Andrew Mwenda: Let's take a new look at African aid

110,700 views ใƒป 2007-09-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: daniel passentin ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ameer kh
00:26
I am very, very happy to be amidst some of the most --
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ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืž --
00:30
the lights are really disturbing my eyes
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™
00:32
and they're reflecting on my glasses.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
00:34
I am very happy and honored to be amidst
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ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืžืชื›ื‘ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:38
very, very innovative and intelligent people.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
00:41
I have listened to the three previous speakers,
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ื”ืื–ื ืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื,
00:44
and guess what happened?
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื” ืงืจื”?
00:46
Every single thing I planned to say, they have said it here,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืชื™ื›ื ื ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื•,
00:49
and it looks and sounds like I have nothing else to say.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ.
00:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:55
But there is a saying in my culture
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืื™ืžืจื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจืช
00:58
that if a bud leaves a tree without saying something,
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ืื ื”ืขืœื” ื ื•ืฉืจ ืžื”ืขืฅ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื•,
01:03
that bud is a young one.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื“ื™.
01:06
So, I will -- since I am not young and am very old,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ -- ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฆืขื™ืจ ืืœื ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ --
01:11
I still will say something.
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ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื•.
01:13
We are hosting this conference at a very opportune moment,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ืก ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:18
because another conference is taking place in Berlin.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื ืก ืื—ืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ.
01:20
It is the G8 Summit.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉื•ืช (G8).
01:23
The G8 Summit proposes that the solution to Africa's problems
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ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
01:30
should be a massive increase in aid,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข,
01:33
something akin to the Marshall Plan.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืจืฉืœ.
01:35
Unfortunately, I personally do not believe in the Marshall Plan.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืจืฉืœ.
01:39
One, because the benefits of the Marshall Plan have been overstated.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืจืฉืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื™ื.
01:44
Its largest recipients were Germany and France,
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ื”ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช,
01:47
and it was only 2.5 percent of their GDP.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืจืง 2.5 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:50
An average African country receives foreign aid
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื—ื•ืฅ
01:53
to the tune of 13, 15 percent of its GDP,
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ 13, 15 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ ืฉืœื”,
01:59
and that is an unprecedented transfer of financial resources
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื
02:02
from rich countries to poor countries.
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ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช.
02:05
But I want to say that there are two things we need to connect.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ.
02:08
How the media covers Africa in the West, and the consequences of that.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
02:14
By displaying despair, helplessness and hopelessness,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื”,
02:17
the media is telling the truth about Africa, and nothing but the truth.
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ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืืžืช.
02:23
However, the media is not telling us the whole truth.
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ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”.
02:27
Because despair, civil war, hunger and famine,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื™ืื•ืฉ, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืจืขื‘,
02:31
although they're part and parcel of our African reality,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
02:35
they are not the only reality.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
02:37
And secondly, they are the smallest reality.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช ื–ื”ื• ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
02:39
Africa has 53 nations.
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉื ื 53 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
02:41
We have civil wars only in six countries,
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื,
02:44
which means that the media are covering only six countries.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื›ืกื” ืจืง ืฉืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
02:48
Africa has immense opportunities that never navigate
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ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื ื•ื•ื˜
02:52
through the web of despair and helplessness
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื
02:54
that the Western media largely presents to its audience.
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ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืœืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื”.
02:59
But the effect of that presentation is, it appeals to sympathy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื’ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื”ื“ื”.
03:03
It appeals to pity. It appeals to something called charity.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ืืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืฆื“ืงื”.
03:08
And, as a consequence, the Western view
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
03:11
of Africa's economic dilemma is framed wrongly.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
03:16
The wrong framing is a product of thinking
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ื–ื” ื ื’ืจื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”
03:20
that Africa is a place of despair.
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ืขืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ.
03:23
What should we do with it? We should give food to the hungry.
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื–ื” ? ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืขื‘ื™ื.
03:26
We should deliver medicines to those who are ill.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื.
03:29
We should send peacekeeping troops
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื
03:31
to serve those who are facing a civil war.
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ืฉื™ืฉืจืชื• ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
03:33
And in the process, Africa has been stripped of self-initiative.
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ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ืžื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
03:38
I want to say that it is important to recognize
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ
03:41
that Africa has fundamental weaknesses.
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ืฉืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื”.
03:44
But equally, it has opportunities and a lot of potential.
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ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ.
03:48
We need to reframe the challenge that is facing Africa,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
03:52
from a challenge of despair,
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ืžืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ,
03:54
which is called poverty reduction,
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ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืฉื ืงืจื ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื™,
03:58
to a challenge of hope.
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ืœืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
04:00
We frame it as a challenge of hope, and that is worth creation.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
04:04
The challenge facing all those who are interested in Africa
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
04:07
is not the challenge of reducing poverty.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
04:09
It should be a challenge of creating wealth.
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื’ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื”.
04:12
Once we change those two things --
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื• ื ืฉื ื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• --
04:15
if you say the Africans are poor and they need poverty reduction,
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ืื ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืคืจื™ืงื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™,
04:20
you have the international cartel of good intentions
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ืืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
04:24
moving onto the continent, with what?
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ืืฉืจ ื ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช, ืืš ืขื ืžื”?
04:27
Medicines for the poor, food relief for those who are hungry,
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืขื‘ื™ื,
04:30
and peacekeepers for those who are facing civil war.
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ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉืœื•ื ืœืืœื” ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
04:35
And in the process, none of these things really are productive
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืคืจื•ื“ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
04:39
because you are treating the symptoms, not the causes
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ื›ื™ ืื– ืืชื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
04:41
of Africa's fundamental problems.
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
04:44
Sending somebody to school and giving them medicines,
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
04:47
ladies and gentlemen, does not create wealth for them.
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
04:52
Wealth is a function of income, and income comes from you finding
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ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื›ืš ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื
04:56
a profitable trading opportunity or a well-paying job.
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ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืชืฉืœื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:00
Now, once we begin to talk about wealth creation in Africa,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
05:03
our second challenge will be,
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื”,
05:05
who are the wealth-creating agents in any society?
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ืžื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”?
05:08
They are entrepreneurs. [Unclear] told us they are always
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ื”ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืชืžื™ื“
05:12
about four percent of the population, but 16 percent are imitators.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื›ืืœื”, ื•ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื ื—ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื.
05:16
But they also succeed at the job of entrepreneurship.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืœื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื–ืžื™ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
05:21
So, where should we be putting the money?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ื ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ?
05:24
We need to put money where it can productively grow.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืจื•ื“ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
05:29
Support private investment in Africa, both domestic and foreign.
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ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื›ืื—ื“.
05:33
Support research institutions,
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ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ,
05:36
because knowledge is an important part of wealth creation.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆืจืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื”.
05:40
But what is the international aid community doing with Africa today?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื•ืจืžืช ืขื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ื?
05:44
They are throwing large sums of money for primary health,
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ื”ื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
05:47
for primary education, for food relief.
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ืจืขื‘.
05:50
The entire continent has been turned into
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ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
05:52
a place of despair, in need of charity.
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ, ืขื ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืฆื“ืงื”.
05:55
Ladies and gentlemen, can any one of you tell me
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™
05:57
a neighbor, a friend, a relative that you know,
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ืขืœ ืฉื›ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจ ืื• ืžื›ืจ ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
06:00
who became rich by receiving charity?
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช?
06:04
By holding the begging bowl and receiving alms?
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืงืขืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื ืŸ ืœื›ืกืฃ?
06:07
Does any one of you in the audience have that person?
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ื”ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื”?
06:10
Does any one of you know a country that developed because of
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช
06:15
the generosity and kindness of another?
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื?
06:18
Well, since I'm not seeing the hand,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
06:20
it appears that what I'm stating is true.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืฆื•ื“ืง.
06:23
(Bono: Yes!)
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(ื‘ื•ื ื• - ื ื›ื•ืŸ!)
06:25
Andrew Mwenda: I can see Bono says he knows the country.
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ืื ื“ืจื• ืžื•ื•ื ื“ื”: ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื–ื•.
06:27
Which country is that?
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ืื™ื–ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืืช?
06:28
(Bono: It's an Irish land.)
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ื‘ื•ื ื• : ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ืฉื ืื™ืจื™.
06:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:31
(Bono: [unclear])
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ื‘ื•ื ื•: (ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ)
06:33
AM: Thank you very much. But let me tell you this.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš, ืื‘ืœ ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืš ืžืฉื”ื•,
06:37
External actors can only present to you an opportunity.
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ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
06:41
The ability to utilize that opportunity and turn it into an advantage
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ืชืจื•ืŸ
06:46
depends on your internal capacity.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื”.
06:48
Africa has received many opportunities.
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ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
06:50
Many of them we haven't benefited much.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœืขื–ืจ ืจื‘.
06:53
Why? Because we lack the internal, institutional framework
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ืœืžื” ? ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื ื• ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืกื“ืช
06:58
and policy framework that can make it possible for us
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ื•ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•
07:01
to benefit from our external relations. I'll give you an example.
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ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื ื•. ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœืš ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
07:04
Under the Cotonou Agreement,
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ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ื ืงื•ื˜ื•ื ื•,
07:06
formerly known as the Lome Convention,
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ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ืืžื ืช ืœื•ืžื”,
07:09
African countries have been given an opportunity by Europe
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช
07:12
to export goods, duty-free, to the European Union market.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™.
07:17
My own country, Uganda, has a quota to export 50,000 metric tons
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™, ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ 50 ืืœืฃ ื˜ื•ืŸ
07:23
of sugar to the European Union market.
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ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™.
07:26
We haven't exported one kilogram yet.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ืื—ื“.
07:28
We import 50,000 metric tons of sugar from Brazil and Cuba.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ื‘ืื™ื 50 ืืœืฃ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ ืžื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ืงื•ื‘ื”.
07:37
Secondly, under the beef protocol of that agreement,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ,
07:40
African countries that produce beef
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ
07:42
have quotas to export beef duty-free to the European Union market.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืœืœื ืžื™ืกื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™.
07:47
None of those countries, including Africa's most successful nation, Botswana,
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ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ื•ืฆื•ื•ื ื”,
07:51
has ever met its quota.
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ืœื ืขื ืชื” ืœื‘ืงืฉื” ื–ื•.
07:54
So, I want to argue today that the fundamental source of Africa's
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
07:59
inability to engage the rest of the world
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ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:01
in a more productive relationship
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ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื
08:04
is because it has a poor institutional and policy framework.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:08
And all forms of intervention need support,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชืžื™ื›ื”,
08:11
the evolution of the kinds of institutions that create wealth,
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื”,
08:15
the kinds of institutions that increase productivity.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
08:18
How do we begin to do that, and why is aid the bad instrument?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื’ืจื•ืข?
08:22
Aid is the bad instrument, and do you know why?
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ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื’ืจื•ืข, ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข?
08:24
Because all governments across the world need money to survive.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
08:28
Money is needed for a simple thing like keeping law and order.
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ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื ื–ืงืง ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง.
08:32
You have to pay the army and the police to show law and order.
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืฉืœื ืœืฆื‘ื ื•ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ืกื“ืจ.
08:34
And because many of our governments are quite dictatorial,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืืฆืœื ื• ื”ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช,
08:38
they need really to have the army clobber the opposition.
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช.
08:42
The second thing you need to do is pay your political hangers-on.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
08:47
Why should people support their government?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื”ื?
08:48
Well, because it gives them good, paying jobs,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
08:50
or, in many African countries, unofficial opportunities
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ืื• ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช, ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช
08:54
to profit from corruption.
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ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
08:56
The fact is no government in the world,
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
08:59
with the exception of a few, like that of Idi Amin,
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ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ ืืžื™ืŸ,
09:01
can seek to depend entirely on force as an instrument of rule.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
09:06
Many countries in the [unclear], they need legitimacy.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื”.
09:09
To get legitimacy, governments often need to deliver things like primary education,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™,
09:15
primary health, roads, build hospitals and clinics.
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ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™-ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืจืคืื•ืช.
09:20
If the government's fiscal survival
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ืื ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
09:22
depends on it having to raise money from its own people,
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ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ื”,
09:26
such a government is driven by self-interest
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ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื–ื• ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื
09:28
to govern in a more enlightened fashion.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:30
It will sit with those who create wealth.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื‘ ืขื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื”.
09:33
Talk to them about the kind of policies and institutions
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ืชื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžืžืกื“ื™ื•ืช
09:36
that are necessary for them to expand a scale and scope of business
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ืืฉืจ ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืงืคื
09:40
so that it can collect more tax revenues from them.
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ื ืžื”ื.
09:43
The problem with the African continent
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”
09:45
and the problem with the aid industry
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข
09:46
is that it has distorted the structure of incentives
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืขื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื
09:49
facing the governments in Africa.
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ืžื•ืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
09:52
The productive margin in our governments' search for revenue
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ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื”
09:55
does not lie in the domestic economy,
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ืœื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•,
09:58
it lies with international donors.
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ืืœื ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
10:00
Rather than sit with Ugandan --
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขื ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” --
10:02
(Applause) --
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:06
rather than sit with Ugandan entrepreneurs,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื’ื ื“ื”,
10:09
Ghanaian businessmen, South African enterprising leaders,
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ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื’ื™ื ืื™ื, ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื,
10:15
our governments find it more productive
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ
10:18
to talk to the IMF and the World Bank.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
10:21
I can tell you, even if you have ten Ph.Ds.,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขืฉืจื” ืชืืจื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ,
10:25
you can never beat Bill Gates in understanding the computer industry.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื ืฆื—ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื˜ืก ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
10:30
Why? Because the knowledge that is required for you to understand
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ืžื“ื•ืข ? ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:34
the incentives necessary to expand a business --
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ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื,
10:36
it requires that you listen to the people, the private sector actors in that industry.
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ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื›ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื•.
10:42
Governments in Africa have therefore been given an opportunity,
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
10:45
by the international community, to avoid building
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื”
10:48
productive arrangements with your own citizens,
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ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืขืจืš ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืขื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
10:50
and therefore allowed to begin endless negotiations with the IMF
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืขื ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข
10:56
and the World Bank, and then it is the IMF and the World Bank
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ื•ืขื ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ืื– ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
10:59
that tell them what its citizens need.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ื ืžื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
11:01
In the process, we, the African people, have been sidelined
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื, ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื“ื™ื
11:05
from the policy-making, policy-orientation, and policy-
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ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
11:09
implementation process in our countries.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
11:11
We have limited input, because he who pays the piper calls the tune.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช, ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉืžื ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืŸ.
11:15
The IMF, the World Bank, and the cartel of good intentions in the world
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ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข,ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื•ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
11:19
has taken over our rights as citizens,
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ืœืงื—ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
11:22
and therefore what our governments are doing, because they depend on aid,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืกื™ื•ืข, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช
11:25
is to listen to international creditors rather than their own citizens.
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ื–ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
11:29
But I want to put a caveat on my argument,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื™ื ืื–ื”ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื™,
11:31
and that caveat is that it is not true that aid is always destructive.
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ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืจืกื ื™.
11:39
Some aid may have built a hospital, fed a hungry village.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื–ืจื” ืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ื›ืคืจ ืจืขื‘.
11:46
It may have built a road, and that road
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ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื ืชื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื–ื”
11:48
may have served a very good role.
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ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
11:50
The mistake of the international aid industry
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ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
11:52
is to pick these isolated incidents of success,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืžืกืžื ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
11:56
generalize them, pour billions and trillions of dollars into them,
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืœืœื™ื, ื•ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
12:01
and then spread them across the whole world,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•,
12:03
ignoring the specific and unique circumstances in a given village,
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ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ืคืจ ื ืชื•ืŸ,
12:08
the skills, the practices, the norms and habits
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ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื
12:11
that allowed that small aid project to succeed --
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” --
12:14
like in Sauri village, in Kenya, where Jeffrey Sachs is working --
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ืกืื•ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื’'ืฃ ืกืืงืก ืขื•ื‘ื“ --
12:17
and therefore generalize this experience
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
12:20
as the experience of everybody.
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ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
12:23
Aid increases the resources available to governments,
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ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
12:28
and that makes working in a government the most profitable thing
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:32
you can have, as a person in Africa seeking a career.
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืื“ื ื”ืžื—ืคืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
12:35
By increasing the political attractiveness of the state,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
12:39
especially in our ethnically fragmented societies in Africa,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช,
12:43
aid tends to accentuate ethnic tensions
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ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื
12:46
as every single ethnic group now begins struggling to enter the state
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืชื ื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืžืฉืœ
12:52
in order to get access to the foreign aid pie.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
12:55
Ladies and gentlemen, the most enterprising people in Africa
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
13:00
cannot find opportunities to trade and to work in the private sector
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™
13:05
because the institutional and policy environment is hostile to business.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžืžืกื“ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขืกืงื™ื.
13:08
Governments are not changing it. Why?
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช. ืžื“ื•ืข?
13:10
Because they don't need to talk to their own citizens.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
13:15
They talk to international donors.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
13:17
So, the most enterprising Africans end up going to work for government,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
13:22
and that has increased the political tensions in our countries
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:25
precisely because we depend on aid.
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ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข.
13:28
I also want to say that it is important for us to
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ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ื’ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื•
13:32
note that, over the last 50 years, Africa has been receiving increasing aid
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ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื•ื’ื“ืœ
13:36
from the international community,
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ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
13:38
in the form of technical assistance, and financial aid,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืกืคื™,
13:41
and all other forms of aid.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข.
13:43
Between 1960 and 2003, our continent received 600 billion dollars of aid,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1960-2003 ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืฉืœื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื” 600 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข,
13:53
and we are still told that there is a lot of poverty in Africa.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
13:56
Where has all the aid gone?
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ืœืืŸ ื ืขืœืžื• ื›ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข?
13:59
I want to use the example of my own country, called Uganda,
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”
14:03
and the kind of structure of incentives that aid has brought there.
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ื•ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื.
14:08
In the 2006-2007 budget, expected revenue: 2.5 trillion shillings.
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ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ 2006-2007 ืฆืคื•ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ 2.5 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’.
14:14
The expected foreign aid: 1.9 trillion.
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ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื–ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ : 1.9 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
14:17
Uganda's recurrent expenditure -- by recurrent what do I mean?
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ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” -- ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช?
14:21
Hand-to-mouth is 2.6 trillion.
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ื™ื“ ืœืคื” -- 2.6 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
14:25
Why does the government of Uganda budget spend 110 percent
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” 110%
14:30
of its own revenue?
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ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื”?
14:31
It's because there's somebody there called foreign aid, who contributes for it.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ืขื–ืจื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืชื•ืจื ืœื”.
14:36
But this shows you that the government of Uganda
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”
14:38
is not committed to spending its own revenue
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ืœื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื”
14:42
to invest in productive investments,
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ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
14:44
but rather it devotes this revenue
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ืืœื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช
14:46
to paying structure of public expenditure.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
14:50
Public administration, which is largely patronage, takes 690 billion.
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ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœื•ืงื— 690 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
14:55
The military, 380 billion.
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ืœื•ืงื— 380 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
14:57
Agriculture, which employs 18 percent of our poverty-stricken citizens,
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืžืขืกื™ืงื” 18% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
15:02
takes only 18 billion.
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ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืจืง 18 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
15:05
Trade and industry takes 43 billion.
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ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช 43 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
15:09
And let me show you, what does public expenditure --
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ื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื” ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช --
15:13
rather, public administration expenditure -- in Uganda constitute?
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ืœื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”?
15:17
There you go. 70 cabinet ministers, 114 presidential advisers,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” 70 ืฉืจื™ื, 114 ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื --
15:23
by the way, who never see the president, except on television.
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ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืœืžืขื˜ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
15:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:29
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:34
And when they see him physically, it is at public functions like this,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืคื™ืกื™ืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
15:39
and even there, it is him who advises them.
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ื•ื’ื ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœื”ื.
15:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:45
We have 81 units of local government.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 81 ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช
15:48
Each local government is organized like the central government --
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” --
15:50
a bureaucracy, a cabinet, a parliament,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืคืจืœืžื ื˜,
15:52
and so many jobs for the political hangers-on.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
15:55
There were 56, and when our president wanted to
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ื•ื”ื™ื• 56 ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
15:58
amend the constitution and remove term limits,
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ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื”,
16:01
he had to create 25 new districts, and now there are 81.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ 25 ืžืฉืจื•ืช, ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ 81 ืžืฉืจื•ืช.
16:05
Three hundred thirty-three members of parliament.
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333 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜.
16:07
You need Wembley Stadium to host our parliament.
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ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื— ืืช ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•.
16:09
One hundred thirty-four commissions
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134 ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืกื™ื.
16:11
and semi-autonomous government bodies,
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ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื—ืฆื™-ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื,
16:16
all of which have directors and the cars. And the final thing,
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ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช - ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
16:20
this is addressed to Mr. Bono. In his work, he may help us on this.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืคื ื” ืœืžืจ ื‘ื•ื ื•. ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ื–ื”.
16:24
A recent government of Uganda study found
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ืžื—ืงืจ ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืžืฆื ื›ื™
16:26
that there are 3,000 four-wheel drive motor vehicles
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ื™ืฉื ื 3,000 ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข
16:30
at the Minister of Health headquarters.
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ื‘ืžื˜ื” ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
16:32
Uganda has 961 sub-counties, each of them with a dispensary,
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ืœืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ื™ืฉ 961 ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื ืžืจืคืื”,
16:37
none of which has an ambulance.
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ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก.
16:39
So, the four-wheel drive vehicles at the headquarters
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื” ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
16:42
drive the ministers, the permanent secretaries, the bureaucrats
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ืžืกื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจ, ืืช ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื
16:45
and the international aid bureaucrats who work in aid projects,
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ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข
16:48
while the poor die without ambulances and medicine.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืœืœื ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
16:54
Finally, I want to say that before I came to speak here,
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ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืืชื™ ื”ื ื”
16:58
I was told that the principle of TEDGlobal
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ TED-GLOBAL
17:02
is that the good speech should be like a miniskirt.
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ืฉื ืื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืฆืื™ืช ืžื™ื ื™ --
17:05
It should be short enough to arouse interest,
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
17:07
but long enough to cover the subject.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืืจื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
17:09
I hope I have achieved that.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช.
17:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:11
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื.
17:12
(Applause)
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ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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