What if a single human right could change the world? | Kristen Wenz

So, when I was 14,

翻译人员: Jiasi Hao 校对人员: 青年 袁

所以，当我还是 14 岁时，

my family was in the process of adopting my little brothers from Ethiopia.

我的家人正在收养 来自埃塞俄比亚的弟弟们。

And one day my mom asked,

有一天，我妈妈问：

"What day should we put for their birthday?"

“我们应该把他们的生日定在哪天呢？”

"Uh, the day they were born, obviously?"

“嗯啊，不就是他们出生的那天吗？”

Ridiculous question.

可笑的问题。

And then my mom said,

接着，我妈妈说：

"Well, Kristen,

“但是，克丽丝塔，

neither of your little brothers have a birth certificate,

你的弟弟们都没有出生证明，

so how do you suggest we find out when that was?"

所以，你有什么办法 查出他们的出生日期吗？”

Mind blown.

我震惊了。

Now, 20 years later, I'm still working on it,

20 年后，我还在努力搞清楚这件事，

except instead of trying to solve the mystery

不过，现在不是为了解决

of my brothers' missing birth certificates,

我弟弟们消失的出生证明，

而是解决这个全球性的问题。

I try to solve this problem globally.

So what do birth certificates have to do with international development?

所以，出生证明 和国际发展有什么关系？

为了回答这个问题， 我们需要回顾最初的发展议程，

To answer that, we have to look back at the original development agenda,

the human rights agenda.

即，人权议程。

So in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

在 1948 年，《世界人权宣言》，

for the first time,

首次，

set a shared vision of basic human rights and dignities

设定了基本人权和尊严的基本愿景，

that apply to all people in all nations:

适用于所有国家和所有人民：

Article 6, the right to be recognized as a person before the law.

第六条，人人都应当拥有 在法律面前被承认为人的权利，

Or, a legal identity.

或者说，拥有合法身份。

For children, this is a birth certificate.

对于孩子们来说， 就是一张出生证明。

And despite this being a universal human right,

尽管这是一项普世的基本人权，

one billion people today have no record they exist,

至今，仍有 10 亿人 没有记录证明他们的存在。

making it one of the greatest human rights violations of our time,

这是我们当今时代里 最严重的人权侵犯行为之一，

yet nobody seems to know about it.

但却似乎无人知晓。

In the face of world poverty and hunger,

面对世界贫困和饥饿，

making sure everyone in the world has a legal identity

确保世界上每个人都有一个合法身份

doesn't really seem important,

看起来不那么重要，

but in reality it is.

但其实很重要，

See, early in my career,

在我职业生涯的早期，

I was working with a social worker in a slum community in Mumbai,

我与一位在孟买 贫民窟的社区工作者共事过，

and we were following up on a case with this little girl

我们在追踪一个小女孩的案例，

who had contracted polio as a baby and was paralyzed from the waist down.

这个小女孩儿时患了小儿麻痹症， 腰部及以下都瘫痪了。

When we arrived at the home,

当我们到她家的时候，

we found her on the floor.

我们发现她在地上。

Her legs were badly scarred and infected,

她的腿伤痕累累且感染严重，

she was malnourished,

她营养不良，

she had never gone to school

她从来没有上过学校，

and she had spent most of her life confined to this small, dark room.

她大半的人生都困束在 这个小且黑的房间里。

When we left, I asked the social worker what the case plan was,

当我们离开的时候，我问社工， 对于这个案例的计划是什么，

and she said, "Well first, we have to get her a birth certificate."

之后，她说：“首先， 我们必须帮她搞到出生证明。”

我有点惊讶。

I was a little taken aback.

I said, "Well, don't you think we need to get her some social assistance

我说：“难道你不认为 我们需要帮她获得一些社会帮助，

and a safe place to live and into a school?"

安排一个安全的地方住， 之后帮她注册学校吗？”

She goes, "Exactly, which is why we need to get her a birth certificate."

她说：“没错，这就是为何 我们需要帮她搞到一张出生证明。”

See, without a legal identity,

你看，没有一个合法身份，

you are not recognized as a person by the government.

你就不会被政府承认为一个人。

And a person who doesn't officially exist can't access government services,

一个没有正式被认可存在的人 是无法享受政府的服务，

and the government can only provide services

而且政府只能给他们知道的人

for the number of people they know about.

提供服务。

Hence, people are overlooked, for example, by routine immunization services.

因此，人们会被忽视， 例如被常规的免疫服务忽略。

People without a legal identity are both uncounted and unprotected.

没有合法身份的人 不仅不被纳入统计且不被保护。

They're among the poorest members of society

他们是来自最边缘化社区的、

最贫穷的社会成员。

from the most marginalized communities.

They're victims of trafficking.

他们是人口贩卖的受害者。

Human traffickers know that it's nearly impossible to find someone

人口贩子知道如果一个人 从一开始就没有存在的记录，

if there was never a record they existed in the first place.

想要找到他们近乎是不可能的。

They're victims of exploitation, such as child marriage and child labor.

他们是剥削的受害者， 例如，童婚和童工。

Without a birth certificate, how do you prove a child is still a child?

没有一张出生证明，你怎么证明 一个孩子仍旧是一个孩子？

They're among the stateless;

他们没有国籍，

birth certificates provide proof of who your parents are

你的父母是谁， 以及你在哪里出生，

and where you were born,

都由出生证明提供证据，

the two main factors for acquiring nationality.

而这两个信息 是拥有国籍的两个主要因素。

Of the one billion people in the world without a legal identity,

在世界上 10 亿 没有合法身份的人口中，

the vast majority are children who were never registered at birth.

大部分是在出生时 就从未被注册的孩子。

In the least developed nations,

在最欠发达的国家里，

超过 60% 婴儿在出生时就未被登记。

the births of over 60 percent of children have never been recorded.

A study across 17 countries in sub-Saharan Africa

一项针对撒哈拉以南非洲地区 17 个国家的研究发现，

found that 80 percent of children did not have a birth certificate.

80% 儿童没有出生证明。

Out of the countries that have not yet achieved

在那些尚未实现

universal birth registration coverage,

全民拥有出生登记的国家中，

有 26 个国家需要出生证明才能使用

in 26 countries, a birth certificate is required to access health care,

包括疫苗在内的医疗保健服务。

including vaccines.

In 37 countries, it's required to access social assistance

有 37 个国家需要出生证明

才能获得旨在帮助人们脱贫的社会帮助。

intended to bring people out of poverty.

And in 59 countries, a birth certificate is required

之后有 59 个国家，需要出生证明，

for a child to be enrolled or complete school.

才能注册学校，或是完成学业。

A birth certificate is also often required for other forms of legal identity,

出生证明也通常是 申请其他形式合法身份的必需文件，

like a national ID or a passport.

例如，身份证或是护照。

几乎在所有国家，都要求 某些形式的合法身份证明

And some form of legal identity in almost every country is required

to vote, get a SIM card or open a bank account.

来参与公投，购买电话卡， 或是在银行开户。

In fact, of the 1.7 billion people in the world who are unbanked,

事实上，世界上 17 亿 没有银行账户的人中，

20 percent is due to not having a legal identity document.

其中 20% 是因为 没有一张合法身份证件。

Now, you don't have to be an expert to see that this, times a billion,

不是专家也看得出来 这是一个十亿倍的

is a big problem.

大问题。

So it's not surprising that evidence shows

因此不足为奇，有证据表明

that improved birth registration coverage goes hand in hand

出生登记的覆盖率

和改善发展结果是息息相关的。

with improved development outcomes,

from poverty alleviation

从扶贫，

to better health, nutrition, education,

到更好的健康、营养、教育、

economic improvement

经济进步，

and safe and orderly migration.

和安全有序的移居。

In 2015, world leaders came together

在 2015 年， 世界各国领袖们齐聚一堂

and promised that they would uphold human rights of all people

并保证他们将维护所有人的人权，

在消除贫困、饥饿

and leave no one behind

in efforts to end poverty,

和减少不平等方面

hunger

做出不遗余力地

and reduce inequalities.

努力。

But how are they going to uphold human rights

但他们将如何维护人权，

and how do they know if anyone is being left behind

他们要如何知道有人是否被抛弃，

if they do not know who they are or where they are

如果他们从一开始就

不知道这些人是谁，或他们在哪里？

in the first place?

So what can countries do about this?

所以国家为解决这个问题能做些什么？

现在没有一个通用的模型方法，

Now, there's no one-size-fits-all model,

因为每个国家的国情具有独特性。

because every country context is unique.

There are five proven interventions that can be applied to any system.

但有五种行之有效的干预措施 能应用于任何系统。

Number one, reduce the distance.

第一，缩短距离。

Two, remove the cost.

第二，移除成本。

Three, simplify the process.

第三，简化流程。

Four, remove discrimination.

第四，消除歧视。

Five, increase demand.

第五，增加需求。

Gender discrimination remains a hidden problem,

性别歧视依旧是一个隐藏的问题，

因为从统计数字上看 男女的出生登记率

because statistically, there's no difference

between registration rates of boys and girls.

没有什么差别。

But the discrimination isn't against the child --

但这里所谓的歧视 并非针对孩童，

it's against the mother.

而是针对孩子的母亲。

安哥拉作为 35 个国家的一员——

Angola was one of 35 countries that required a father's name

在孩子进行出生登记的时候， 要求提供父亲的姓名或父亲在场。

or to be present in order for the child's birth to be registered.

So in situations where the father is unknown, unwilling

所以在未知生父是谁、父亲不愿意，

或是无法认领亲子关系的情况下，

or unable to claim paternity,

the mothers are legally prevented from registering the births

法律上禁止母亲登记

她们自己孩子的出生。

of their own children.

So to address this, Angola put a policy in place

所以为解决这个问题， 安哥拉制定了一个政策

allowing mothers to register their children as a single parent.

允许母亲们作为单身母亲 登记孩子的出生。

In Tanzania, in 2012,

在 2012 年，坦桑尼亚

only 13 percent of children had a birth certificate.

只有 13% 的孩子有出生证明。

So the government came up with a new system.

所以政府建立了一个新系统。

They put registration centers in existing infrastructure,

政府把出生登记中心 部署在现有的基础设施中，

such as community wards

例如，社区病房

和医疗机构。

and in health facilities.

So they brought the services closer to the people who needed them.

所以政府把登记服务送到了 需要这项服务的人们身边。

他们也取消了登记费用，

They removed the fee.

They simplified the process and automated it,

简化并自动化登记流程，

so the birth certificate could be issued on the spot.

所以家长们可以当场领到出生证明。

To increase demand, they rolled out a public awareness campaign,

为了增加需求，政府开展了 一项提高公共意识的运动，

letting people know that there's a new process

让人们了解新流程的实施

以及为什么为他们孩子 做出生登记很重要。

and why it was important to register the births of their children.

In just a few years in the districts where the new system was put in place,

就在几年内，新系统试点区域

83 percent of children now have birth certificates,

现在的出生证明的申领 覆盖了 83% 的孩童。

and they're in the process of rolling this out nationwide.

现在政府正在全国内推广 出生登记的新系统。

So what can you do?

所以，你能做什么？

See, I believe we are all united by our humanity.

我相信我们的人性让大家团结一心。

We live on the same earth. We breathe the same air.

我们住在同一个地球， 呼吸着同一片空气。

And while none of us chose to be born or the situation we were born into,

尽管我们无法选择出生， 或是出生的环境，

we do get to choose how we live.

但我们可以选择如何生活。

Change occurs when a moment of awareness

某个瞬间的意识， 或某个时刻的同情

or a moment of compassion

鼓舞人们付诸行动，

inspires a person to act.

改变就会发生。

And through our collective action,

通过我们共同的行动，

we become the most powerful agents of change.

我们能成为改变的最强有力推动者。

And when the cost of inaction is innocent children are left unprotected,

当不作为的成本是 无辜的孩子得不到保护，

unvaccinated, unable to go to school,

无法接种疫苗，无法上学，

growing up to be adults who are unable to find decent work or vote,

长大成人之后无法找到 体面的工作或是参与公投，

trapped in a cycle of poverty, exclusion and invisibility,

被困在一个贫困、被排斥， 不被看到的循环。

it comes down to us

这便归结于我们

to take this issue out of the darkness

把这个问题从黑暗深处

and into the light.

带到大众面前。

Because it's not every day you get the opportunity to change the world,

因为你不是每天 都能有机会改变世界，

but today,

但是今天，

you do.

你有机会。

Thanks.

谢谢。

（掌声）

(Applause)