Kelli Swazey: Life that doesn't end with death

126,467 views ใƒป 2013-10-01

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Solyi Lee
00:12
I think it's safe to say
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
00:14
that all humans will be intimate with death
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ํ‰์ƒ์— ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์— ์นœ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
00:18
at least once in their lives.
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๋งํ•ด๋„ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
00:21
But what if that intimacy began
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์นœ๋ฐ€๊ฐ์ด
00:23
long before you faced your own transition
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์‚ถ์ด ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์  ์ด์ „์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
00:25
from life into death?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
00:28
What would life be like
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์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:30
if the dead literally lived alongside you?
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์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋Š๋‚Œ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:33
In my husband's homeland
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์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ
00:35
in the highlands of Sulawesi island
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์ˆ ๋ผ์›จ์‹œ์„ฌ์˜ ์‚ฐ์•… ์ง€๋Œ€๋Š”,
00:38
in eastern Indonesia,
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๋™์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
00:40
there is a community of people that experience death
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ
00:42
not as a singular event
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๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
00:45
but as a gradual social process.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:49
In Tana Toraja,
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ํƒ€๋‚˜ ํŠธ๋กœ์ž์—์„œ๋Š”
00:50
the most important social moments in people's lives,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„,
00:54
the focal points of social and cultural interaction
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์ฆ‰ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์€
00:57
are not weddings or births or even family dinners,
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ถœ์ƒ, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ๋ชจ์ด๋Š” ์ €๋… ์‹์‚ฌ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ
01:02
but funerals.
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์žฅ๋ก€์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
So these funerals are characterized
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์žฅ๋ก€์‹๋“ค์€ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•œ ์˜์‹์œผ๋กœ
01:06
by elaborate rituals
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ํŠน์ง•์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
that tie people in a system of reciprocal debt
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ
01:12
based on the amount of animals --
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์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ถ€์ฑ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฌถ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
01:14
pigs, chickens and, most importantly, water buffalo --
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๋ผ์ง€, ๋‹ญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์†Œ๋„ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”. --
01:19
that are sacrificed and distributed
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํฌ์ƒ๋˜์–ด ์ฃฝ์€ ์ž์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ
01:22
in the name of the deceased.
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๋ฐฐ๋ถ„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
So this cultural complex surrounding death,
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์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
01:28
the ritual enactment of the end of life,
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์‚ถ์— ์ข…์ง€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ก€ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋Š”
01:32
has made death the most visible
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์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ณ 
01:34
and remarkable aspect of Toraja's landscape.
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ํ† ์ž๋ผ์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์— ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Lasting anywhere from a few days
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๋ฉฐ์น ์—์„œ
01:42
to a few weeks,
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š”
01:43
funeral ceremonies are a raucous affair,
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์žฅ๋ก€์‹์€ ์‹œ๋Œ๋ฒ…์ ํ•œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์ง€์š”.
01:47
where commemorating someone who's died
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:50
is not so much a private sadness
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์Šฌํ””๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:52
but more of a publicly shared transition.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜์— ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
And it's a transition that's just as much
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
02:00
about the identity of the living
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„
02:02
as it is about remembrance of the dead.
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ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
So every year, thousands of visitors
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๋งค๋…„, ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด
02:08
come to Tana Toraja to see, as it were,
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ํƒ€๋‚˜ ํŠธ๋กœ์ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜
02:11
this culture of death,
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์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
and for many people these grandiose ceremonies
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์ฐฝํ•œ ์˜์‹๊ณผ
02:16
and the length of the ceremonies
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€
02:19
are somehow incommensurable
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์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š”
02:22
with the way that we face our own mortality in the West.
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๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€์š”.
02:27
So even as we share death as a universal experience,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
02:33
it's not experienced the same way the world over.
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์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋งˆ์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
02:37
And as an anthropologist,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ,
02:39
I see these differences in experience
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
02:42
being rooted in the cultural and social world
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
through which we define the phenomena around us.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์ •์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
So where we see an unquestionable reality,
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์˜๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
02:56
death as an irrefutable biological condition,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Torajans see the expired corporeal form
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ํ† ๋ผ์ž” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์œ ํšจ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์™ธํ˜•์  ๋ชจ์Šต์„
03:05
as part of a larger social genesis.
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๋” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ์ดˆ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
So again, the physical cessation of life
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ข…๋ง์€
03:13
is not the same as death.
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์ฃฝ์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
In fact, a member of society is only truly dead
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์€
03:20
when the extended family can agree upon
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๋Œ€๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
03:23
and marshal the resources necessary
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์žฌ์›์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง‘ํ–‰์ด ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
03:26
to hold a funeral ceremony
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์•„์ง ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
that is considered appropriate in terms of resources
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์žฅ๋ก€์‹์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ„์— ๊ฑธ๋งž๋Š” ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์žฌ์›์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
03:31
for the status of the deceased.
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๊ณ ๋ ค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
And this ceremony has to take place
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์ด ์žฅ๋ก€์‹์€
03:36
in front of the eyes of the whole community
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด์„œ ์ „์ฒด ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ์•ž์—์„œ
03:38
with everyone's participation.
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๊ฑฐํ–‰๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
So after a person's physical death,
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃฝ์€ ํ›„์—
03:44
their body is placed in a special room
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ํ•ด๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์‹ ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ์˜
03:46
in the traditional residence, which is called the tongkonan.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์— ์•ˆ์น˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ง‘์„ ํ†ต์ฝ”๋‚œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ .
03:49
And the tongkonan is symbolic
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ํ†ต์ฝ”๋‚œ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
03:52
not only of the family's identity
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์ƒ์ง•์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:56
but also of the human life cycle from birth to death.
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์ง•์ด์—์š”.
03:59
So essentially, the shape of the building
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”
04:01
that you're born into is the shape
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๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์€
04:03
of the structure which carries you
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํœด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ
04:05
to your ancestral resting place.
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๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
Until the funeral ceremony,
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์žฅ๋ก€์‹๊นŒ์ง€,
04:11
which can be held years after a person's physical death,
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์žฅ๋ก€์‹์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
04:16
the deceased is referred to as "to makala," a sick person,
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์ฃฝ์€ ์ž๋Š” "๋งˆ์นผ๋ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ”ˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ž€ ์˜๋ฏธ์ง€์š”.
04:22
or "to mama," a person who is asleep,
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ํ˜น์€ "ํ†  ๋งˆ๋งˆ" ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฑด ์ž ์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ด์—์š”.
04:26
and they continue to be a member of the household.
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์ฃฝ์€ ์ž๋“ค์€ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ง‘์•ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
They are symbolically fed and cared for,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์‹๋„ ๋จน๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
and the family at this time
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์ด ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์€
04:35
will begin a number of ritual injunctions,
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์˜์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
which communicates to the wider community around them
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋” ๋„“์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
04:41
that one of their members is undergoing the transition
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๊ฐ€์กฑ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ
04:44
from this life into the afterlife
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์ €์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
known as Puya.
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์ด๊ฑธ "ํ‘ธ์•ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
So I know what some of you must be thinking right now.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
Is she really saying that these people live
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์ € ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์ด
04:55
with the bodies of their dead relatives?
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์ฃฝ์€ ์ž์˜ ์œ ํ•ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€?
04:58
And that's exactly what I'm saying.
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๋„ค, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
05:01
But instead of giving in to the sort of visceral reaction
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ˆ์†๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
05:04
we have to this idea of proximity to bodies,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•จ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
05:08
proximity to death,
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์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ์ ‘์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
or how this notion just does not fit
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๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด
05:13
into our very biological or medical
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ
05:16
sort of definition of death,
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ํ˜น์€ ์˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ •์˜์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:19
I like to think about what the Torajan way
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์ €๋Š” ํ† ๋ผ์ž์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:22
of viewing death encompasses of the human experience
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
that the medical definition leaves out.
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์˜ํ•™์  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
05:31
I think that Torajans socially recognize
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์ €๋Š” ํ† ๋ผ์ž์ธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง„์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
05:35
and culturally express
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:38
what many of us feel to be true
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๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
despite the widespread acceptance
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๋น„๋ก ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€
05:43
of the biomedical definition of death,
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๋„๋ฆฌ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„์š”.
05:48
and that is that our relationships with other humans,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€,
05:52
their impact on our social reality,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด
05:55
doesn't cease with the termination
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์œก์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ
05:58
of the physical processes of the body,
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
that there's a period of transition
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์‚ฐ ์ž์™€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
06:04
as the relationship between the living and the dead
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๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด์ง€
06:09
is transformed but not ended.
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๋์ด ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:14
So Torajans express this idea of this enduring relationship
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ† ๋ผ์ž์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ˆˆ์— ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜
06:18
by lavishing love and attention
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์ƒ์ง•์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฒ ํ’‚์œผ๋กœ์จ
06:20
on the most visible symbol of that relationship,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
the human body.
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๊ทธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ž€ ๊ณง ์œก์ฒด์ด์ง€์š”.
06:25
So my husband has fond memories
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์‹  ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€
06:28
of talking to and playing with
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ๋†€์•˜๋˜ ์ถ”์–ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
and generally being around his deceased grandfather,
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๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด, ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์‹  ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๊ณ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:34
and for him there is nothing unnatural about this.
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:37
This is a natural part of the process
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด
06:40
as the family comes to terms with the transition
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์ฃฝ์€ ์ž์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋งค๋“ญ์„ ์ง“๋Š”
06:44
in their relationship to the deceased,
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
and this is the transition from relating to the deceased
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
06:49
as a person who's living
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์ฃฝ์€ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
to relating to the deceased
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์กฐ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ
06:53
as a person who's an ancestor.
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์‚ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:55
And here you can see these wooden effigies
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชฉ์žฌ ์ธํ˜•์„
06:57
of the ancestors,
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๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
so these are people who have already been buried,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งค์žฅ๋˜๊ณ 
07:00
already had a funeral ceremony.
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์žฅ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์—์š”.
07:01
These are called tau tau.
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์ด ์ธํ˜•๋“ค์„ "ํƒ€์šฐ ํƒ€์šฐ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
So the funeral ceremony itself
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์žฅ๋ก€์‹ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋Š”
07:07
embodies this relational perspective on death.
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์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
It ritualizes the impact of death on families
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
07:15
and communities.
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์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์˜์‹ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
And it's also a moment of self-awareness.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:20
It's a moment when people think about who they are,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€,
07:24
their place in society,
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์œ„์น˜,
07:27
and their role in the life cycle
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ถ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ† ๋ผ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋งž์ถฐ
07:29
in accordance with Torajan cosmology.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด์—์š”.
07:34
There's a saying in Toraja
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ํ† ๋ผ์ž์—๋Š”
07:35
that all people will become grandparents,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:38
and what this means is that after death,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ํ›„์—
07:41
we all become part of the ancestral line
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์„ ์กฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์—ด์— ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
that anchors us between the past and the present
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ 
07:47
and will define who our loved ones are into the future.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ ์ง€ ์ •์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:52
So essentially, we all become grandparents
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์˜ค๋Š”
07:55
to the generations of human children
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ž์†๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:58
that come after us.
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์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
And this metaphor of membership
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ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—
08:03
in the greater human family
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์ผ์›์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„์œ ๋Š”
08:05
is the way that children also describe
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด
08:07
the money that they invest
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์ œ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์น˜๋Š” ๋“ค์†Œ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”์น˜๋Š” ๋ˆ์„
08:08
in these sacrificial buffaloes
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ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
that are thought to carry people's soul
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์ด ๋“ค์†Œ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์„
08:12
from here to the afterlife,
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์ด์Šน์—์„œ ์ €์Šน์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
and children will explain
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋“ค์€
08:16
that they will invest the money in this
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ณด๋Š๋ผ
08:19
because they want to repay their parents
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ํ‰์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•œ ๋นš์„ ๋˜๊ฐš๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:21
the debt for all of the years their parents spent
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ˆ์„ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
08:24
investing and caring for them.
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
But the sacrifice of buffalo
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋“ค์†Œ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ๊ณผ
08:30
and the ritual display of wealth
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์˜๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:32
also exhibits the status of the deceased,
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์ฃฝ์€ ์ž์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
and, by extension, the deceased's family.
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์ข€ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:39
So at funerals, relationships are reconfirmed
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์žฅ๋ก€์‹์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™•์ธ๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:43
but also transformed
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์ „ํ™˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
in a ritual drama that highlights
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
08:48
the most salient feature about death in this place:
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์ด์Šน์—์„œ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”:
08:52
its impact on life and the relationships of the living.
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์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
So all of this focus on death
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์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง‘์ค‘์ด
09:00
doesn't mean that Torajans don't aspire
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ํ† ๋ผ์ž์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ธด ์ˆ˜๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๋ง์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋šฏ์€
09:02
to the ideal of a long life.
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์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
They engage in many practices
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์žฅ์ˆ˜์—
09:07
thought to confer good health
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์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š”
09:09
and survival to an advanced age.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜์ฃ 
09:12
But they don't put much stock
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋…ธํ™˜์ด๋‚˜
09:14
in efforts to prolong life in the face of debilitating illness
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๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์‚ถ์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
09:19
or in old age.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋“ค์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
It's said in Toraja that everybody has
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ํ† ๋ผ์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
09:24
sort of a predetermined amount of life.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
It's called the sunga'.
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"์ˆญ๊ฐ€"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
And like a thread, it should be allowed to unspool
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์‹ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์‚ถ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์ตœํ›„์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€
09:32
to its natural end.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ํ’€๋ ค๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:34
So by having death as a part
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์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋ฌธํ™”์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
09:37
of the cultural and social fabric of life,
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๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ,
09:41
people's everyday decisions about their health
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€
09:44
and healthcare are affected.
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๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
The patriarch of my husband's maternal clan,
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์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ˆ ์ง‘์•ˆ ์”จ์กฑ์žฅ์ธ
09:51
Nenet Katcha,
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๋„ค๋„ท ์นดํŠธ์ž๋Š”
09:53
is now approaching the age of 100, as far as we can tell.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ํ•œ, ํ˜„์žฌ 100์„ธ์— ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
And there are increasing signs
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์ด์ œ ๊ณง "ํ‘ธ์•ผ"์˜ ๊ธธ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
10:00
that he is about to depart on his own journey for Puya.
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ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:05
And his death will be greatly mourned.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์Šฌํ””์ด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
10:10
But I know that my husband's family
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด
10:12
looks forward to the moment
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๊ทธ์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€
10:14
when they can ritually display
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์˜์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”
10:18
what his remarkable presence has meant to their lives,
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๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
when they can ritually recount
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ถ์„
10:25
his life's narrative,
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์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:27
weaving his story
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
10:28
into the history of their community.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
His story is their story.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:36
His funeral songs will sing them a song about themselves.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์žฅ๋ก€๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
And it's a story that has no discernible beginning,
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๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ๋ถ„๊ฐ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์ž‘๋„ ์—†๊ณ 
10:46
no foreseeable end.
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์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋๋„ ์—†์–ด์š”.
10:48
It's a story that goes on
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๊ทธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
10:50
long after his body no longer does.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:55
People ask me if I'm frightened or repulsed
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ
10:59
by participating in a culture
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๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์›Œ์ง„
11:02
where the physical manifestations of death
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธํ™” ์•ˆ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:05
greet us at every turn.
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๋‘๋ ต๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ง€ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
But I see something profoundly transformative
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
11:10
in experiencing death as a social process
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—
11:13
and not just a biological one.
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๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ์˜คํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
In reality, the relationship between the living and the dead
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ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‚ฐ ์ž์™€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ž์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€
11:21
has its own drama in the U.S. healthcare system,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ฒด์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ง€์š”.
11:24
where decisions about how long to stretch
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€
11:26
the thread of life are made based on our emotional
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์‚ถ์„ ์—ฐ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:30
and social ties with the people around us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜
11:32
not just on medicine's ability to prolong life.
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๊ฐ์ •์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
We, like the Torajans,
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ํ† ๋ผ์ง€์ธ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
11:40
base our decisions about life
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์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์ •์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
11:43
on the meanings and the definitions
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์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„
11:47
that we ascribe to death.
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๋‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
So I'm not suggesting that anyone in this audience
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ฒญ์ค‘ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋ผ๋„
11:52
should run out and adopt the traditions
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๋›ฐ์ณ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ† ๋ผ์ž์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์„
11:55
of the Torajans.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
It might be a little bit difficult
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:58
to put into play in the United States.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
But I want to ask what we can gain
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ 
12:03
from seeing physical death not only as a biological process
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๋” ํฐ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ
12:08
but as part of the greater human story.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
What would it be like to look on
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์œ ํšจ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์™ธํ˜•์„
12:15
the expired human form with love
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
12:18
because it's so intimately a part of who we all are?
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋Š๋‚Œ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:22
If we could expand our definition of death
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ถ์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐ๊นŒ์ง€
12:25
to encompass life,
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ํ™•์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:27
we could experience death as part of life
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
12:31
and perhaps face death
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„
12:33
with something other than fear.
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๋‘๋ ค์›€ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋งž์ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
Perhaps one of the answers to the challenges
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
12:41
that are facing the U.S. healthcare system,
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์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„
12:43
particularly in the end-of-life care,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์—์š”,
12:46
is as simple as a shift in perspective,
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
and the shift in perspective in this case
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ
12:51
would be to look at the social life of every death.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ฃฝ์€ ์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
It might help us recognize that the way we limit
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์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ
13:00
our conversation about death
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์˜ํ•™์  ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ตญํ•œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
13:02
to something that's medical or biological
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:05
is reflective of a larger culture that we all share
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๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๋Š”,
13:09
of avoiding death, being afraid of talking about it.
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๋” ํฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
If we could entertain and value
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ
13:19
other kinds of knowledge about life,
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์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
13:22
including other definitions of death,
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:25
it has the potential to change the discussions
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์‚ถ์˜ ์ข…์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ
13:28
that we have about the end of life.
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๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
It could change the way that we die,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
13:35
but more importantly,
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๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š”
13:37
it could transform the way that we live.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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