垂德,可怕的湯姆.雷普利
12:51
crazy Swann, Marcel Proust himself.
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瘋狂的斯萬,也就是馬塞爾.普魯斯特本人。
12:55
We are in excellent company.
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我們在優秀的人群中。
12:57
Thank you.
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謝謝。
12:59
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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