Andrew Mwenda: Let's take a new look at African aid

翻译人员: Tait Jiang 校对人员: Wang Qian

I am very, very happy to be amidst some of the most --

我非常非常的高兴能和这么多……

the lights are really disturbing my eyes

这些灯光太刺眼了

and they're reflecting on my glasses.

它们反射到我的镜片上了

I am very happy and honored to be amidst

我非常高兴且荣幸和

very, very innovative and intelligent people.

非常聪明、有创造力的人们在一起

I have listened to the three previous speakers,

在此之前我已经听了3个人的演讲了

and guess what happened?

猜一下发生了什么事？

Every single thing I planned to say, they have said it here,

每一个我想说的事情都已经被他们说完了

and it looks and sounds like I have nothing else to say.

看上去我好象没有什么可以说的了

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But there is a saying in my culture

但是在我的祖国有一句谚语

that if a bud leaves a tree without saying something,

如果一朵花一句话也不说就离开了树干

that bud is a young one.

那朵花一定还稚嫩

So, I will -- since I am not young and am very old,

所以，既然我已不再稚嫩

I still will say something.

我还是要说一点的

We are hosting this conference at a very opportune moment,

我们正在一个非常合时宜的时候开这个会

because another conference is taking place in Berlin.

因为另一个会议正在柏林召开

It is the G8 Summit.

这就是八国首脑峰会

The G8 Summit proposes that the solution to Africa's problems

G8峰会建议，解决非洲问题的办法

should be a massive increase in aid,

应该是继续加大对非洲的援助

something akin to the Marshall Plan.

这和当年的马歇尔计划很相似

Unfortunately, I personally do not believe in the Marshall Plan.

不幸的是，我个人并不相信马歇尔计划

One, because the benefits of the Marshall Plan have been overstated.

首先，马歇尔计划的成果被夸大了

Its largest recipients were Germany and France,

它最大的受援国是德国和法国

and it was only 2.5 percent of their GDP.

但援助只占了他们GDP的2.5%

An average African country receives foreign aid

平均每个非洲国家接受的外国援助

to the tune of 13, 15 percent of its GDP,

竟达到了他们GDP的13%-15%那么多

and that is an unprecedented transfer of financial resources

这是一个史无前例的金融资源大迁移

from rich countries to poor countries.

从富裕的国家到贫穷的国家

But I want to say that there are two things we need to connect.

但是我想说的是，有两件事情我们需要提及

How the media covers Africa in the West, and the consequences of that.

西方媒体是如何报道非洲和那些援助成果的

By displaying despair, helplessness and hopelessness,

通过播放绝望和无助的画面

the media is telling the truth about Africa, and nothing but the truth.

媒体是在展示非洲的真实情况，非常真实

However, the media is not telling us the whole truth.

然而，媒体没有告诉我们所有的真实情况

Because despair, civil war, hunger and famine,

因为绝望、内战、饥荒

although they're part and parcel of our African reality,

虽然是我们非洲的真实的一部分

they are not the only reality.

但这些不是全部

And secondly, they are the smallest reality.

而且，它们只是其中很小的一部分

Africa has 53 nations.

非洲有53个国家

We have civil wars only in six countries,

只有6个国家有内战

which means that the media are covering only six countries.

那就说明，媒体只报道了这6个国家

Africa has immense opportunities that never navigate

非洲蕴含着的巨大的机遇却从来没有被报道过

through the web of despair and helplessness

那些交织着绝望和无助的报道

that the Western media largely presents to its audience.

西方媒体却大量的向他们的听众传递

But the effect of that presentation is, it appeals to sympathy.

但是那些报道的作用只是祈求同情

It appeals to pity. It appeals to something called charity.

祈求怜悯，祈求那些所谓的援助

And, as a consequence, the Western view

这样的结果是，西方人关于

of Africa's economic dilemma is framed wrongly.

“非洲经济困境”的错误观念被建立起来了

The wrong framing is a product of thinking

这种观念的建立是一味的去联想

that Africa is a place of despair.

一个绝望的非洲的结果

What should we do with it? We should give food to the hungry.

我们该怎么办？我们应该给饥饿的人们食物

We should deliver medicines to those who are ill.

我们应该给生病的人送去医药

We should send peacekeeping troops

我们应该派维和部队

to serve those who are facing a civil war.

去拯救那些正在遭遇内战的人民

And in the process, Africa has been stripped of self-initiative.

在这个过程中，非洲已经丧失了自己的主动性

I want to say that it is important to recognize

我想说，重要的是认识到

that Africa has fundamental weaknesses.

非洲确实有其根本性的不足

But equally, it has opportunities and a lot of potential.

但是同时，也有很多的发展潜力

We need to reframe the challenge that is facing Africa,

我们需要重新定位非洲正面临的考验

from a challenge of despair,

从充满绝望的考验

which is called poverty reduction,

它被叫做减少贫困

to a challenge of hope.

到充满希望的考验

We frame it as a challenge of hope, and that is worth creation.

我们重新定义它为一个充满希望的考验，这是值得的

The challenge facing all those who are interested in Africa

所有关心非洲的人们面对着这个考验

is not the challenge of reducing poverty.

这不再是一个减少贫困的考验

It should be a challenge of creating wealth.

而应该是一个创造财富的考验

Once we change those two things --

一旦我们交换了这两个概念

if you say the Africans are poor and they need poverty reduction,

如果你说“非洲很穷，他们需要脱贫”

you have the international cartel of good intentions

你的愿望非常美好

moving onto the continent, with what?

但是带点什么去非洲呢

Medicines for the poor, food relief for those who are hungry,

给穷人带去药品，给饥饿的人带去食物

and peacekeepers for those who are facing civil war.

给遭受内战的人送去维和部队

And in the process, none of these things really are productive

所有这些都没有从根本上解决问题

because you are treating the symptoms, not the causes

因为对于非洲的那些基本问题

of Africa's fundamental problems.

这些只治标不治本

Sending somebody to school and giving them medicines,

送一些人去学校，给他们药品

ladies and gentlemen, does not create wealth for them.

各位，这些不能给他们创造财富

Wealth is a function of income, and income comes from you finding

稳定的收入才是致富的根本，而稳定的收入来自于

a profitable trading opportunity or a well-paying job.

一个能获利的贸易机会或者一份稳定的工作

Now, once we begin to talk about wealth creation in Africa,

现在，我们开始谈到如何让非洲富裕起来

our second challenge will be,

我们的下一个挑战将是

who are the wealth-creating agents in any society?

谁是社会上创造财富的代理人

They are entrepreneurs. [Unclear] told us they are always

是企业家，现实告诉我们他们一直

about four percent of the population, but 16 percent are imitators.

只占世界人口的4%，但是16%不是真正意义上的企业家

But they also succeed at the job of entrepreneurship.

但他们同样可以胜任企业家这个工作

So, where should we be putting the money?

所以，我们应该把钱用在什么地方？

We need to put money where it can productively grow.

我们需要把钱用在可以创造财富的地方

Support private investment in Africa, both domestic and foreign.

支持在非洲的私人投资，不管是国内的还是国外的

Support research institutions,

支持科研机构

because knowledge is an important part of wealth creation.

因为知识是创造财富不可或缺的一部分

But what is the international aid community doing with Africa today?

但是那些国际援助组织现在在非洲做些什么呢？

They are throwing large sums of money for primary health,

他们把大把的钞票花在了基础医疗上

for primary education, for food relief.

基础教育上和粮食救济上

The entire continent has been turned into

整个非洲大陆已经变成了

a place of despair, in need of charity.

一个绝望和坐等慈善的地方

Ladies and gentlemen, can any one of you tell me

女士们先生们，你们谁能告诉我

a neighbor, a friend, a relative that you know,

你的邻居、朋友和亲人

who became rich by receiving charity?

哪一个人是通过接受善款致富的

By holding the begging bowl and receiving alms?

是通过抱着讨饭碗接受别人的施舍而致富的

Does any one of you in the audience have that person?

你们谁听说过有这样的例子

Does any one of you know a country that developed because of

你们谁听说过一个国家是通过

the generosity and kindness of another?

他国的善良和慷慨而发展起来的？

Well, since I'm not seeing the hand,

那好，既然我没有看到有人举手

it appears that what I'm stating is true.

那说明我说的是事实

(Bono: Yes!)

Bono：对

Andrew Mwenda: I can see Bono says he knows the country.

Andrew Mwenda：我听到Bono说他知道有这样的国家

Which country is that?

哪个国家？

(Bono: It's an Irish land.)

Bono：这是个爱尔兰名字

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Bono: [unclear])

（貌似在打电话）

AM: Thank you very much. But let me tell you this.

非常感谢，还是让我来告诉你们吧

External actors can only present to you an opportunity.

外人只能给你一个机会

The ability to utilize that opportunity and turn it into an advantage

能否抓住这个机会，且把它变成一个优势

depends on your internal capacity.

取决于你的个人能力

Africa has received many opportunities.

非洲曾有过很多机会

Many of them we haven't benefited much.

但其中的大部分我们没有从中获益良多

Why? Because we lack the internal, institutional framework

为什么？因为我们缺少相应的体制框架

and policy framework that can make it possible for us

和政策框架来帮助我们

to benefit from our external relations. I'll give you an example.

从我们的对外关系中获利。我可以给你们一个例子

Under the Cotonou Agreement,

根据科托努协定

formerly known as the Lome Convention,

其前身是洛美协定

African countries have been given an opportunity by Europe

欧洲曾给过非洲一个很好的机会

to export goods, duty-free, to the European Union market.

可免关税出口货物到欧盟市场

My own country, Uganda, has a quota to export 50,000 metric tons

我的祖国，乌干达，得到个机会可以出口5万吨

of sugar to the European Union market.

蔗糖到欧盟市场

We haven't exported one kilogram yet.

我们连一公斤都没有出口

We import 50,000 metric tons of sugar from Brazil and Cuba.

我们反而从巴西和古巴进口了5万吨的蔗糖

Secondly, under the beef protocol of that agreement,

第二，按照这个协定书上的牛肉协定

African countries that produce beef

非洲产牛肉的国家

have quotas to export beef duty-free to the European Union market.

可以有一定的配额免关税出口牛肉到欧盟市场

None of those countries, including Africa's most successful nation, Botswana,

没有任何一个国家，包括非洲最成功的国家博茨瓦纳在内

has ever met its quota.

用完了这些配额

So, I want to argue today that the fundamental source of Africa's

所以我想说的是，非洲从根本上

inability to engage the rest of the world

没有能力和其他国家

in a more productive relationship

建立一种高效的合作关系

is because it has a poor institutional and policy framework.

是因为它没有好的体制和政策框架

And all forms of intervention need support,

各种形式的变革都需要支持

the evolution of the kinds of institutions that create wealth,

发展能创造财富的机构

the kinds of institutions that increase productivity.

和能提高生产效率的机构

How do we begin to do that, and why is aid the bad instrument?

我们应该怎么做呢？为什么援助不是一件好事呢？

Aid is the bad instrument, and do you know why?

你们知道为什么援助不是一件好事吗？

Because all governments across the world need money to survive.

因为所有政府都需要钱去维持

Money is needed for a simple thing like keeping law and order.

想维持法律公正和社会秩序需要钱

You have to pay the army and the police to show law and order.

建立军队和警察去维护法律和秩序也需要钱

And because many of our governments are quite dictatorial,

同时因为大多数的政府都比较独裁

they need really to have the army clobber the opposition.

他们真正需要的是用军队去镇压反对派

The second thing you need to do is pay your political hangers-on.

接着各种政治活动也需要花钱

Why should people support their government?

为什么人们应该去支持他们的政府？

Well, because it gives them good, paying jobs,

那是因为政府能给他们一份好工作

or, in many African countries, unofficial opportunities

在很多非洲国家，暗地里

to profit from corruption.

可以通过腐败获利

The fact is no government in the world,

事实是，世界上没有一个政府

with the exception of a few, like that of Idi Amin,

除了少数像伊迪阿明那样的以外

can seek to depend entirely on force as an instrument of rule.

可以选择完全用武力来进行统治

Many countries in the [unclear], they need legitimacy.

世界上的很多国家需要让他们的统治合法化

To get legitimacy, governments often need to deliver things like primary education,

为此，政府们一般需要提供基础教育

primary health, roads, build hospitals and clinics.

基础医疗、道路、修建医院和诊所

If the government's fiscal survival

一个政府的财务状况如何

depends on it having to raise money from its own people,

取决于它是否能从人民那里获得更多的钱

such a government is driven by self-interest

这样的被利益驱动的政府

to govern in a more enlightened fashion.

以一种更加开明的方式进行统治

It will sit with those who create wealth.

它会和那些能创造财富的人坐下来

Talk to them about the kind of policies and institutions

和他们讨论什么样的政策和体制

that are necessary for them to expand a scale and scope of business

是他们继续扩大生意必须的

so that it can collect more tax revenues from them.

这样它就能从他们那里获得更多的税收收入

The problem with the African continent

非洲的问题

and the problem with the aid industry

由援助引起的问题是

is that it has distorted the structure of incentives

它扭曲了自我激励体系

facing the governments in Africa.

非洲各国都要面对这个问题

The productive margin in our governments' search for revenue

我们政府财政收入的主要来源

does not lie in the domestic economy,

并不是来自于国内经济

it lies with international donors.

而是来自于国际援助

Rather than sit with Ugandan --

与其和乌干达的……

(Applause) --

（掌声）

rather than sit with Ugandan entrepreneurs,

与其和乌干达的企业家坐下来谈

Ghanaian businessmen, South African enterprising leaders,

和加纳的商人，南非的企业领袖谈

our governments find it more productive

我们的政府发现倒不如

to talk to the IMF and the World Bank.

和世界货币基金组织和世界银行谈来的合算

I can tell you, even if you have ten Ph.Ds.,

我想说，就算你有10个博士学位

you can never beat Bill Gates in understanding the computer industry.

你也不可能比比尔盖茨更了解计算机行业

Why? Because the knowledge that is required for you to understand

为什么？因为你需要去懂得的那些知识

the incentives necessary to expand a business --

扩大生意需要的原动力

it requires that you listen to the people, the private sector actors in that industry.

都需要你去倾听那些在这个行业中的人和机构怎么说的

Governments in Africa have therefore been given an opportunity,

非洲的各政府因此从国际上得到了一个机会

by the international community, to avoid building

以避免去和自己的国民

productive arrangements with your own citizens,

建立一个有成效的协议

and therefore allowed to begin endless negotiations with the IMF

因此允许开始和国际货币基金组织的无休止的谈判

and the World Bank, and then it is the IMF and the World Bank

还有世界银行，然后国际货币基金组织和世界银行

that tell them what its citizens need.

告诉各政府他们的国民需要什么？

In the process, we, the African people, have been sidelined

在这整个过程中，非洲人民完全被忽略掉了

from the policy-making, policy-orientation, and policy-

从我们国家的政策的制定、政策的取向一直到

implementation process in our countries.

政策的执行过程中被忽略掉了

We have limited input, because he who pays the piper calls the tune.

我们必须限制投入，因为发号施令的是花了钱的人

The IMF, the World Bank, and the cartel of good intentions in the world

国际货币基金组织、世界银行和全世界的好心人

has taken over our rights as citizens,

已经剥夺了我们作为公民的权利

and therefore what our governments are doing, because they depend on aid,

因为政府依赖于援助，因此他们正在做的是

is to listen to international creditors rather than their own citizens.

去听从那些国际债权人而不是他们的国民

But I want to put a caveat on my argument,

但是我想补充说明一点

and that caveat is that it is not true that aid is always destructive.

援助并不都是破坏性的

Some aid may have built a hospital, fed a hungry village.

一些援助用来建立医院，救济饥饿的村民

It may have built a road, and that road

修建了道路，那道路

may have served a very good role.

或许已经发挥了很好的作用

The mistake of the international aid industry

国际援助的错误是

is to pick these isolated incidents of success,

看中那些孤立的成功例子

generalize them, pour billions and trillions of dollars into them,

进行推广，再投成千上万的钱进去

and then spread them across the whole world,

然后把它们传播到世界各地

ignoring the specific and unique circumstances in a given village,

忽略了被援助的每一个村庄的情况都是不同的

the skills, the practices, the norms and habits

技能、实践、规范和习惯

that allowed that small aid project to succeed --

才是让援助计划成功的关键

like in Sauri village, in Kenya, where Jeffrey Sachs is working --

就像Jeffrey Sachs工作的那个肯尼亚的绍里村

and therefore generalize this experience

推广这样的经验

as the experience of everybody.

让它变成每个人都能用的经验

Aid increases the resources available to governments,

援助增加了政府的可用资源

and that makes working in a government the most profitable thing

让在政府工作成为最有利可图的事情

you can have, as a person in Africa seeking a career.

特别是对于一个正在找工作的非洲人来说

By increasing the political attractiveness of the state,

由于国家的政治吸引力的增加

especially in our ethnically fragmented societies in Africa,

特别是非洲这样一个种族分散的社会

aid tends to accentuate ethnic tensions

援助往往加剧了种族关系紧张

as every single ethnic group now begins struggling to enter the state

每个种族都看是争先恐后的加入那些国家

in order to get access to the foreign aid pie.

就为了获得外国援助

Ladies and gentlemen, the most enterprising people in Africa

女士们先生们，非洲最有事业心的人

cannot find opportunities to trade and to work in the private sector

也不能发现进行私营贸易和工作的机会

because the institutional and policy environment is hostile to business.

因为体制和政策环境都是反对做生意的

Governments are not changing it. Why?

政府不去改变这些，这是为什么？

Because they don't need to talk to their own citizens.

因为他们不需要去和他们的国民谈

They talk to international donors.

他们只和国际捐助人谈

So, the most enterprising Africans end up going to work for government,

所以有事业心的非洲人最终只得为政府工作

and that has increased the political tensions in our countries

而这已经增加了我们国家的政治紧张

precisely because we depend on aid.

正式因为我们依赖于援助

I also want to say that it is important for us to

我想说在过去的50年里

note that, over the last 50 years, Africa has been receiving increasing aid

非洲收到的来自国际上的越来越多的援助

from the international community,

对我们确实非常重要

in the form of technical assistance, and financial aid,

包括技术援助，经济援助

and all other forms of aid.

及其他各种援助

Between 1960 and 2003, our continent received 600 billion dollars of aid,

在1960到2003年间，非洲收到了6千亿美元的援助

and we are still told that there is a lot of poverty in Africa.

我们还是被告知非洲仍然贫困

Where has all the aid gone?

这些援助都去哪里了？

I want to use the example of my own country, called Uganda,

我想用我自己的国家——乌干达，来作为一个例子

and the kind of structure of incentives that aid has brought there.

来看收到的援助是怎么花掉的

In the 2006-2007 budget, expected revenue: 2.5 trillion shillings.

在2006到2007年的财政预算里，预期收益是2.5兆先令

The expected foreign aid: 1.9 trillion.

预期外国援助1.9兆先令

Uganda's recurrent expenditure -- by recurrent what do I mean?

乌干达的日常开支，日常开支的意思是

Hand-to-mouth is 2.6 trillion.

只用来糊口，需要2.6兆先令

Why does the government of Uganda budget spend 110 percent

为什么乌干达政府预算花掉它的110%的

of its own revenue?

自己的收入

It's because there's somebody there called foreign aid, who contributes for it.

因为有国际援助在帮忙

But this shows you that the government of Uganda

但是这里你看到的乌干达政府

is not committed to spending its own revenue

没有打算用自己的收入

to invest in productive investments,

去做有益的投资

but rather it devotes this revenue

而是用这笔钱

to paying structure of public expenditure.

去作为公共机构的支出

Public administration, which is largely patronage, takes 690 billion.

公共行政，是大头，用了6900亿

The military, 380 billion.

军事，3800亿

Agriculture, which employs 18 percent of our poverty-stricken citizens,

18%的非常贫困的国民从事的农业

takes only 18 billion.

却只花了180亿

Trade and industry takes 43 billion.

贸易与工业花了430亿

And let me show you, what does public expenditure --

然我来告诉你什么是公共支出

rather, public administration expenditure -- in Uganda constitute?

在乌干达倒不如说是公共财政支出

There you go. 70 cabinet ministers, 114 presidential advisers,

我们来看，70个内阁成员，114个总统顾问

by the way, who never see the president, except on television.

顺便说一下，除了在电视上，谁也没有见过总统

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

And when they see him physically, it is at public functions like this,

当你真的看到他了，那一定是在这样的公共场合

and even there, it is him who advises them.

即便如此，那也是他们建议的

(Laughter)

（笑声）

We have 81 units of local government.

我们的地方政府有81个部门

Each local government is organized like the central government --

每一个地方政府的组织结构都和中央政府一样

a bureaucracy, a cabinet, a parliament,

一个行政系统，一个内阁，一个国会

and so many jobs for the political hangers-on.

政府部门提供了这么多的工作岗位

There were 56, and when our president wanted to

原来有56个行政区，当我们的总统想要去

amend the constitution and remove term limits,

修改宪法除去他任期限制的时候

he had to create 25 new districts, and now there are 81.

他又增加了25个行政区，现在有81个了

Three hundred thirty-three members of parliament.

333个国会议员

You need Wembley Stadium to host our parliament.

你需要一个“温布利体育场”来看我们的国会

One hundred thirty-four commissions

134个委员会

and semi-autonomous government bodies,

和半自治的政府机关

all of which have directors and the cars. And the final thing,

所有的这些机构都需要负责人和汽车，最后

this is addressed to Mr. Bono. In his work, he may help us on this.

让我们转向Bono先生，他最近的工作或许能帮助我们

A recent government of Uganda study found

一个最近的对于乌干达政府的研究显示

that there are 3,000 four-wheel drive motor vehicles

有3000辆汽车

at the Minister of Health headquarters.

在卫生部总部被使用

Uganda has 961 sub-counties, each of them with a dispensary,

乌干达有961个县，每个县都有一个医务室

none of which has an ambulance.

他们中没有一个有救护车

So, the four-wheel drive vehicles at the headquarters

那些在总部的汽车

drive the ministers, the permanent secretaries, the bureaucrats

用来载部长、秘书、官僚

and the international aid bureaucrats who work in aid projects,

和做援助项目的国际援助官僚

while the poor die without ambulances and medicine.

而穷人因为没有救护车和医药而死去

Finally, I want to say that before I came to speak here,

最后，我想说在我来这里演讲之前

I was told that the principle of TEDGlobal

我被告知了TEDGlobal的原则

is that the good speech should be like a miniskirt.

那就是，一个优秀的演讲应该像迷你裙

It should be short enough to arouse interest,

它必须短到能充分激起大家的兴趣

but long enough to cover the subject.

长到能遮住应该被遮的地方

I hope I have achieved that.

我希望我做到了

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Thank you very much.

非常感谢

(Applause)

（掌声）