Kelli Swazey: Life that doesn't end with death

127,056 views ใƒป 2013-10-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I think it's safe to say
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
00:14
that all humans will be intimate with death
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ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื’ืข ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
00:18
at least once in their lives.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
00:21
But what if that intimacy began
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืชืชื—ื™ืœ
00:23
long before you faced your own transition
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
00:25
from life into death?
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ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช?
00:28
What would life be like
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ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืจืื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
00:30
if the dead literally lived alongside you?
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ืื ื”ืžืชื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื• ืœืฆื™ื“ื ื•, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•?
00:33
In my husband's homeland
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ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™,
00:35
in the highlands of Sulawesi island
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ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ืกื•ืœืื•ื•ืกื™
00:38
in eastern Indonesia,
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ืฉื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”,
00:40
there is a community of people that experience death
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ื—ื™ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
00:42
not as a singular event
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ืœื ื›ืื™ืจื•ืข ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™
00:45
but as a gradual social process.
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ืืœื ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™.
00:49
In Tana Toraja,
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ื‘ื˜ืื ื” ื˜ื•ืจืื’'ื”,
00:50
the most important social moments in people's lives,
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ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:54
the focal points of social and cultural interaction
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ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช
00:57
are not weddings or births or even family dinners,
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ืื™ื ื ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช,
01:02
but funerals.
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ืืœื ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:04
So these funerals are characterized
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ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช
01:06
by elaborate rituals
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ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
01:08
that tie people in a system of reciprocal debt
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ืฉืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ
01:12
based on the amount of animals --
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ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื --
01:14
pigs, chickens and, most importantly, water buffalo --
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ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืชืื•ืื™-ืžื™ื --
01:19
that are sacrificed and distributed
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ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื
01:22
in the name of the deceased.
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ื‘ืฉื ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื.
01:24
So this cultural complex surrounding death,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
01:28
the ritual enactment of the end of life,
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ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื˜ื™ืงืกื™ ืฉืœ ืงืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:32
has made death the most visible
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ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ
01:34
and remarkable aspect of Toraja's landscape.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืื’'ื”.
01:39
Lasting anywhere from a few days
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ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื
01:42
to a few weeks,
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ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
01:43
funeral ceremonies are a raucous affair,
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ื•ื˜ื™ืงืกื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืจืขืฉื ื™ื™ื,
01:47
where commemorating someone who's died
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื
01:50
is not so much a private sadness
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ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ืœื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
01:52
but more of a publicly shared transition.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
01:57
And it's a transition that's just as much
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
02:00
about the identity of the living
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ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
02:02
as it is about remembrance of the dead.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื.
02:06
So every year, thousands of visitors
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ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”, ืืœืคื™ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื
02:08
come to Tana Toraja to see, as it were,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื˜ืื ื” ื˜ื•ืจืื’'ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช
02:11
this culture of death,
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ืืช "ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช" ื”ื–ื•,
02:13
and for many people these grandiose ceremonies
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ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื, ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”
02:16
and the length of the ceremonies
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ื•ืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื
02:19
are somehow incommensurable
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ื”ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
02:22
with the way that we face our own mortality in the West.
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ืขื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื ื™-ืชืžื•ืชื”, ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
02:27
So even as we share death as a universal experience,
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ืื– ื’ื ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
02:33
it's not experienced the same way the world over.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:37
And as an anthropologist,
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ื•ื›ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
02:39
I see these differences in experience
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช
02:42
being rooted in the cultural and social world
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ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
02:46
through which we define the phenomena around us.
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ืฉื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
02:52
So where we see an unquestionable reality,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง,
02:56
death as an irrefutable biological condition,
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ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื›ื•,
03:01
Torajans see the expired corporeal form
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ื”ื˜ื•ืืจื’'ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืคืงืข ื–ืžื ื”
03:05
as part of a larger social genesis.
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ื—ืœืง ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:08
So again, the physical cessation of life
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช
03:13
is not the same as death.
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ืื™ื ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
03:16
In fact, a member of society is only truly dead
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ื‘ืจ-ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืช ื‘ืืžืช
03:20
when the extended family can agree upon
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ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืš
03:23
and marshal the resources necessary
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ื•ืžืงืฆื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื
03:26
to hold a funeral ceremony
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ืœืขืจื™ื›ืช ื˜ืงืก ืœื•ื•ื™ื”
03:27
that is considered appropriate in terms of resources
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื ืื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
03:31
for the status of the deceased.
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ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ.
03:34
And this ceremony has to take place
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ื•ื˜ืงืก ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš
03:36
in front of the eyes of the whole community
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ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื›ื•ืœื”
03:38
with everyone's participation.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื.
03:41
So after a person's physical death,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื,
03:44
their body is placed in a special room
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ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:46
in the traditional residence, which is called the tongkonan.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื "ื˜ื•ื ื’ื•ืงื ืืŸ".
03:49
And the tongkonan is symbolic
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ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื ื’ื•ืงื ืืŸ ืžืกืžืœ ืœื ืจืง
03:52
not only of the family's identity
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ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
03:56
but also of the human life cycle from birth to death.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืขื“ ืžื•ื•ืช.
03:59
So essentially, the shape of the building
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”
04:01
that you're born into is the shape
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ืœืชื•ื›ื• ืืชื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื”
04:03
of the structure which carries you
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชืš
04:05
to your ancestral resting place.
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ืืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื.
04:09
Until the funeral ceremony,
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ืขื“ ืœื˜ืงืก ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื”,
04:11
which can be held years after a person's physical death,
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื,
04:16
the deceased is referred to as "to makala," a sick person,
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื ืคื˜ืจ ื›ืืœ "ื˜ื• ืžืงืืœื”", "ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœื”",
04:22
or "to mama," a person who is asleep,
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ืื• "ื˜ื• ืžืžื”", ืื“ื ื™ืฉืŸ,
04:26
and they continue to be a member of the household.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
04:30
They are symbolically fed and cared for,
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ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช,
04:33
and the family at this time
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
04:35
will begin a number of ritual injunctions,
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ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืกื™ื™ื,
04:38
which communicates to the wider community around them
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:41
that one of their members is undergoing the transition
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ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™-ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ
04:44
from this life into the afterlife
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ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื
04:47
known as Puya.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืคึผื•ื™ื”".
04:49
So I know what some of you must be thinking right now.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข.
04:52
Is she really saying that these people live
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"ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื
04:55
with the bodies of their dead relatives?
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ืœืฆื“ ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืชื™ื?"
04:58
And that's exactly what I'm saying.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช.
05:01
But instead of giving in to the sort of visceral reaction
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช
05:04
we have to this idea of proximity to bodies,
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ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื ื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช,
05:08
proximity to death,
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ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
05:10
or how this notion just does not fit
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ืื• ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืชืœื‘
05:13
into our very biological or medical
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ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžืื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื• ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
05:16
sort of definition of death,
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
05:19
I like to think about what the Torajan way
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืื’ื”
05:22
of viewing death encompasses of the human experience
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
05:26
that the medical definition leaves out.
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ืฉื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืœื™ื”.
05:31
I think that Torajans socially recognize
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืื’'ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
05:35
and culturally express
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช
05:38
what many of us feel to be true
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ืžื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
05:41
despite the widespread acceptance
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื”
05:43
of the biomedical definition of death,
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ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช-ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
05:48
and that is that our relationships with other humans,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ืขื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™-ืื ื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื
05:52
their impact on our social reality,
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ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
05:55
doesn't cease with the termination
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ืื™ื ื ื—ื“ืœื™ื ืขื ื—ื“ืœื•ืŸ
05:58
of the physical processes of the body,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
06:02
that there's a period of transition
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ื•ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชืงื•ืคืช-ืžืขื‘ืจ
06:04
as the relationship between the living and the dead
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืชื™ื
06:09
is transformed but not ended.
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ืžืฉืชื ื”, ืืš ืœื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช.
06:14
So Torajans express this idea of this enduring relationship
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ื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืื’'ื” ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช-ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื ืฆื—ื™ืช
06:18
by lavishing love and attention
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ื‘ื”ืจืขืคืช ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘
06:20
on the most visible symbol of that relationship,
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช-ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื•:
06:23
the human body.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
06:25
So my husband has fond memories
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ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื
06:28
of talking to and playing with
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ืžื›ืš ืฉืฉื•ื—ื— ื•ืฉื™ื—ืง,
06:31
and generally being around his deceased grandfather,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืกื‘ื• ื”ืžื ื•ื—,
06:34
and for him there is nothing unnatural about this.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื-ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
06:37
This is a natural part of the process
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš
06:40
as the family comes to terms with the transition
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืกืชื’ืœืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
06:44
in their relationship to the deceased,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ,
06:46
and this is the transition from relating to the deceased
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื ืคื˜ืจ
06:49
as a person who's living
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ื›ืืœ ืื“ื ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
06:51
to relating to the deceased
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ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ
06:53
as a person who's an ancestor.
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ื›ืืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
06:55
And here you can see these wooden effigies
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ
06:57
of the ancestors,
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
06:58
so these are people who have already been buried,
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ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืงื‘ืจื•,
07:00
already had a funeral ceremony.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื• ืœื˜ืงืก ืœื•ื•ื™ื”,
07:01
These are called tau tau.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช "ื˜ืื• ื˜ืื•".
07:04
So the funeral ceremony itself
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ื˜ืงืก ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื•
07:07
embodies this relational perspective on death.
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ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
07:11
It ritualizes the impact of death on families
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช
07:15
and communities.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช.
07:17
And it's also a moment of self-awareness.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
07:20
It's a moment when people think about who they are,
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ื–ื”ื• ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืจื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ ืฉื”ื,
07:24
their place in society,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
07:27
and their role in the life cycle
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ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
07:29
in accordance with Torajan cosmology.
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ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืื’'ื”.
07:34
There's a saying in Toraja
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืื’'ื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
07:35
that all people will become grandparents,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ืขืฉื• ืกื‘ื™ื,
07:38
and what this means is that after death,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
07:41
we all become part of the ancestral line
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื
07:44
that anchors us between the past and the present
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ืฉืžืขื’ื ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ื•ื”
07:47
and will define who our loved ones are into the future.
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ื•ืชื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•.
07:52
So essentially, we all become grandparents
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื
07:55
to the generations of human children
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ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื
07:58
that come after us.
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ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื ื•.
08:01
And this metaphor of membership
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ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
08:03
in the greater human family
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:05
is the way that children also describe
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื
08:07
the money that they invest
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ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื
08:08
in these sacrificial buffaloes
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ื‘ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืชืื•ืื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืขืœื• ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ,
08:10
that are thought to carry people's soul
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ืฉื ืชืคืฉ ื›ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
08:12
from here to the afterlife,
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื,
08:15
and children will explain
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื
08:16
that they will invest the money in this
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ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
08:19
because they want to repay their parents
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื
08:21
the debt for all of the years their parents spent
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ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื•
08:24
investing and caring for them.
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ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื.
08:27
But the sacrifice of buffalo
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืชืื• ื”ืžื™ื
08:30
and the ritual display of wealth
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ื•ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ื”ืจืื•ื•ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืงืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ
08:32
also exhibits the status of the deceased,
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ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ื’ื ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ,
08:35
and, by extension, the deceased's family.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.
08:39
So at funerals, relationships are reconfirmed
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
08:43
but also transformed
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ืืš ื’ื ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช,
08:45
in a ritual drama that highlights
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ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืงืกื™ ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ
08:48
the most salient feature about death in this place:
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ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื”:
08:52
its impact on life and the relationships of the living.
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ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื.
08:57
So all of this focus on death
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
09:00
doesn't mean that Torajans don't aspire
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ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืื’'ื” ืื™ื ื ื“ื•ื’ืœื™ื
09:02
to the ideal of a long life.
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ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
09:05
They engage in many practices
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ื”ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
09:07
thought to confer good health
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
09:09
and survival to an advanced age.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืžืชืงื“ื.
09:12
But they don't put much stock
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”
09:14
in efforts to prolong life in the face of debilitating illness
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ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช
09:19
or in old age.
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ืื• ืœืขืช ื–ืงื ื”.
09:22
It's said in Toraja that everybody has
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืื’'ื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ
09:24
sort of a predetermined amount of life.
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ.
09:26
It's called the sunga'.
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ื•ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืกื•ื ื’ื”".
09:28
And like a thread, it should be allowed to unspool
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื˜, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ืฉืœื”
09:32
to its natural end.
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ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
09:34
So by having death as a part
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืืœ ื—ืœืง
09:37
of the cultural and social fabric of life,
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ืžื”ืžืืจื’ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:41
people's everyday decisions about their health
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ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
09:44
and healthcare are affected.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™.
09:47
The patriarch of my husband's maternal clan,
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžื•ืœื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™,
09:51
Nenet Katcha,
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ื ื ืช ืงืืฆ'ื”,
09:53
is now approaching the age of 100, as far as we can tell.
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ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื›ืขืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 100, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
09:58
And there are increasing signs
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ื•ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื›ืš
10:00
that he is about to depart on his own journey for Puya.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืืœ ืคึผื•ื™ื”.
10:05
And his death will be greatly mourned.
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ื•ืฉืžื•ืชื• ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืื‘ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
10:10
But I know that my husband's family
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™
10:12
looks forward to the moment
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ืžืฆืคื” ืœืจื’ืข
10:14
when they can ritually display
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ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื˜ื™ืงืกื™ืช
10:18
what his remarkable presence has meant to their lives,
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ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
10:23
when they can ritually recount
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืงืกื™ื•ืช
10:25
his life's narrative,
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ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื•,
10:27
weaving his story
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื˜ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื•
10:28
into the history of their community.
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื.
10:32
His story is their story.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื.
10:36
His funeral songs will sing them a song about themselves.
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ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื™ืฉืžื™ืขื• ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื.
10:42
And it's a story that has no discernible beginning,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ืจืช-ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™,
10:46
no foreseeable end.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืฃ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ.
10:48
It's a story that goes on
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื ืžืฉืš
10:50
long after his body no longer does.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื’ื•ืคื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ืœ.
10:55
People ask me if I'm frightened or repulsed
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ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืื ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื” ืคื—ื“ ืื• ื“ื—ื™ื”
10:59
by participating in a culture
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ืžื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
11:02
where the physical manifestations of death
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
11:05
greet us at every turn.
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ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ื•ืฉืขืœ.
11:07
But I see something profoundly transformative
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื”
11:10
in experiencing death as a social process
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ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
11:13
and not just a biological one.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื’ืจื™ื“ื.
11:17
In reality, the relationship between the living and the dead
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืชื™ื
11:21
has its own drama in the U.S. healthcare system,
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ืžืขืœื” ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
11:24
where decisions about how long to stretch
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืœืžืชื•ื—
11:26
the thread of life are made based on our emotional
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ืืช ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“
11:30
and social ties with the people around us,
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ืงืฉืจื™ื ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
11:32
not just on medicine's ability to prolong life.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:37
We, like the Torajans,
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืื’'ื”,
11:40
base our decisions about life
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ืžื‘ืกืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
11:43
on the meanings and the definitions
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช
11:47
that we ascribe to death.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
11:49
So I'm not suggesting that anyone in this audience
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ืœื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงื”ืœ
11:52
should run out and adopt the traditions
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ื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื™ืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช
11:55
of the Torajans.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืื’'ื”.
11:56
It might be a little bit difficult
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืงืฉื”
11:58
to put into play in the United States.
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ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
12:01
But I want to ask what we can gain
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื ืฉื›ืจื™ื
12:03
from seeing physical death not only as a biological process
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ืžืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
12:08
but as part of the greater human story.
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ืืœื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:12
What would it be like to look on
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ืื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ
12:15
the expired human form with love
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ื‘ื—ื“ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช
12:18
because it's so intimately a part of who we all are?
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•?
12:22
If we could expand our definition of death
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจืช-ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
12:25
to encompass life,
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:27
we could experience death as part of life
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื
12:31
and perhaps face death
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
12:33
with something other than fear.
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ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืคื—ื“.
12:38
Perhaps one of the answers to the challenges
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื
12:41
that are facing the U.S. healthcare system,
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ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
12:43
particularly in the end-of-life care,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:46
is as simple as a shift in perspective,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜,
12:49
and the shift in perspective in this case
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”,
12:51
would be to look at the social life of every death.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืžื•ื•ืช.
12:57
It might help us recognize that the way we limit
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื
13:00
our conversation about death
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ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
13:02
to something that's medical or biological
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืจืคื•ืื™ ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
13:05
is reflective of a larger culture that we all share
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ืžืฉืงืฃ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื
13:09
of avoiding death, being afraid of talking about it.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืžืงื•ืช ืžื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืœื™ื•.
13:14
If we could entertain and value
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš
13:19
other kinds of knowledge about life,
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ืกื•ื’ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
13:22
including other definitions of death,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
13:25
it has the potential to change the discussions
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœื ื•
13:28
that we have about the end of life.
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:31
It could change the way that we die,
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื,
13:35
but more importantly,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:37
it could transform the way that we live.
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
13:45
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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