Andrew Mwenda: Let's take a new look at African aid

譯者: Ariel Chen 審譯者: Marie Wu

I am very, very happy to be amidst some of the most --

我非常非常高興能來到...

the lights are really disturbing my eyes

這些燈光很刺眼

and they're reflecting on my glasses.

而且光會反射到我的眼鏡上

I am very happy and honored to be amidst

我非常高興而且感到榮幸能和

very, very innovative and intelligent people.

這些非常創新,有智慧的人在一起

I have listened to the three previous speakers,

聽了前三個演講之後

and guess what happened?

猜猜看怎麼了?

Every single thing I planned to say, they have said it here,

原本我打算要講的每件事,都被他們講完了

and it looks and sounds like I have nothing else to say.

看起來我似乎沒有什麼好講了

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

But there is a saying in my culture

在我們的文化裡有這麼一句諺語:

that if a bud leaves a tree without saying something,

如果一朵花苞沒說什麼就從樹上凋落

that bud is a young one.

那麼這朵花苞一定還很年輕

So, I will -- since I am not young and am very old,

既然我不再年輕,而且其實很老了..

I still will say something.

我還是會說些話

We are hosting this conference at a very opportune moment,

這場研討會召開的時機非常恰當

because another conference is taking place in Berlin.

因為另一個會議已經在柏林展開

It is the G8 Summit.

這個會議就是八國高峰會

The G8 Summit proposes that the solution to Africa's problems

八國高峰會對於非洲問題所提出的解決方案

should be a massive increase in aid,

就是應該要投入更大量的援助

something akin to the Marshall Plan.

類似馬歇爾計劃

Unfortunately, I personally do not believe in the Marshall Plan.

但不幸的是,我個人不相信馬歇爾計畫

One, because the benefits of the Marshall Plan have been overstated.

第一,馬歇爾計畫所帶來的益處被過度誇大

Its largest recipients were Germany and France,

因它而受益最多的國家是德國和法國

and it was only 2.5 percent of their GDP.

但援助只佔他們國內生產總值的2.5%

An average African country receives foreign aid

非洲國家平均收到的外援

to the tune of 13, 15 percent of its GDP,

大約佔他們的國內生產總值的13~15%

and that is an unprecedented transfer of financial resources

而且這是一個空前的金融資源轉移

from rich countries to poor countries.

由富裕國家援助貧窮國家

But I want to say that there are two things we need to connect.

但我想說的是,我們必須想到兩件事

How the media covers Africa in the West, and the consequences of that.

西方媒體如何報導非洲,還有援助帶來的成果

By displaying despair, helplessness and hopelessness,

媒體報導非洲絕望,無助,以及沒有希望的畫面

the media is telling the truth about Africa, and nothing but the truth.

在在告訴我們有關非洲的真相,全都是事實

However, the media is not telling us the whole truth.

然而,媒體沒有告訴我們全部的真相

Because despair, civil war, hunger and famine,

雖然絕望,內戰,飢餓,還有饑荒

although they're part and parcel of our African reality,

是非洲現實生活中的一部份

they are not the only reality.

但現實生活並不是只有這些

And secondly, they are the smallest reality.

其次,這些只是現實生活中最小的部分

Africa has 53 nations.

非洲有53個國家

We have civil wars only in six countries,

只有6個國家有內戰

which means that the media are covering only six countries.

這意味著媒體的報導只涵蓋這6個國家

Africa has immense opportunities that never navigate

非洲擁有很多機會,卻從未出現在

through the web of despair and helplessness

那些充滿絕望或無助的報導中

that the Western media largely presents to its audience.

也就是西方媒體大量向觀眾傳遞的訊息

But the effect of that presentation is, it appeals to sympathy.

這樣的報導目的在於博取同情心

It appeals to pity. It appeals to something called charity.

博取於憐憫,博取所謂的慈善援助

And, as a consequence, the Western view

結果就是,西方人對於

of Africa's economic dilemma is framed wrongly.

非洲經濟的困境存有錯誤的看法

The wrong framing is a product of thinking

這個錯誤的看法就是在於他們覺得

that Africa is a place of despair.

非洲是一個充滿絕望的地方

What should we do with it? We should give food to the hungry.

我們應該怎麼做?我們應該給飢餓的人食物

We should deliver medicines to those who are ill.

我們應該給生病的人藥物

We should send peacekeeping troops

我們應該派維和部隊過去

to serve those who are facing a civil war.

以幫助處於內戰的人民

And in the process, Africa has been stripped of self-initiative.

在這個過程中,非洲的自主權已經被剝奪

I want to say that it is important to recognize

我想說的是.我們必須去體認到

that Africa has fundamental weaknesses.

非洲的確有根本上的缺點

But equally, it has opportunities and a lot of potential.

但同樣的,它也擁有機會和很多的潛力

We need to reframe the challenge that is facing Africa,

我們必須重新定義非洲所面臨的挑戰

from a challenge of despair,

從原本絕望的角度

which is called poverty reduction,

也就是減少貧窮的角度

to a challenge of hope.

轉而改為充滿希望的角度

We frame it as a challenge of hope, and that is worth creation.

我們將其視為為充滿希望的挑戰,這是值得一試的

The challenge facing all those who are interested in Africa

所有關心非洲的人應該採取的態度

is not the challenge of reducing poverty.

不是如何減少貧窮

It should be a challenge of creating wealth.

而是如何增加財富

Once we change those two things --

一旦我們把那兩個概念對調過來--

if you say the Africans are poor and they need poverty reduction,

如果你說"非洲人很窮,而且我們應該幫助他們減少貧窮"

you have the international cartel of good intentions

你便要求國際社會秉持善心

moving onto the continent, with what?

要送些東西到非洲,但要給他們什麼呢?

Medicines for the poor, food relief for those who are hungry,

給窮人藥物,給予挨餓的人食物

and peacekeepers for those who are facing civil war.

再派遣維和部隊來拯救陷於內戰的人民

And in the process, none of these things really are productive

但在這些援助中,沒有一項是真的具有生產力的

because you are treating the symptoms, not the causes

因為這只是解決表面上的問題,而不是去解決

of Africa's fundamental problems.

非洲根本的問題

Sending somebody to school and giving them medicines,

讓更多人能上學,還有提供藥物

ladies and gentlemen, does not create wealth for them.

女士先生們,這些都不能為他們創造財富

Wealth is a function of income, and income comes from you finding

有收入才會帶來財富,而收入來自於

a profitable trading opportunity or a well-paying job.

有利潤的貿易機會或是薪水優渥的工作

Now, once we begin to talk about wealth creation in Africa,

現在,當我們談到如何在非洲創造財富

our second challenge will be,

我們的第二個挑戰就是,

who are the wealth-creating agents in any society?

誰是社會裡創造財富的主要成員?

They are entrepreneurs. [Unclear] told us they are always

是企業家. 他們大約只佔了

about four percent of the population, but 16 percent are imitators.

人口的4%,但其中有16%的人只能算是模倣者

But they also succeed at the job of entrepreneurship.

但他們也可以成功地勝任企業家的工作

So, where should we be putting the money?

那我們該把錢放在哪裡?

We need to put money where it can productively grow.

我們應該把錢放在能孳長更多財富的地方

Support private investment in Africa, both domestic and foreign.

贊助非洲國家國內或國外的私人投資,

Support research institutions,

贊助研究機構

because knowledge is an important part of wealth creation.

因為創造財富的其中一個要點就是擁有知識

But what is the international aid community doing with Africa today?

但現在的國際援助組織對非洲做了什麼?

They are throwing large sums of money for primary health,

他們投入很多錢從事基礎醫療

for primary education, for food relief.

基礎教育,還有食物

The entire continent has been turned into

整個非洲大陸變成一個

a place of despair, in need of charity.

充滿絕望,而且需要人家施捨的地方

Ladies and gentlemen, can any one of you tell me

女士先生們,有沒有人可以告訴我

a neighbor, a friend, a relative that you know,

你認識的鄰居,朋友或親戚

who became rich by receiving charity?

誰靠著別人的救濟而變得有錢?

By holding the begging bowl and receiving alms?

靠著向別人乞討然後得到救濟?

Does any one of you in the audience have that person?

在座的聽眾有人認識這樣子的人嗎?

Does any one of you know a country that developed because of

有沒有人知道有哪一個國家的發展是因為

the generosity and kindness of another?

接受別的國家慷慨和善心的援助嗎?

Well, since I'm not seeing the hand,

那麼,因為我都沒看到有人舉手

it appears that what I'm stating is true.

很顯然地,我的論述是對的

(Bono: Yes!)

波諾: 有!

Andrew Mwenda: I can see Bono says he knows the country.

安德魯: 我看波諾好像知道有這麼一個國家

Which country is that?

哪個國家?

(Bono: It's an Irish land.)

波諾: 是個愛爾蘭的名字

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

(Bono: [unclear])

波諾:[聲音模糊]

AM: Thank you very much. But let me tell you this.

非常謝謝你. 但是讓我來告訴你

External actors can only present to you an opportunity.

外人只能給你這麼一個機會

The ability to utilize that opportunity and turn it into an advantage

要怎麼去運用這個機會,而且把它變成一個優勢

depends on your internal capacity.

就要看你本身的能力

Africa has received many opportunities.

非洲曾得到很多機會

Many of them we haven't benefited much.

但我們卻沒有從中獲益很多

Why? Because we lack the internal, institutional framework

為什麼?因為我們缺乏內部制度

and policy framework that can make it possible for us

和政策架構,可以讓我們有可能

to benefit from our external relations. I'll give you an example.

從對外的關係中受益. 我來舉一個例子

Under the Cotonou Agreement,

在柯都努協議中

formerly known as the Lome Convention,

以前叫做洛海公約

African countries have been given an opportunity by Europe

歐洲曾提供一個機會給非洲國家

to export goods, duty-free, to the European Union market.

以零關稅的方式出口貨品到歐盟市場

My own country, Uganda, has a quota to export 50,000 metric tons

我自己的國家,烏干達,有五萬公噸的出口配額

of sugar to the European Union market.

可以出口糖到歐盟市場

We haven't exported one kilogram yet.

但我們一公斤都還沒出口過

We import 50,000 metric tons of sugar from Brazil and Cuba.

我們反而從巴西和古巴進口了五萬公噸的糖

Secondly, under the beef protocol of that agreement,

第二,根據公約上的牛肉條款

African countries that produce beef

產牛肉的非洲國家

have quotas to export beef duty-free to the European Union market.

可以享有以零關稅出口牛肉到歐盟市場的配額

None of those countries, including Africa's most successful nation, Botswana,

但沒有一個國家可以達到這個配額,連非洲最成功的國家,波札那

has ever met its quota.

也從未用完這個配額

So, I want to argue today that the fundamental source of Africa's

所以我主張,非洲之所以

inability to engage the rest of the world

無法和其他國家建立

in a more productive relationship

合作互利的關係

is because it has a poor institutional and policy framework.

是因為制度和政策上的結構太過鬆散

And all forms of intervention need support,

任何形式的介入都需要有支持的力量

the evolution of the kinds of institutions that create wealth,

像是發展創造財富的機構

the kinds of institutions that increase productivity.

還有可以增進生產力的機構

How do we begin to do that, and why is aid the bad instrument?

我們要怎麼做? 還有為什麼援助不是個好方法?

Aid is the bad instrument, and do you know why?

你知道為什麼援助不是個好方法嗎?

Because all governments across the world need money to survive.

因為世界上所有的政府都需要錢才能存活下去

Money is needed for a simple thing like keeping law and order.

錢是會被拿來做一些簡單的事,例如維持法律和秩序

You have to pay the army and the police to show law and order.

你必須付錢給軍隊和警察,請他們維持法律和秩序

And because many of our governments are quite dictatorial,

然而因為我們大多數的政府都很獨裁

they need really to have the army clobber the opposition.

他們需要軍隊去鎮壓反對者

The second thing you need to do is pay your political hangers-on.

再來,政治活動也需要錢

Why should people support their government?

為什麼人民應該要支持他們的政府?

Well, because it gives them good, paying jobs,

因為政府給他們薪水不錯的工作

or, in many African countries, unofficial opportunities

或者,在很多非洲國家

to profit from corruption.

私底下可以從貪污中得到利益

The fact is no government in the world,

事實上,世界上沒有任何一個政府--

with the exception of a few, like that of Idi Amin,

伊迪˙阿明是個例外--

can seek to depend entirely on force as an instrument of rule.

可以完全依靠武力來治國

Many countries in the [unclear], they need legitimacy.

很多國家需要依法治國

To get legitimacy, governments often need to deliver things like primary education,

為此,政府通常需要提供基礎教育,

primary health, roads, build hospitals and clinics.

基礎醫療,道路,蓋醫院還有診所

If the government's fiscal survival

如果一個國家的財政

depends on it having to raise money from its own people,

是向人民募款而得

such a government is driven by self-interest

這種以自我利益為導向的政府

to govern in a more enlightened fashion.

就會以更開明的方式來治國

It will sit with those who create wealth.

它會和創造財富的人坐下來

Talk to them about the kind of policies and institutions

討論什麼樣的政策和體制

that are necessary for them to expand a scale and scope of business

是他們在拓展生意上所必須的

so that it can collect more tax revenues from them.

如此一來,才能從他們身上拿到更多稅收

The problem with the African continent

非洲大陸的問題

and the problem with the aid industry

還有國際援助團體所帶來的問題

is that it has distorted the structure of incentives

已經扭曲了非洲國家

facing the governments in Africa.

的生存動機

The productive margin in our governments' search for revenue

我們政府的主要收入來源

does not lie in the domestic economy,

不是來自於國內的經濟

it lies with international donors.

而是來自國際的捐助者

Rather than sit with Ugandan --

與其和烏干達的...

(Applause) --

(鼓掌)

rather than sit with Ugandan entrepreneurs,

與其和烏干達的企業家,

Ghanaian businessmen, South African enterprising leaders,

迦納商人,南非的企業領導者共商大計

our governments find it more productive

我們的政府發現和國際貨幣基金組織還有世界銀行協商

to talk to the IMF and the World Bank.

會帶來更多的收入

I can tell you, even if you have ten Ph.Ds.,

我可以告訴你,即使你有十個博士學位

you can never beat Bill Gates in understanding the computer industry.

還是敵不過比爾蓋茲對電腦產業的了解

Why? Because the knowledge that is required for you to understand

為什麼? 因為去了解拓展生意

the incentives necessary to expand a business --

所需要具備的知識

it requires that you listen to the people, the private sector actors in that industry.

就是要你去傾聽那些在這個行業的人的意見

Governments in Africa have therefore been given an opportunity,

非洲各政府因此從國際組織上得到一個機會

by the international community, to avoid building

就是盡量不要

productive arrangements with your own citizens,

讓自己的人民有收入

and therefore allowed to begin endless negotiations with the IMF

如此才可以和國際貨幣基金組織展開無止盡的協商

and the World Bank, and then it is the IMF and the World Bank

然後再和世界銀行談,之後回來找國際貨幣基金組織,再來找世界銀行

that tell them what its citizens need.

告訴這些組織他們的人民需要什麼

In the process, we, the African people, have been sidelined

在這整個過程中,非洲人民就像局外人一樣

from the policy-making, policy-orientation, and policy-

從國家制定政策,設立政策方針

implementation process in our countries.

到執行政策,人民都被排除在外

We have limited input, because he who pays the piper calls the tune.

我們無法參與太多,因為出錢的是老大

The IMF, the World Bank, and the cartel of good intentions in the world

國際貨幣基金,世界銀行,還有世界上各個援助組織

has taken over our rights as citizens,

接管了我們的公民權

and therefore what our governments are doing, because they depend on aid,

因為我們的政府仰賴那些援助,所以他們做的就是

is to listen to international creditors rather than their own citizens.

聽命於國際上的那些債權人,而不是傾聽自己人民的心聲

But I want to put a caveat on my argument,

但我想先澄清一下我的論點

and that caveat is that it is not true that aid is always destructive.

那就是援助並不一定是具有破壞性的

Some aid may have built a hospital, fed a hungry village.

有些援助蓋了醫院,提供食物給鬧飢荒的村莊

It may have built a road, and that road

或是興建道路,這些道路

may have served a very good role.

也可能扮演了一個很好的角色

The mistake of the international aid industry

國際援助組織所犯的錯誤就是

is to pick these isolated incidents of success,

拿了一些成功的案例

generalize them, pour billions and trillions of dollars into them,

歸納這些案例,並投入幾億幾兆的金錢

and then spread them across the whole world,

然後向全世界廣為宣傳

ignoring the specific and unique circumstances in a given village,

忽略了其實每個村莊的情況都不相同

the skills, the practices, the norms and habits

每個成功案例所援助的村莊

that allowed that small aid project to succeed --

村民的能力,作習,規範及習慣都不相同

like in Sauri village, in Kenya, where Jeffrey Sachs is working --

就像傑弗瑞．薩奇斯工作的肯亞村莊- Sauri村

and therefore generalize this experience

他們得到一個很好的經驗

as the experience of everybody.

可以成為別人的借鏡

Aid increases the resources available to governments,

援助讓政府的資源增加

and that makes working in a government the most profitable thing

對於一個在非洲找工作的人來說

you can have, as a person in Africa seeking a career.

在政府部門工作比較有利可圖

By increasing the political attractiveness of the state,

為了引起更多政治上的關注

especially in our ethnically fragmented societies in Africa,

尤其像非洲是一個種族劃分的社會

aid tends to accentuate ethnic tensions

援助往往加重了種族間的緊張關係

as every single ethnic group now begins struggling to enter the state

因為每個獨立的族群現在都想拼命擠進國家組織裡

in order to get access to the foreign aid pie.

為的就是能分一杯羹

Ladies and gentlemen, the most enterprising people in Africa

女士先生們,在非洲最有事業心的人

cannot find opportunities to trade and to work in the private sector

沒辦法在民營機構從商或工作

because the institutional and policy environment is hostile to business.

是因為制度和政策環境實在是對商業不太友善

Governments are not changing it. Why?

政府也沒有要去改變. 為什麼?

Because they don't need to talk to their own citizens.

因為政府不需要和他們自己的人民對話

They talk to international donors.

他們只要和國際間的資助者對話

So, the most enterprising Africans end up going to work for government,

所以最有事業心的非洲人到最後都去為政府工作

and that has increased the political tensions in our countries

而我們國家裡的政治緊張與日俱增

precisely because we depend on aid.

只因為我們純粹仰賴援助

I also want to say that it is important for us to

我還想說, 對我們來說重要的是去瞭解

note that, over the last 50 years, Africa has been receiving increasing aid

在過去的50年裡,非洲從國際社會

from the international community,

得到愈來愈多的援助

in the form of technical assistance, and financial aid,

包括技術協助,金錢援助

and all other forms of aid.

及各種其他形式的援助

Between 1960 and 2003, our continent received 600 billion dollars of aid,

在1960到2003年間,非洲大陸收到六千億美金的援助

and we are still told that there is a lot of poverty in Africa.

但大家還是覺得非洲很窮

Where has all the aid gone?

那些援助都跑到哪兒去了?

I want to use the example of my own country, called Uganda,

我想用我自己的國家,烏干達,作為一個例子

and the kind of structure of incentives that aid has brought there.

來看援助都被花到哪裡去

In the 2006-2007 budget, expected revenue: 2.5 trillion shillings.

2006~2007年的預算中,預期收益是2.5兆先令

The expected foreign aid: 1.9 trillion.

預期的國外援助: 1.9兆先令

Uganda's recurrent expenditure -- by recurrent what do I mean?

烏干達的經常性支出--我說的經常性支出是什麼?

Hand-to-mouth is 2.6 trillion.

只是用來糊口--就花了2.6兆先令

Why does the government of Uganda budget spend 110 percent

為什麼烏干達政府的預算會打算花掉

of its own revenue?

自己收入的110%?

It's because there's somebody there called foreign aid, who contributes for it.

因為有外援的幫忙

But this shows you that the government of Uganda

但這顯示了烏干達政府

is not committed to spending its own revenue

沒有要把他的收入拿去

to invest in productive investments,

投入在有生產力的投資上

but rather it devotes this revenue

而是把這些收入

to paying structure of public expenditure.

拿來支付政府的花費

Public administration, which is largely patronage, takes 690 billion.

公共行政部門，主要由援助金贊助，就花了6千900億

The military, 380 billion.

軍隊，3千800億

Agriculture, which employs 18 percent of our poverty-stricken citizens,

農業，有18%的窮困人民從事的行業

takes only 18 billion.

只花了180億

Trade and industry takes 43 billion.

貿易和工業花了430億

And let me show you, what does public expenditure --

讓我來告訴你公共支出--

rather, public administration expenditure -- in Uganda constitute?

對烏干達來說,其實是公共行政支出--是由什麼組成的？

There you go. 70 cabinet ministers, 114 presidential advisers,

我來告訴你. 有70個閣員,114個總統顧問

by the way, who never see the president, except on television.

順帶一提,這些顧問除了在電視上,誰也沒看過總統

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

And when they see him physically, it is at public functions like this,

當顧問看到他時,一定會是在這樣的一個公共場合

and even there, it is him who advises them.

即使如此,那也是他建議的

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

We have 81 units of local government.

我們有81個地方政府

Each local government is organized like the central government --

每個地方政府的組織都跟中央政府一樣

a bureaucracy, a cabinet, a parliament,

一個行政組織,一個內閣,一個議會

and so many jobs for the political hangers-on.

政府提供了很多工作

There were 56, and when our president wanted to

原本有56個行政區,但當總統想要

amend the constitution and remove term limits,

修改憲法然後除去任期限制時

he had to create 25 new districts, and now there are 81.

他又增加了25個新的行政區,所以現在有81個行政區

Three hundred thirty-three members of parliament.

有333個國會議員

You need Wembley Stadium to host our parliament.

你需一個像"溫布里足球場"那麼大的地方來開我們的議會

One hundred thirty-four commissions

134個委員會

and semi-autonomous government bodies,

還有半自治的政府機構

all of which have directors and the cars. And the final thing,

這些都需要負責人和車子...還有最後一項

this is addressed to Mr. Bono. In his work, he may help us on this.

留給波諾先生. 他的工作也許能幫助我們．

A recent government of Uganda study found

一份最近研究烏干達政府的報告指出

that there are 3,000 four-wheel drive motor vehicles

有3千輛轎車

at the Minister of Health headquarters.

在衛生署總部

Uganda has 961 sub-counties, each of them with a dispensary,

烏干達有961個鎮,每個鎮有一個診療所

none of which has an ambulance.

但卻連一台救護車也沒有

So, the four-wheel drive vehicles at the headquarters

而那些在總部的轎車

drive the ministers, the permanent secretaries, the bureaucrats

卻被用來接送部長,秘書,官員們

and the international aid bureaucrats who work in aid projects,

還有用來接送在援助專案工作的國際援助官員們

while the poor die without ambulances and medicine.

在此同時窮人卻因為沒有救護車和醫藥而死掉

Finally, I want to say that before I came to speak here,

最後,我想說的是,在我來這裡演講之前

I was told that the principle of TEDGlobal

有人告訴我TEDGlobal的原則是

is that the good speech should be like a miniskirt.

一段好的演講要像一條迷你裙

It should be short enough to arouse interest,

它要短到可以引起注意力

but long enough to cover the subject.

但也要長到能夠涵蓋主題

I hope I have achieved that.

我希望我有做到這一點

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Thank you very much.

非常謝謝各位

(Applause)

(鼓掌)