Kelli Swazey: Life that doesn't end with death

126,467 views ・ 2013-10-01

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翻译人员: Sophia Liu 校对人员: Daisy Hong
00:12
I think it's safe to say
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我想我敢说
00:14
that all humans will be intimate with death
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每个人的一生中
00:18
at least once in their lives.
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都至少会有一次与死神亲密接触。
00:21
But what if that intimacy began
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但是如果这种与死神的接触
00:23
long before you faced your own transition
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远远早于
00:25
from life into death?
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你原本面临的由生到死的转换,该怎么办?
00:28
What would life be like
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如果死亡就在你的身边
00:30
if the dead literally lived alongside you?
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你的生活会变成什么样?
00:33
In my husband's homeland
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我丈夫的家乡,
00:35
in the highlands of Sulawesi island
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在印度尼西亚东部的
00:38
in eastern Indonesia,
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苏拉威西岛高地上,
00:40
there is a community of people that experience death
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有一些人,死亡对于他们来说
00:42
not as a singular event
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不是一个孤立事件,
00:45
but as a gradual social process.
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而是一个逐步发生的社会进程。
00:49
In Tana Toraja,
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在塔纳·托拉雅(Tana Toraja),
00:50
the most important social moments in people's lives,
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人们生活中最重要的社交活动,
00:54
the focal points of social and cultural interaction
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社会、文化的关注焦点
00:57
are not weddings or births or even family dinners,
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不是在结婚、生孩子甚至家庭晚餐上,
01:02
but funerals.
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而是在葬礼上。
01:04
So these funerals are characterized
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所以这些葬礼
01:06
by elaborate rituals
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具有复杂的仪式,
01:08
that tie people in a system of reciprocal debt
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在一个基于动物数量的礼尚往来的体系中
01:12
based on the amount of animals --
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将人们紧密联系--
01:14
pigs, chickens and, most importantly, water buffalo --
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例如:猪、鸡以及最重要的水牛 --
01:19
that are sacrificed and distributed
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这些动物会被宰杀
01:22
in the name of the deceased.
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然后祭奠在死者的名下。
01:24
So this cultural complex surrounding death,
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所以这种围绕着“死”的文化情结,
01:28
the ritual enactment of the end of life,
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这一代表生命结束的仪式,
01:32
has made death the most visible
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让葬礼成为托拉雅
01:34
and remarkable aspect of Toraja's landscape.
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最引人注目的、最了不起的一道风景。
01:39
Lasting anywhere from a few days
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葬礼会持续几天
01:42
to a few weeks,
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到几周不等,
01:43
funeral ceremonies are a raucous affair,
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葬礼是一个热闹的事儿。
01:47
where commemorating someone who's died
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在人们祭奠的时候
01:50
is not so much a private sadness
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不会有太多的个人悲伤
01:52
but more of a publicly shared transition.
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而更多的是公众的情感过渡。
01:57
And it's a transition that's just as much
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这个过渡的重要性
02:00
about the identity of the living
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对生者来说
02:02
as it is about remembrance of the dead.
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是和缅怀死者一样重要。
02:06
So every year, thousands of visitors
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所以每年都会有成千上万的游客
02:08
come to Tana Toraja to see, as it were,
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去塔纳托拉雅看
02:11
this culture of death,
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这种关于“死”的文化。
02:13
and for many people these grandiose ceremonies
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对于很多人来说,这些宏伟的仪式
02:16
and the length of the ceremonies
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以及仪式持续的时间
02:19
are somehow incommensurable
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是无法与
02:22
with the way that we face our own mortality in the West.
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我们西方面对死亡的方法而比较的。
02:27
So even as we share death as a universal experience,
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虽然全世界的人们都会经历死亡,
02:33
it's not experienced the same way the world over.
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但是世人们经历死亡的方式不尽相同。
02:37
And as an anthropologist,
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作为一名人类学家,
02:39
I see these differences in experience
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我认为这些不尽相同的经历
02:42
being rooted in the cultural and social world
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根源于不同的文化和社会
02:46
through which we define the phenomena around us.
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并成为我们判断周遭现象的依据。
02:52
So where we see an unquestionable reality,
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所以我们看到的是一个不容置疑的现实,
02:56
death as an irrefutable biological condition,
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即死亡是一个不逆的生命状态,
03:01
Torajans see the expired corporeal form
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而托拉雅人将这种肉体的死亡
03:05
as part of a larger social genesis.
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更多的看作社会起源的一部分。
03:08
So again, the physical cessation of life
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所以物理上生命的尽头
03:13
is not the same as death.
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并不等同于死亡。
03:16
In fact, a member of society is only truly dead
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事实上,一个人真正意义上的死亡
03:20
when the extended family can agree upon
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是当大家庭达成一致
03:23
and marshal the resources necessary
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以及准备好一切举行葬礼
03:26
to hold a funeral ceremony
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所需的资源。
03:27
that is considered appropriate in terms of resources
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这些资源的准备
03:31
for the status of the deceased.
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要与死者的地位相匹配。
03:34
And this ceremony has to take place
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整个葬礼仪式会在全村
03:36
in front of the eyes of the whole community
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当着所有人的面举行
03:38
with everyone's participation.
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每个人都是其中的一份子。
03:41
So after a person's physical death,
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所以在一个人肉体死亡后,
03:44
their body is placed in a special room
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他的尸体会放在他们传统居住地的一个特别房间里,
03:46
in the traditional residence, which is called the tongkonan.
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这种房间叫做 tongkonan。
03:49
And the tongkonan is symbolic
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Tongkonan 是一个象征意义,
03:52
not only of the family's identity
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它不只代表着家族的的身份
03:56
but also of the human life cycle from birth to death.
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也代表了一个人生死轮回。
03:59
So essentially, the shape of the building
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所以基本上,你出生时
04:01
that you're born into is the shape
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所居住的建筑形状就是
04:03
of the structure which carries you
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与你被带着去先祖安息的地方的
04:05
to your ancestral resting place.
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棺材的形状一致。
04:09
Until the funeral ceremony,
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直到葬礼仪式,
04:11
which can be held years after a person's physical death,
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仪式可以在一个人肉体死亡多年以后举行
04:16
the deceased is referred to as "to makala," a sick person,
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死者被称为 “to makala”,一个生病的人,
04:22
or "to mama," a person who is asleep,
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或"to mama",一个睡着了的人,
04:26
and they continue to be a member of the household.
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他们还会作为整个家庭的一份子。
04:30
They are symbolically fed and cared for,
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他们被象征性地喂养和照顾,
04:33
and the family at this time
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然后家族会在这时候
04:35
will begin a number of ritual injunctions,
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将实行一些仪式上的指令,
04:38
which communicates to the wider community around them
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告知社区里更多的人
04:41
that one of their members is undergoing the transition
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他们的一个成员正在经历“轮回”
04:44
from this life into the afterlife
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从生到来世
04:47
known as Puya.
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这被叫做"Puya"。
04:49
So I know what some of you must be thinking right now.
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所以我知道你们其中有人一定在想,
04:52
Is she really saying that these people live
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她说的是真的吗,
04:55
with the bodies of their dead relatives?
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这些人与他们的亲人的尸体住在一起?
04:58
And that's exactly what I'm saying.
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而这正是我的意思。
05:01
But instead of giving in to the sort of visceral reaction
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但我没有屈服于这种一想到
05:04
we have to this idea of proximity to bodies,
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接近尸体或接近死亡
05:08
proximity to death,
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就产生的五脏六腑的不适感,
05:10
or how this notion just does not fit
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也没有去想这个概念根本不适用于
05:13
into our very biological or medical
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我们生物或医学
05:16
sort of definition of death,
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对于死亡的的定义,
05:19
I like to think about what the Torajan way
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我总是喜欢思考托拉雅人看待死亡的方式
05:22
of viewing death encompasses of the human experience
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涵盖了哪些医学定义的死亡
05:26
that the medical definition leaves out.
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所忽略的人类体验。
05:31
I think that Torajans socially recognize
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我认为托拉雅人在社会上认同了
05:35
and culturally express
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并在文化上表达了
05:38
what many of us feel to be true
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大多数人感知的真理,
05:41
despite the widespread acceptance
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尽管生物医学所定义的死亡
05:43
of the biomedical definition of death,
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被普遍接受。
05:48
and that is that our relationships with other humans,
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这种真理就是我们与其他人类之间的关联,
05:52
their impact on our social reality,
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这种关系对社会现实的影响,
05:55
doesn't cease with the termination
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并不会随着
05:58
of the physical processes of the body,
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身体物理性的死亡而终止,
06:02
that there's a period of transition
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活着的人和死亡的人之间的关系
06:04
as the relationship between the living and the dead
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有一段过渡期
06:09
is transformed but not ended.
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是被改变而不是被结束。
06:14
So Torajans express this idea of this enduring relationship
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所以托拉雅人通过将爱和关注
06:18
by lavishing love and attention
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给予这个关系中最明显的标志
06:20
on the most visible symbol of that relationship,
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即人的身体
06:23
the human body.
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来表达出这种长久的关系。
06:25
So my husband has fond memories
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所以我丈夫曾经跟他已故的祖父
06:28
of talking to and playing with
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交谈过、玩耍过,
06:31
and generally being around his deceased grandfather,
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有着美好的回忆,
06:34
and for him there is nothing unnatural about this.
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而且在他看来是一件很自然的事情。
06:37
This is a natural part of the process
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这是家庭接受他们
06:40
as the family comes to terms with the transition
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与死者之间关系过渡的
06:44
in their relationship to the deceased,
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自然而然的一步。
06:46
and this is the transition from relating to the deceased
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这种过渡就是,
06:49
as a person who's living
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从与死者生前的联系
06:51
to relating to the deceased
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变为把死者
06:53
as a person who's an ancestor.
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作为祖先的一员看待。
06:55
And here you can see these wooden effigies
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在这里你可以看到这些祖先的
06:57
of the ancestors,
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木制的肖像,
06:58
so these are people who have already been buried,
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所以这些人已经被埋葬,
07:00
already had a funeral ceremony.
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已经有过葬礼仪式。
07:01
These are called tau tau.
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这些叫做tau tau。
07:04
So the funeral ceremony itself
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所以葬礼仪式本身
07:07
embodies this relational perspective on death.
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体现了从社会关系的角度看待死亡。
07:11
It ritualizes the impact of death on families
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它使死亡对于家庭和社区的影响
07:15
and communities.
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仪式化。
07:17
And it's also a moment of self-awareness.
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它也是一个自我意识的时刻。
07:20
It's a moment when people think about who they are,
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根据托拉雅人的宇宙哲学,
07:24
their place in society,
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在这个时刻,人们思考他们的身份,
07:27
and their role in the life cycle
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他们在社会中的地位,
07:29
in accordance with Torajan cosmology.
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以及他们在生命周期中的角色。
07:34
There's a saying in Toraja
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在托拉雅有一句谚语
07:35
that all people will become grandparents,
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那就是“所有人都将成为祖父母”,
07:38
and what this means is that after death,
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这意味着在死后,
07:41
we all become part of the ancestral line
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我们都成为祖先的一部分
07:44
that anchors us between the past and the present
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将我们定位在过去和现在之间
07:47
and will define who our loved ones are into the future.
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也将我们的挚爱是谁定义到未来。
07:52
So essentially, we all become grandparents
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所以从根本上说,
07:55
to the generations of human children
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对于我们的下一代
07:58
that come after us.
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我们都会成为祖父母。
08:01
And this metaphor of membership
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相当于说,我们都是
08:03
in the greater human family
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更大的人类大家庭中的成员。
08:05
is the way that children also describe
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这种比喻通常也被儿女们用来形容
08:07
the money that they invest
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他们在这些祭祀水牛上
08:08
in these sacrificial buffaloes
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投资的钱
08:10
that are thought to carry people's soul
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这些水牛被认为携带着人的灵魂
08:12
from here to the afterlife,
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从这里到来世。
08:15
and children will explain
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子女会解释说,
08:16
that they will invest the money in this
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他们将这些钱投资在这
08:19
because they want to repay their parents
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因为他们想要报答他们的父母
08:21
the debt for all of the years their parents spent
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这是孩子们在其父母投资、养育他们时
08:24
investing and caring for them.
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所欠下的债。
08:27
But the sacrifice of buffalo
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但祭祀的水牛
08:30
and the ritual display of wealth
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和展示财富的仪式
08:32
also exhibits the status of the deceased,
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同样代表着死者的社会地位,
08:35
and, by extension, the deceased's family.
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也同样引申至死者家庭的社会地位。
08:39
So at funerals, relationships are reconfirmed
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所以在葬礼上,关系再次被确认
08:43
but also transformed
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也同样被改变
08:45
in a ritual drama that highlights
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在一种仪式的戏剧中强调了
08:48
the most salient feature about death in this place:
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这个地方关于死亡最突出的特点:
08:52
its impact on life and the relationships of the living.
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死亡对生命、对生者之间关系的影响。
08:57
So all of this focus on death
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因此,所有对死亡的关注
09:00
doesn't mean that Torajans don't aspire
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并不意味着托拉雅人
09:02
to the ideal of a long life.
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不渴望长寿。
09:05
They engage in many practices
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他们进行各种锻炼
09:07
thought to confer good health
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认为这些有利于健康
09:09
and survival to an advanced age.
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和长寿。
09:12
But they don't put much stock
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但他们并不相信
09:14
in efforts to prolong life in the face of debilitating illness
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在面对疾病和衰老的时候
09:19
or in old age.
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能有办法延年益寿。
09:22
It's said in Toraja that everybody has
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听说在托拉雅
09:24
sort of a predetermined amount of life.
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每人都有预定的生命时间。
09:26
It's called the sunga'.
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它叫做sunga。
09:28
And like a thread, it should be allowed to unspool
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就像一根线,它从一头拉到另一头
09:32
to its natural end.
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直到自然终止。
09:34
So by having death as a part
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所以,死亡作为
09:37
of the cultural and social fabric of life,
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文化和社会生活结构的一部分,
09:41
people's everyday decisions about their health
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使得人们对于他们健康和医疗服务的
09:44
and healthcare are affected.
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日常抉择也被影响。
09:47
The patriarch of my husband's maternal clan,
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我丈夫母系氏族的族长
09:51
Nenet Katcha,
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他叫Nenet Katcha,
09:53
is now approaching the age of 100, as far as we can tell.
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据我们所知,已接近 100 岁的高龄。
09:58
And there are increasing signs
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有越来越多的迹象表明
10:00
that he is about to depart on his own journey for Puya.
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他正在向迈向死亡的路途中。
10:05
And his death will be greatly mourned.
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他的死亡会引发强烈的哀悼。
10:10
But I know that my husband's family
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但我知道我丈夫的家族
10:12
looks forward to the moment
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期待着这个时刻
10:14
when they can ritually display
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因为那时他们就可以用仪式展示
10:18
what his remarkable presence has meant to their lives,
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他卓越的成就对他们生活的意义
10:23
when they can ritually recount
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他们可以用仪式来记录
10:25
his life's narrative,
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他的生活故事,
10:27
weaving his story
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使他的故事编入
10:28
into the history of their community.
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他们社区的历史。
10:32
His story is their story.
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他的故事就是他们的故事。
10:36
His funeral songs will sing them a song about themselves.
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他的葬礼之歌也是他们的颂扬之歌。
10:42
And it's a story that has no discernible beginning,
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这个故事没有明显开端
10:46
no foreseeable end.
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也没有可预见的结束。
10:48
It's a story that goes on
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这是一个在他的身体腐朽之后,
10:50
long after his body no longer does.
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一直延续的故事。
10:55
People ask me if I'm frightened or repulsed
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人们问我,参与到这种文化中
10:59
by participating in a culture
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是否害怕或不情愿
11:02
where the physical manifestations of death
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因为这其中处处都感到
11:05
greet us at every turn.
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逝者就在你周围。
11:07
But I see something profoundly transformative
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但我看到一些深刻变革
11:10
in experiencing death as a social process
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是将经历死亡作为一个社会进程
11:13
and not just a biological one.
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而不是一种生物进程。
11:17
In reality, the relationship between the living and the dead
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在实际中,活人和死人之间的关系
11:21
has its own drama in the U.S. healthcare system,
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在美国医疗保健系统中有它自己的戏剧性,
11:24
where decisions about how long to stretch
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在决定到底将生命这根线拉多长时
11:26
the thread of life are made based on our emotional
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是根据我们的情感
11:30
and social ties with the people around us,
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和与我们周围人的社会纽带,
11:32
not just on medicine's ability to prolong life.
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不只是基于医学延长生命的能力。
11:37
We, like the Torajans,
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我们如托拉雅人一样
11:40
base our decisions about life
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将生命中的决定
11:43
on the meanings and the definitions
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基于我们赋予死亡的
11:47
that we ascribe to death.
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意义和定义。
11:49
So I'm not suggesting that anyone in this audience
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所以我不是建议在座的所有人
11:52
should run out and adopt the traditions
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放弃美国的医疗保健
11:55
of the Torajans.
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而采取托拉雅人的传统。
11:56
It might be a little bit difficult
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要将托拉雅模式在美国应用
11:58
to put into play in the United States.
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可能会有点困难。
12:01
But I want to ask what we can gain
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但我想问,当我们将死亡不仅看做一个生物的过程
12:03
from seeing physical death not only as a biological process
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而看做更广阔的人类历史的一部分
12:08
but as part of the greater human story.
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能收获什么?
12:12
What would it be like to look on
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当我们真情地看着死者的身体
12:15
the expired human form with love
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而那曾是我们生命中不可或缺的一部分
12:18
because it's so intimately a part of who we all are?
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会是一种什么感觉?
12:22
If we could expand our definition of death
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如果我们可以扩展我们对死亡的定义
12:25
to encompass life,
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以涵盖生活,
12:27
we could experience death as part of life
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我们可能会体会到将死亡作为生活的一部分
12:31
and perhaps face death
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面对死亡时绝非恐惧
12:33
with something other than fear.
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而是其他的感觉。
12:38
Perhaps one of the answers to the challenges
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美国医疗保健系统
12:41
that are facing the U.S. healthcare system,
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正面临挑战,特别是对于老年医保。
12:43
particularly in the end-of-life care,
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一个可能的解决方法
12:46
is as simple as a shift in perspective,
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就是转变看它的角度。
12:49
and the shift in perspective in this case
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而在这个例子中的转变
12:51
would be to look at the social life of every death.
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就是去看看逝者的社会生活。
12:57
It might help us recognize that the way we limit
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它可以帮助我们认识到
13:00
our conversation about death
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我们讨论死亡时
13:02
to something that's medical or biological
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总是局限于医学性、生物性
13:05
is reflective of a larger culture that we all share
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这反映了我们都是如何
13:09
of avoiding death, being afraid of talking about it.
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避免死亡,害怕谈论它。
13:14
If we could entertain and value
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如果我们能够接纳和重视
13:19
other kinds of knowledge about life,
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关于生命的其他知识
13:22
including other definitions of death,
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包括对死亡的其他定义,
13:25
it has the potential to change the discussions
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它才有可能改变
13:28
that we have about the end of life.
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我们关于生命终结的讨论。
13:31
It could change the way that we die,
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它可以改变我们死亡的方式,
13:35
but more importantly,
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但更重要的是,
13:37
it could transform the way that we live.
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它可以改变我们生活的方式。
13:45
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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