Kelli Swazey: Life that doesn't end with death

127,803 views ・ 2013-10-01

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: K Bang κ²€ν† : Solyi Lee
00:12
I think it's safe to say
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
00:14
that all humans will be intimate with death
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평생에 적어도 ν•œλ²ˆμ€ μ£½μŒμ΄λž€ 것에 μΉœλ°€ν•˜κ²Œ 될 것이라고
00:18
at least once in their lives.
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말해도 λ˜κ² μ§€μš”.
00:21
But what if that intimacy began
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그런데 그런 μΉœλ°€κ°μ΄
00:23
long before you faced your own transition
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삢이 죽음으둜 λ°”λ€Œκ²Œ λ˜λŠ” 개개인의 μ „ν™˜μ  이전이라면
00:25
from life into death?
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μ–΄λ–»κ² μ–΄μš”?
00:28
What would life be like
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죽은 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
00:30
if the dead literally lived alongside you?
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μ‚°λ‹€λŠ” 게 μ–΄λ–€ λŠλ‚ŒμΌκΉŒμš”?
00:33
In my husband's homeland
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제 λ‚¨νŽΈμ˜ κ³ ν–₯인
00:35
in the highlands of Sulawesi island
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μˆ λΌμ›¨μ‹œμ„¬μ˜ μ‚°μ•… μ§€λŒ€λŠ”,
00:38
in eastern Indonesia,
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λ™μΈλ„λ„€μ‹œμ•„μΈλ°μš”,
00:40
there is a community of people that experience death
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κ·Έ κ³³μ—λŠ” μ£½μŒμ„ ν•œλ²ˆμ˜ 사건이 μ•„λ‹Œ 점진적인 κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œ
00:42
not as a singular event
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κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λ©° μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ”
00:45
but as a gradual social process.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
00:49
In Tana Toraja,
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νƒ€λ‚˜ νŠΈλ‘œμžμ—μ„œλŠ”
00:50
the most important social moments in people's lives,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ‚Άμ—μ„œ μ‚¬νšŒμ μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μˆœκ°„,
00:54
the focal points of social and cultural interaction
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즉 μ‚¬νšŒμ , 문화적 ꡐλ₯˜μ˜ 쀑심점은
00:57
are not weddings or births or even family dinners,
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κ²°ν˜Όμ΄λ‚˜ μΆœμƒ, 심지어 가쑱이 λͺ¨μ΄λŠ” 저녁 식사도 μ•„λ‹Œ
01:02
but funerals.
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μž₯λ‘€μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
So these funerals are characterized
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 μž₯둀식듀은 μ„¬μ„Έν•œ μ˜μ‹μœΌλ‘œ
01:06
by elaborate rituals
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νŠΉμ§•μ§€μ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
that tie people in a system of reciprocal debt
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이런 μ˜μ‹μ„ 톡해 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ™λ¬Όμ˜ μˆ˜μ— κ·Όκ±°ν•œ
01:12
based on the amount of animals --
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μƒν˜Έ λΆ€μ±„μ˜ κ΄€κ³„λ‘œ λ¬Άμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€ --
01:14
pigs, chickens and, most importantly, water buffalo --
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돼지, λ‹­, 그리고 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²ŒλŠ” λ¬Όμ†Œλ„ μžˆλ„€μš”. --
01:19
that are sacrificed and distributed
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이 동물듀이 제물둜 ν¬μƒλ˜μ–΄ 죽은 자의 μ΄λ¦„μœΌλ‘œ
01:22
in the name of the deceased.
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λ°°λΆ„λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
So this cultural complex surrounding death,
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μ£½μŒμ„ λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Ό 이런 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ¬Έν™”λ‘œ 인해
01:28
the ritual enactment of the end of life,
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삢에 쒅지뢀λ₯Ό μ°λŠ” μž₯λ‘€ μ ˆμ°¨λŠ”
01:32
has made death the most visible
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μ£½μŒμ„ κ°€μž₯ λˆˆμ— 띄고
01:34
and remarkable aspect of Toraja's landscape.
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ν† μžλΌμ˜ 풍경에 λ†€λΌμš΄ 츑면으둜 κΈ°μ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
Lasting anywhere from a few days
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λ©°μΉ μ—μ„œ
01:42
to a few weeks,
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λͺ‡ μ£ΌκΉŒμ§€λ„ μ΄μ–΄μ§€λŠ”
01:43
funeral ceremonies are a raucous affair,
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μž₯둀식은 μ‹œλŒλ²…μ ν•œ ν–‰μ‚¬μ§€μš”.
01:47
where commemorating someone who's died
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이런 ν–‰μ‚¬μ—μ„œ 죽은 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ κΈ°λ¦¬λŠ” 것은
01:50
is not so much a private sadness
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개인적인 μŠ¬ν””κ³ΌλŠ” 거리가 있고
01:52
but more of a publicly shared transition.
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였히렀 λŒ€μ€‘μ΄ κ³΅μœ ν•˜λŠ” μ „ν™˜μ— κ°€κΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
And it's a transition that's just as much
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그것은 죽은 자λ₯Ό κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜λŠ” 것 λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜
02:00
about the identity of the living
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 자의 정체성을
02:02
as it is about remembrance of the dead.
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ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ” μ „ν™˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
So every year, thousands of visitors
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맀년, 수천λͺ…μ˜ 방문객듀이
02:08
come to Tana Toraja to see, as it were,
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νƒ€λ‚˜ νŠΈλ‘œμžμ— μžˆλŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œμ˜
02:11
this culture of death,
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죽음의 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό λ³΄λŸ¬μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
and for many people these grandiose ceremonies
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그리고 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄ 이런 κ±°μ°½ν•œ μ˜μ‹κ³Ό
02:16
and the length of the ceremonies
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κ·Έ 기간은
02:19
are somehow incommensurable
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μ„œκ΅¬μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ£½μŒμ„ λŒ€ν•˜λŠ”
02:22
with the way that we face our own mortality in the West.
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λ°©μ‹κ³ΌλŠ” μ’€ λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€μš”.
02:27
So even as we share death as a universal experience,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ£½μŒμ„ 일반적인 κ²½ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ λ³Έλ‹€ ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
02:33
it's not experienced the same way the world over.
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세상이 λ§ˆμΉ˜λŠ” 데 μžˆμ–΄ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 방식은 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”.
02:37
And as an anthropologist,
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인λ₯˜ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ,
02:39
I see these differences in experience
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μ €λŠ” 문화적, μ‚¬νšŒμ  세계에 뿌리λ₯Ό 두고 μžˆλŠ”
02:42
being rooted in the cultural and social world
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ²½ν—˜μ˜ 차이λ₯Ό 보게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
through which we define the phenomena around us.
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이런 것을 톡해 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우리 μ£Όλ³€μ˜ ν˜„μƒλ“€μ„ μ •μ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
So where we see an unquestionable reality,
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의문의 여지가 μ—†λŠ” ν˜„μ‹€μ„ 보며
02:56
death as an irrefutable biological condition,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ£½μŒμ„ λ°˜λ°•ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 생물학적 μƒνƒœλ‘œ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
Torajans see the expired corporeal form
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ν† λΌμž” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 유효 기간이 μ§€λ‚œ μ™Έν˜•μ  λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„
03:05
as part of a larger social genesis.
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더 μ»€λ‹€λž€ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ μ‹œμ΄ˆλ‘œ μ—¬κΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
So again, the physical cessation of life
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μ§€λ§Œ, μ‚Άμ˜ 물리적인 쒅말은
03:13
is not the same as death.
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죽음과 같지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
In fact, a member of society is only truly dead
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사싀, 이 μ‚¬νšŒ ꡬ성원은
03:20
when the extended family can agree upon
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λŒ€κ°€μ‘±μ΄ μž₯둀식을 μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ”λ° ν•„μš”ν•œ
03:23
and marshal the resources necessary
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μž¬μ›μ— λ™μ˜ν•˜κ³  집행이 될 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€λŠ”
03:26
to hold a funeral ceremony
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아직 μ§„μ •ν•œ μ£½μŒμ„ λ§žμ΄ν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
that is considered appropriate in terms of resources
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μž₯둀식은 죽은 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 신뢄에 κ±Έλ§žλŠ” μ λ‹Ήν•œ μž¬μ›μ— 따라
03:31
for the status of the deceased.
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κ³ λ €λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
And this ceremony has to take place
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이 μž₯둀식은
03:36
in front of the eyes of the whole community
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ°Έμ—¬ν•΄μ„œ 전체 λ§ˆμ„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ³΄λŠ” μ•žμ—μ„œ
03:38
with everyone's participation.
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κ±°ν–‰λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:41
So after a person's physical death,
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물리적으둜 ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 죽은 후에
03:44
their body is placed in a special room
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μœ ν•΄λŠ” 전톡식 κ°€μ˜₯의
03:46
in the traditional residence, which is called the tongkonan.
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 방에 μ•ˆμΉ˜λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ 집을 ν†΅μ½”λ‚œμ΄λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄μ£ .
03:49
And the tongkonan is symbolic
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ν†΅μ½”λ‚œμ€ κ°€μ‘±μ˜ 정체성에 λŒ€ν•œ
03:52
not only of the family's identity
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상징일 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
03:56
but also of the human life cycle from birth to death.
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νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜μ„œ 죽을 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ μΈκ°„μ˜ 주기에 λŒ€ν•œ μƒμ§•μ΄μ—μš”.
03:59
So essentially, the shape of the building
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기본적으둜 아이듀이 νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”
04:01
that you're born into is the shape
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건물의 λͺ¨μ–‘은
04:03
of the structure which carries you
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μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μžμ‹ μ˜ 쑰상듀이 νœ΄μ‹ν•˜λŠ” μž₯μ†Œλ‘œ
04:05
to your ancestral resting place.
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λ°λ €κ°€λŠ” ꡬ쑰의 λͺ¨μ–‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
Until the funeral ceremony,
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μž₯λ‘€μ‹κΉŒμ§€,
04:11
which can be held years after a person's physical death,
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μž₯둀식은 물리적으둜 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ‚¬λ§ν•œ ν›„ λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ΄μ–΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”,
04:16
the deceased is referred to as "to makala," a sick person,
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죽은 μžλŠ” "마칼라"라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„ν”ˆ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λž€ μ˜λ―Έμ§€μš”.
04:22
or "to mama," a person who is asleep,
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ν˜Ήμ€ "ν†  마마" 라고도 ν•˜λŠ”λ°, 이건 μž μžλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λΌλŠ” λœ»μ΄μ—μš”.
04:26
and they continue to be a member of the household.
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죽은 μžλ“€μ€ μž₯λ‘€μ‹κΉŒμ§€ κ·Έ μ§‘μ•ˆμ˜ κ΅¬μ„±μ›μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
They are symbolically fed and cared for,
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그듀은 μƒμ§•μ μœΌλ‘œ μŒμ‹λ„ λ¨Ήκ³  λ³΄ν˜Έλ„ λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
and the family at this time
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이 λ•Œ 가쑱듀은
04:35
will begin a number of ritual injunctions,
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μ˜μ‹μ— 따라 일련의 κ²½κ³ λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:38
which communicates to the wider community around them
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이런 κ²½κ³ λŠ” κ·Έλ“€ μ£Όλ³€μ˜ 더 넓은 μ‚¬νšŒμ™€ μ†Œν†΅ν•˜λŠ” 것인데,
04:41
that one of their members is undergoing the transition
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κ°€μ‘± 쀑 ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ΄μƒμ—μ„œ
04:44
from this life into the afterlife
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μ €μŠΉμœΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜ν•˜λŠ” 과정을 μ „ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
known as Puya.
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이걸 "ν‘Έμ•Ό"라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
So I know what some of you must be thinking right now.
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μ €λŠ” 이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ 쀑 일뢀가 무엇을 μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œλŠ”μ§€ μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
Is she really saying that these people live
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μ € μ—¬μžκ°€ μ •λ§λ‘œ 이듀이
04:55
with the bodies of their dead relatives?
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죽은 자의 μœ ν•΄μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μ‚°λ‹€κ³  ν•˜λŠ” 건가?
04:58
And that's exactly what I'm saying.
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λ„€, 그게 λ°”λ‘œ μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
05:01
But instead of giving in to the sort of visceral reaction
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μΌμ’…μ˜ λ³ΈλŠ₯적 λ°˜μ‘μ— μ˜ˆμ†λ˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ μ—
05:04
we have to this idea of proximity to bodies,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ·Όμ ‘ν•¨μ˜ λŠλ‚Œμ„ λͺΈμœΌλ‘œ λŠλΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
05:08
proximity to death,
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μ£½μŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 근접을 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
or how this notion just does not fit
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λ˜λŠ” 이런 κ°œλ…μ΄
05:13
into our very biological or medical
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€ μžμ‹ μ˜ 생물학적인
05:16
sort of definition of death,
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ν˜Ήμ€ μ˜ν•™μ μΈ 죽음의 μ •μ˜μ— μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ§žμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λŠλΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
05:19
I like to think about what the Torajan way
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μ €λŠ” ν† λΌμžμΈλ“€μ˜ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ£½μŒμ„ λ³΄λŠ” 것이
05:22
of viewing death encompasses of the human experience
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μΈκ°„μ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 생각해 보기λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:26
that the medical definition leaves out.
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μ˜ν•™μ  μ •μ˜λ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν•œ 인간적 κ²½ν—˜ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
05:31
I think that Torajans socially recognize
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μ €λŠ” ν† λΌμžμΈλ“€μ΄ μš°λ¦¬λ“€ 쀑 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 진싀이라고 λ―ΏλŠ” 것을
05:35
and culturally express
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μ‚¬νšŒμ μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³ 
05:38
what many of us feel to be true
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λ¬Έν™”μ μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
despite the widespread acceptance
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비둝 생물 μ˜ν•™μ μΈ 죽음의 μ •μ˜κ°€
05:43
of the biomedical definition of death,
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널리 잘 λ°›μ•„λ“€μ—¬μ‘Œλ‹€ ν•΄λ„μš”.
05:48
and that is that our relationships with other humans,
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그리고 그것은 우리의 인간 관계와,
05:52
their impact on our social reality,
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μ‚¬νšŒμ  ν˜„μ‹€μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 영ν–₯λ ₯이
05:55
doesn't cease with the termination
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윑체의 물리적인 κ³Όμ •κ³Ό
05:58
of the physical processes of the body,
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ν•¨κ»˜ λλ‚˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλž€ 것을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
that there's a period of transition
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μ‚° μžμ™€ 죽은 자 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜
06:04
as the relationship between the living and the dead
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관계가 λ³€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” μ „ν™˜μ˜ 기간이지
06:09
is transformed but not ended.
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끝이 μ•„λ‹Œκ±°μ£ .
06:14
So Torajans express this idea of this enduring relationship
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν† λΌμžμΈλ“€μ€ κ°€μž₯ λˆˆμ— 잘 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” κ·Έ κ΄€κ³„μ˜
06:18
by lavishing love and attention
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상징에 관심을 기울이고 μ‚¬λž‘μ„ λ² ν’‚μœΌλ‘œμ¨
06:20
on the most visible symbol of that relationship,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 지속적인 κ΄€κ³„μ˜ κ°œλ…μ„ ν‘œν˜„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
the human body.
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κ·Έ κ΄€κ³„λž€ 곧 μœ‘μ²΄μ΄μ§€μš”.
06:25
So my husband has fond memories
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 제 λ‚¨νŽΈμ€ λŒμ•„κ°€μ‹  할아버지와
06:28
of talking to and playing with
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ν•¨κ»˜ 이야기 λ‚˜λˆ„κ³  λ†€μ•˜λ˜ 좔얡을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
and generally being around his deceased grandfather,
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κ·Έμ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄, λŒμ•„κ°€μ‹  ν• μ•„λ²„μ§€μ˜ 곁에 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 것은
06:34
and for him there is nothing unnatural about this.
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μ „ν˜€ λΆ€μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 일이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ˜ˆμš”.
06:37
This is a natural part of the process
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이것은 κ·Έλ“€ 가쑱이
06:40
as the family comes to terms with the transition
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죽은 μžμ™€μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ 맀듭을 μ§“λŠ”
06:44
in their relationship to the deceased,
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μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ° κ³Όμ •μ˜ μΌλΆ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
and this is the transition from relating to the deceased
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그리고 이것은 관계λ₯Ό 맺은 μƒνƒœλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
06:49
as a person who's living
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죽은 μžμ—κ²Œ 이λ₯΄λŠ” κ³Όμ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:51
to relating to the deceased
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μ‘°μƒμœΌλ‘œ 죽은 μžμ—κ²Œ
06:53
as a person who's an ancestor.
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μ‚° μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œμ„œ 관계λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
06:55
And here you can see these wooden effigies
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여기에 μ‘°μƒλ“€μ˜ 이런 λͺ©μž¬ μΈν˜•μ„
06:57
of the ancestors,
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보싀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
so these are people who have already been buried,
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이듀은 이미 맀μž₯되고
07:00
already had a funeral ceremony.
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μž₯λ‘€κ°€ μΉ˜λŸ¬μ§„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄μ—μš”.
07:01
These are called tau tau.
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이 μΈν˜•λ“€μ„ "νƒ€μš° νƒ€μš°"라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
So the funeral ceremony itself
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μž₯둀식 κ·Έ μžμ²΄λŠ”
07:07
embodies this relational perspective on death.
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μ£½μŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 이런 관계적 μ‹œκ°μ„ ν˜•μƒν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
It ritualizes the impact of death on families
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그것은 κ°€μ‘±κ³Ό 지역 μ‚¬νšŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ
07:15
and communities.
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죽음의 좩격을 μ˜μ‹ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
And it's also a moment of self-awareness.
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λ˜ν•œ 자각의 μˆœκ°„μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
07:20
It's a moment when people think about who they are,
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그것은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžμ‹ μ€ λˆ„κ΅¬μΈμ§€,
07:24
their place in society,
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μ‚¬νšŒ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜,
07:27
and their role in the life cycle
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그리고 μ‚Άμ˜ μ£ΌκΈ°μ—μ„œ ν† λΌμžλΌλŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μš°μ£Όμ— 맞좰
07:29
in accordance with Torajan cosmology.
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 역할에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ 생각해 λ³΄λŠ” μˆœκ°„μ΄μ—μš”.
07:34
There's a saying in Toraja
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ν† λΌμžμ—λŠ”
07:35
that all people will become grandparents,
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‘°λΆ€λͺ¨κ°€ 될 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” 말이 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
07:38
and what this means is that after death,
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이것이 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것은 죽은 후에
07:41
we all become part of the ancestral line
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ„ μ‘°μ˜ λŒ€μ—΄μ— 일뢀가 λœλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
that anchors us between the past and the present
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과거와 ν˜„μž¬ μ‚¬μ΄λ‘œ 우리λ₯Ό 이끌고
07:47
and will define who our loved ones are into the future.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ―Έλž˜μ— μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 될지 μ •μ˜ λ‚΄λ¦°λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
07:52
So essentially, we all become grandparents
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 기본적으둜 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μš°λ¦¬λ“€ λ‹€μŒμ— μ˜€λŠ”
07:55
to the generations of human children
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인λ₯˜μ˜ μžμ†λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄
07:58
that come after us.
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μ‘°λΆ€λͺ¨κ°€ λœλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
And this metaphor of membership
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ν™•μž₯된 인λ₯˜μ˜ 가쑱에
08:03
in the greater human family
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일원이 λœλ‹€λŠ” λΉ„μœ λŠ”
08:05
is the way that children also describe
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μ–΄λ¦° 아이듀이
08:07
the money that they invest
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제물둜 λ°”μΉ˜λŠ” λ“€μ†Œμ—κ²Œ 그듀이 λ°”μΉ˜λŠ” λˆμ„
08:08
in these sacrificial buffaloes
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ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” λ°©μ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
that are thought to carry people's soul
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이 λ“€μ†Œλ“€μ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μ˜ν˜Όμ„
08:12
from here to the afterlife,
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μ΄μŠΉμ—μ„œ μ €μŠΉμœΌλ‘œ μ΄λˆλ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:15
and children will explain
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그리고 아이듀은
08:16
that they will invest the money in this
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λΆ€λͺ¨λ“€μ΄ μžμ‹ λ“€μ—κ²Œ νˆ¬μžν•˜κ³  μžμ‹ λ“€μ„ 돌보느라
08:19
because they want to repay their parents
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ν‰μƒλ™μ•ˆ μ§€λΆˆν•œ λΉšμ„ 되갚고 μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
08:21
the debt for all of the years their parents spent
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여기에 λˆμ„ μ§€λΆˆν•˜λŠ” 것이라고
08:24
investing and caring for them.
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μ„€λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
But the sacrifice of buffalo
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ“€μ†Œμ˜ 희생과
08:30
and the ritual display of wealth
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μ˜λ‘€λ₯Ό 톡해 λΆ€λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것은
08:32
also exhibits the status of the deceased,
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죽은 자의 μ§€μœ„λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:35
and, by extension, the deceased's family.
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μ’€ 더 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ 죽은 자의 κ°€μ‘±μ˜ μœ„μƒμ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
08:39
So at funerals, relationships are reconfirmed
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μž₯λ‘€μ‹μ—μ„œλŠ” 관계가 λ‹€μ‹œ 확인될 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
08:43
but also transformed
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μ „ν™˜λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
in a ritual drama that highlights
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ“œλΌλ§ˆμ™€ 같은 μ˜μ‹μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
08:48
the most salient feature about death in this place:
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μ΄μŠΉμ—μ„œμ˜ μ£½μŒμ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ˜μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”:
08:52
its impact on life and the relationships of the living.
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삢에 λŒ€ν•œ 영ν–₯ 그리고 μ‚°μžλ“€μ˜ 관계 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
So all of this focus on death
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μ£½μŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 이런 λͺ¨λ“  집쀑이
09:00
doesn't mean that Torajans don't aspire
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ν† λΌμžμΈλ“€μ΄ 보닀 더 κΈ΄ 수λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•œ 열망이 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” λš―μ€
09:02
to the ideal of a long life.
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μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
They engage in many practices
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그듀은 건강과 μž₯μˆ˜μ—
09:07
thought to confer good health
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μ’‹λ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λŠ”
09:09
and survival to an advanced age.
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λ§Žμ€ 것듀을 μ‹€μ²œν•˜μ£ 
09:12
But they don't put much stock
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ…Έν™˜μ΄λ‚˜
09:14
in efforts to prolong life in the face of debilitating illness
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λ˜λŠ” λ‚˜μ΄κ°€ λ“€μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ, 삢을 μ—°μž₯ν•˜λ €κ³ 
09:19
or in old age.
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λ§Žμ€ λˆμ„ λ“€μ΄μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
It's said in Toraja that everybody has
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ν† λΌμžμ—μ„œλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
09:24
sort of a predetermined amount of life.
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이미 κ²°μ •λœ 삢을 μ‚°λ‹€κ³  말듀을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
It's called the sunga'.
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"μˆ­κ°€"라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:28
And like a thread, it should be allowed to unspool
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마치 μ‹€μ²˜λŸΌ, 삢은 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ° μ΅œν›„μ˜ μˆœκ°„κΉŒμ§€
09:32
to its natural end.
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μ‘°κΈˆμ”© ν’€λ €λ‚˜κ°€μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
09:34
So by having death as a part
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μ£½μŒμ„ 문화적, μ‚¬νšŒμ μΈ μ‚Άμ΄λΌλŠ”
09:37
of the cultural and social fabric of life,
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λ³΅ν•©μ²΄μ˜ μΌλΆ€λ‘œ λ°›μ•„λ“€μž„μœΌλ‘œμ¨,
09:41
people's everyday decisions about their health
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 건강과 보건에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 일상적인 결정은
09:44
and healthcare are affected.
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별닀λ₯Έ 영ν–₯을 받지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
The patriarch of my husband's maternal clan,
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제 λ‚¨νŽΈμ˜ μ‚¬λˆ μ§‘μ•ˆ 씨쑱μž₯인
09:51
Nenet Katcha,
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λ„€λ„· μΉ΄νŠΈμžλŠ”
09:53
is now approaching the age of 100, as far as we can tell.
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저희가 μ•„λŠ” ν•œ, ν˜„μž¬ 100세에 κ°€κΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:58
And there are increasing signs
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이제 곧 "ν‘Έμ•Ό"의 길에 μ ‘μ–΄λ“€λ €κ³  ν•œλ‹€λŠ”
10:00
that he is about to depart on his own journey for Puya.
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ν‘œμ‹œκ°€ 점점 더 λ§Žμ•„μ§€κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
10:05
And his death will be greatly mourned.
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그의 μ£½μŒμ€ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μŠ¬ν””μ΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ
10:10
But I know that my husband's family
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μ €λŠ” 제 λ‚¨νŽΈμ˜ 가쑱이
10:12
looks forward to the moment
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그의 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ‘΄μž¬κ°€ 가쑱에 무엇을 μ˜λ―Έν–ˆλŠ”μ§€
10:14
when they can ritually display
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μ˜μ‹μ„ 톡해 λ‚΄λ³΄μ΄κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”
10:18
what his remarkable presence has meant to their lives,
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κ·Έ μˆœκ°„μ„ 기닀리고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
when they can ritually recount
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κ·Έ λ•Œ 가쑱은 κ·Έ λΆ„μ˜ 삢을
10:25
his life's narrative,
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재쑰λͺ…ν•΄ λ³Ό 수 있고
10:27
weaving his story
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μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
10:28
into the history of their community.
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κ·Έλ“€ μ‚¬νšŒμ— μ—­μ‚¬λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
His story is their story.
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그의 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ˜ˆμš”.
10:36
His funeral songs will sing them a song about themselves.
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그의 μž₯λ‘€κ³‘μœΌλ‘œ 그듀은 μžμ‹ λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…Έλž˜λ₯Ό λΆ€λ₯Ό κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:42
And it's a story that has no discernible beginning,
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κ·Έ λ…Έλž˜μ—λŠ” λΆ„κ°„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹œμž‘λ„ μ—†κ³ 
10:46
no foreseeable end.
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μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 끝도 μ—†μ–΄μš”.
10:48
It's a story that goes on
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κ·Έ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ”
10:50
long after his body no longer does.
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그의 λͺΈμ΄ 더 이상 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ·Έ μ΄ν›„λ‘œλ„ 계속될 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
10:55
People ask me if I'm frightened or repulsed
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 제게
10:59
by participating in a culture
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곳곳에 물리적 죽음의 κ·Έλ¦Όμžκ°€ λ“œλ¦¬μ›Œμ§„
11:02
where the physical manifestations of death
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그런 λ¬Έν™” μ•ˆμ— μ‚¬λŠ” 것이
11:05
greet us at every turn.
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λ‘λ ΅κ±°λ‚˜ 거뢀감이 듀지 μ•ŠλŠ” 지 λ¬»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
But I see something profoundly transformative
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” μ£½μŒμ„ λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 생물학적이 μ•„λ‹Œ
11:10
in experiencing death as a social process
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μ‚¬νšŒμ μΈ κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ΄λŠ” 것에
11:13
and not just a biological one.
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맀우 μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ μ „ν™˜μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ••λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:17
In reality, the relationship between the living and the dead
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ν˜„μ‹€ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μ‚° μžμ™€ 죽은 자의 관계가
11:21
has its own drama in the U.S. healthcare system,
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미ꡭ의 보건 μ²΄μ²΄μ—μ„œλŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λ“œλΌλ§ˆμ§€μš”.
11:24
where decisions about how long to stretch
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‚Άμ˜ λˆμ„ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ—°μž₯ν•  것인지가
11:26
the thread of life are made based on our emotional
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삢을 μ—°μž₯ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ˜ν•™μ  λŠ₯λ ₯에 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
11:30
and social ties with the people around us,
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우리 μ£Όλ³€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Όμ˜
11:32
not just on medicine's ability to prolong life.
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감정적, μ‚¬νšŒμ  연결에 μ˜ν•΄ κ²°μ •λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:37
We, like the Torajans,
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ν† λΌμ§€μΈλ“€μ²˜λŸΌ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
11:40
base our decisions about life
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μ£½μŒμ— λΆ€μ—¬ν•œ μ˜λ―Έμ™€ μ •μ˜μ— 따라
11:43
on the meanings and the definitions
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삢에 λŒ€ν•œ 우리의 결정을
11:47
that we ascribe to death.
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λ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:49
So I'm not suggesting that anyone in this audience
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μ €λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ 청쀑 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ λˆ„κ΅¬μ—κ²ŒλΌλ„
11:52
should run out and adopt the traditions
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λ›°μ³λ‚˜κ°€ ν† λΌμžμΈλ“€μ˜ 전톡을
11:55
of the Torajans.
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따라야 ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:56
It might be a little bit difficult
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 것은
11:58
to put into play in the United States.
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쑰금 μ–΄λ €μšΈ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:01
But I want to ask what we can gain
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €λŠ” 물리적 μ£½μŒμ„ 생물학적 κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œλ§Œ 보지 말고
12:03
from seeing physical death not only as a biological process
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더 큰 인λ₯˜ μ—­μ‚¬μ˜ μΌλΆ€λ‘œ λ³΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ—μ„œ
12:08
but as part of the greater human story.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무엇을 얻을 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 묻고 μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:12
What would it be like to look on
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유효 기간이 μ§€λ‚œ μΈκ°„μ˜ μ™Έν˜•μ„
12:15
the expired human form with love
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그것이 ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 우리 λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ 일뢀이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
12:18
because it's so intimately a part of who we all are?
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μ‚¬λž‘μ˜ 눈으둜 λ³΄λŠ” 것은 μ–΄λ–€ λŠλ‚ŒμΌκΉŒμš”?
12:22
If we could expand our definition of death
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 죽음의 μ •μ˜λ₯Ό 삢을 μ•„μš°λ₯΄λŠ” λ°κΉŒμ§€
12:25
to encompass life,
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ν™•μž₯ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
12:27
we could experience death as part of life
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ£½μŒμ„ μ‚Άμ˜ μΌλΆ€λ‘œ κ²½ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆμ„ 것이고
12:31
and perhaps face death
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μ£½μŒμ„
12:33
with something other than fear.
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두렀움 μ΄μƒμ˜ κ°μ •μœΌλ‘œ λ§žμ΄ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
Perhaps one of the answers to the challenges
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미ꡭ의 보건 체계가 μ§λ©΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
12:41
that are facing the U.S. healthcare system,
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어렀움에 λŒ€ν•œ ν•œκ°€μ§€ λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ μ•„λ§ˆλ„
12:43
particularly in the end-of-life care,
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특히 미ꡭ의 μƒμ˜ 말기 μΉ˜λ£Œμ—μ„œ λ§μ΄μ—μš”,
12:46
is as simple as a shift in perspective,
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κ·Έ λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ μ‹œκ°μ˜ λ³€ν™” λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
and the shift in perspective in this case
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이 κ²½μš°μ—, μ‹œκ°μ˜ λ³€ν™”λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ
12:51
would be to look at the social life of every death.
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λͺ¨λ“  죽은 이듀에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒμ  삢을 λ°”λΌλ³΄λŠ” 것일 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:57
It might help us recognize that the way we limit
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μ£½μŒμ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ‚˜λˆ„λŠ” 우리의 λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό
13:00
our conversation about death
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μ˜ν•™μ  λ˜λŠ” 생물학적인 것에 κ΅­ν•œν•˜λŠ” 방법은
13:02
to something that's medical or biological
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ μ£½μŒμ„ νšŒν”Όν•˜λ € ν•˜κ³ 
13:05
is reflective of a larger culture that we all share
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받아듀이기 λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜λŠ”,
13:09
of avoiding death, being afraid of talking about it.
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더 큰 μ‚¬νšŒκ°€ 반영된 κ²°κ³Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:14
If we could entertain and value
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ£½μŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ •μ˜λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ—¬
13:19
other kinds of knowledge about life,
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삢에 λŒ€ν•œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 지식에 λŒ€ν•΄
13:22
including other definitions of death,
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μ¦κ±°μ›Œν•˜κ³  κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
13:25
it has the potential to change the discussions
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μ‚Άμ˜ 쒅점에 λŒ€ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 가진 μƒκ°μ˜ λ…Όμ˜λ₯Ό
13:28
that we have about the end of life.
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λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
It could change the way that we die,
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그것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ£½λŠ” 방식을 λ°”κΏ€ 수 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ,
13:35
but more importantly,
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더 μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²ŒλŠ”
13:37
it could transform the way that we live.
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그것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ” 방식을 λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:45
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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