Christien Meindertsma: How pig parts make the world turn

翻译人员: Lili Liang 校对人员: Chaoran Yu

Hello. I would like to start my talk

你们好。我想先问大家

with actually two questions, and the first one is:

两个问题，第一：

How many people here actually eat pig meat?

在座有多少人吃猪肉？

Please raise your hand --

请举手。

oh, that's a lot.

噢，真不少啊。

And how many people have actually seen

那么，有多少人

a live pig producing this meat?

见过一头活的肉猪？

In the last year?

是在最近一年以内。

In the Netherlands -- where I come from --

在荷兰，我的家乡，

you actually never see a pig, which is really strange,

你根本见不到活猪，这很奇怪，

because, on a population of 16 million people,

因为，我们人口有一千六百万，

we have 12 million pigs.

而全国却有一千二百万头猪。

And well, of course, the Dutch can't eat all these pigs.

当然，荷兰人不可能吃完那么多头猪。

They eat about one-third, and the rest is exported

他们大概只能消耗三分之一的猪，

to all kinds of countries in Europe and the rest of the world.

余下的出口到欧洲及世界其他国家。

A lot goes to the U.K., Germany.

相当一部分出口到英国，德国。

And what I was curious about --

让我感到好奇的是－－

because historically, the whole pig would be used up until the last bit

由于在过去，人们会让猪的全身上下各个部分都派上用场，

so nothing would be wasted --

这样就不会产生浪费......

and I was curious to find out

我很想知道

if this was actually still the case.

现在的情况是否跟以前一样。

And I spent about three years researching.

于是，我用了三年时间来调查。

And I followed this one pig

我跟踪调查了一头

with number "05049,"

代号为05049的猪。

all the way up until the end

一路追踪到底

and to what products it's made of.

并找到它最终被加工成哪些产品。

And in these years, I met all kinds people

这几年，我见过了各种人，

like, for instance, farmers and butchers, which seems logical.

比如说，农民和屠夫，这没什么奇怪的。

But I also met aluminum mold makers,

但是，我还见到了铝制模具的工人，

ammunition producers

军火制造商

and all kinds of people.

和其他各行各业的人。

And what was striking to me

最让我吃惊的是，

is that the farmers actually had no clue

那些养猪户对于猪的用途

what was made of their pigs,

一无所知，

but the consumers -- as in us --

而对于消费者 -- 也就是我们 --

had also no idea

也不知道

of the pigs being in all these products.

猪被用于制造这些产品。

So what I did is,

于是，

I took all this research

我把整个调查

and I made it into a -- well, basically it's a product catalog of this one pig,

做成一本书 -- 列出了这头猪被制成的各类产品，

and it carries a duplicate of his ear tag

书上还把它的耳标

on the back.

挂在背面。

And it consists of seven chapters --

本书共有七章。

the chapters are skin, bones, meat, internal organs,

包括猪皮、骨头、猪肉、内脏、

blood, fat and miscellaneous.

猪血、肥肉及猪杂碎。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

In total,

这些全加起来，

they weigh 103.7 kilograms.

共重103.7公斤。

And to show you how often you actually

为了让大家看到

meet part of this pig in a regular day,

一天内你们与这头猪的接触有多频繁，

I want to show you some images of the book.

我想展示一下书中的几幅插图。

You probably start the day with a shower.

你可能起床之后会洗个澡。

So, in soap, fatty acids

那么，肥皂里的脂肪酸

made from boiling pork bone fat

就是由高温煮沸的猪骨脂

are used as a hardening agent,

所提炼出的，可用作硬化剂

but also for giving it a pearl-like effect.

还能打造出肥皂的珠光效果。

Then if you look around you in the bathroom,

接着，如果你环顾一下浴室，

you see lots more products

就能看到更多类似的用品，

like shampoo, conditioner,

如洗发水、护发素、

anti-wrinkle cream, body lotion,

抗皱霜、护肤乳

but also toothpaste.

还有牙膏。

Then, so, before breakfast,

在用早餐之前，

you've already met the pig so many times.

你就已经跟这头猪亲密接触好几次了。

Then, at breakfast, the pig that I followed,

到了早餐时间，

the hairs off the pig or proteins from the hairs off the pig

这头猪的毛，或者说从这头猪的毛里提取出的蛋白质

were used as an improver of dough.

被用作面团的优化剂。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Well, that's what the producer says: it's "improving the dough,

生产商是这么说的：“它能让面团更美味。”

of course."

当然啦。

In low-fat butter, or actually in many low-fat products,

在低脂黄油，实际上，在许多低脂产品中，

when you take the fat out, you actually take the taste and the texture out.

当其中的脂肪被去掉之后，实际上产品的味道和质感也就丧失了。

So what they do is they put gelatin back in,

为此，生产商会加入明胶

in order to retain the texture.

以保持产品的质感。

Well, when you're off to work, under the road or under the buildings that you see,

当你下了班，你看到的路面底下，或建筑物下面，

there might very well be cellular concrete,

很可能铺有微孔混凝土，

which is a very light kind of concrete

这种混凝土很轻，

that's actually got proteins from bones inside

其中就有从猪骨头中获取的蛋白质。

and it's also fully reusable.

它还能被重复利用。

In the train brakes -- at least in the German train brakes --

在火车的制动器里，至少在德国产的火车制动器里，

there's this part of the brake

有一个零件

that's made of bone ash.

是由猪的骨灰制成的。

And in cheesecake and all kinds of desserts,

在起司蛋糕和各种各样的甜点

like chocolate mousse, tiramisu, vanilla pudding,

比如巧克力慕斯，提拉米苏，香草布丁，

everything that's cooled in the supermarket,

以及超市所有冷藏的食物里，

there's gelatin to make it look good.

都添加了明胶来保持食物美观。

Fine bone china -- this is a real classic.

骨瓷－－这个很经典。

Of course, the bone in fine-bone china

当然，骨瓷中的骨粉

gives it its translucency

给瓷器增添了一层蒙胧感

and also its strength,

同时让瓷器更坚固，

in order to make these really fine shapes,

这样才能制作出这些精美的造型，

like this deer.

就像这头小鹿。

In interior decorating, the pig's actually quite there.

在室内装修方面，这头猪的贡献尤为显著。

It's used in paint for the texture,

它被用来控制颜料质感，

but also for the glossiness.

和光泽度。

In sandpaper, bone glue

砂纸中把砂和纸粘在一起的胶水

is actually the glue between the sand and the paper.

实际上就是骨胶。

And then in paintbrushes,

再来就是猪毛做成的刷子，

hairs are used because, apparently, they're very suitable for making paintbrushes

很显然，猪毛是非常适合用来制作刷子的，

because of their hard-wearing nature.

因为它很耐磨。

I was not planning on showing you any meat

我不打算给你们看关于猪肉的图片，

because, of course, half the book's meat

因为，当然啦，这本书一半的篇幅都在讲猪肉，

and you probably all know what meats they are.

你们也都知道猪肉的用途。

But I didn't want you to miss out on this one,

但是，我想让大家看看这张图，

because this, well, it's called "portion-controlled meat cuts."

因为......这叫做“控量切割肉”。

And this is actually sold

这实际上是在超市的

in the frozen area of the supermarket.

冷鲜区出售的肉。

And what it is -- it's actually steak.

这是牛排。

So, this is sold as cow,

在牛肉区出售，

but what happens when you slaughter a cow --

然而，事实上，当一头牛被宰杀之后 --

at least in industrial factory farming --

至少在屠宰场里是这样的情况 --

they have all these little bits of steak left

会剩下零碎的牛排肉

that they can't actually sell as steak,

但是这些碎肉又不能作为牛排出售，

so what they do is they glue them all together

于是，屠宰场就用猪血中提取的纤维蛋白

with fibrin from pig blood

把这些碎肉粘在一起

into this really large sausage,

制成一个硕大的肉肠，

then freeze the sausage, cut it in little slices

把它冷冻，再切成小片

and sell those as steak again.

最后把这些肉片作为牛排出售。

And this also actually happens with tuna and scallops.

一些金枪鱼和扇贝也经过这样的处理。

So, with the steak, you might drink a beer.

吃着牛排，你可能还会来点啤酒。

In the brewing process, there's lots of cloudy elements in the beer,

啤酒在酿造的过程中，会产生大量浑浊物，

so to get rid of these cloudy elements,

为了除去这些浑浊物，

what some companies do

一些酿酒公司

is they pour the beer through a sort of gelatin sieve

会把啤酒倒入一种明胶过滤网

in order to get rid of that cloudiness.

来把浑浊物去掉。

This actually also goes for wine as well as fruit juice.

红酒和果汁的酿造过程中也有这道工序。

There's actually a company in Greece

希腊有一家公司

that produces these cigarettes

生产这种香烟。

that actually contain hemoglobin from pigs in the filter.

它的过滤嘴中含有猪的血红蛋白。

And according to them,

这家公司称，

this creates an artificial lung in the filter.

他们在过滤嘴中植入了一个人造肺。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So, this is actually a healthier cigarette.

因此，这是一种更有益健康的香烟。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Injectable collagen -- or, since the '70s, collagen from pigs --

注射用胶原质 -- 十九世纪七十年代以后，猪的胶原质 --

has been used for injecting into wrinkles.

被用来防止皱纹的产生。

And the reason for this is that pigs are actually quite close to human beings,

这是因为猪和人类实际上很相似，

so the collagen is as well.

我们的胶原质也很相似。

Well, this must be the strangest thing I found.

这是我最奇特的发现。

This is a bullet coming from

这颗子弹

a very large ammunition company in the United States.

是美国一家规模很大的军火公司生产的。

And while I was making the book,

当我写这本书的时候，

I contacted all the producers of products

我联系了所有产品的制造商，

because I wanted them to send me the real samples

让他们给我送一些实物样品

and the real specimens.

和实物标本。

So I sent this company an email

于是我给这家公司发了封邮件

saying, "Hello. I'm Christien. I'm doing this research.

我说：“您好，我是克莉丝汀。我在做这项研究。

And can you send me a bullet?"

您可以给我寄来一颗子弹吗？”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And well, I didn't expect them to even answer my email.

我可没指望他们会给我回音。

But they answered

结果他们回复了我，

and they said, "Why, thank you for your email. What an interesting story.

说：“感谢您的邮件。您的故事很有意思。

Are you in anyway related to the Dutch government?"

请问您跟荷兰政府有什么关系吗？”

I thought that was really weird,

我觉得很奇怪，

as if the Dutch government sends emails to anyone.

好像荷兰政府经常乱给人发邮件似的。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So, the most beautiful thing I found --

我发现的最美的产品，

at least what I think is the most beautiful -- in the book, is this heart valve.

至少我个人认为是本书里最美的，是这个心脏瓣膜。

It's actually a very low-tech

它有技术含量低的一面

and very high-tech product at the same time.

同时又是个高科技产品。

The low-tech bit is that it's literally a pig's heart valve

说它技术含量低，是因为，它实际上就是把一个高科技的

mounted in the high-tech bit,

带有记忆功能的金属网

which is a memory metal casing.

套在一个猪的心脏瓣膜上。

And what happens is this can be implanted into a human heart

这个瓣膜无须开心手术，

without open heart surgery.

就能被植入人的心脏里。

And once it's in the right spot,

一旦进入正确的位置，

they remove the outer shell,

金属网便被移除，

and the heart valve, well, it gets this shape

这样，心脏瓣膜，就变成了这个形状，

and at that moment it starts beating, instantly.

这时，它立即就开始跳动。

It's really a sort of magical moment.

这真是非常神奇的一刻。

So this is actually a Dutch company,

这是一家荷兰公司。

so I called them up, and I asked,

我给他们打电话，我问：

"Can I borrow a heart valve from you?"

“我能向你们借一片心脏瓣膜吗？”

And the makers of this thing were really enthusiastic.

这个产品的制造商非常热心。

So they were like, "Okay, we'll put it in a jar for you with formalin,

他们说：“好的，我们会把它放在一瓶福尔马林里面，

and you can borrow it."

这样可以借给你了。”

Great -- and then I didn't hear from them for weeks,

太好了。但是，过了好几周，一直没有他们的音信，

so I called,

所以我又给他们打电话，

and I asked, "What's going on with the heart valve?"

我问：“请问那个心脏瓣膜什么时候到啊？”

And they said, "Well the director of the company

他们回答说：“公司的主管

decided not to let you borrow this heart valve,

决定不把它借给你了，

because want his product

因为他不想让别人把这个产品

to be associated with pigs."

跟猪联系起来。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Well, the last product from the book that I'm showing you is renewable energy --

最后，我准备向大家介绍书中的一个产品是可再生能源 --

actually, to show that my first question,

这其实回答了我的第一个问题，

if pigs are still used up until the last bit, was still true.

猪的各个部位是否都派上了用场，

Well it is, because everything that can't be used for anything else

答案是肯定的，因为余下不能再做它用的部分

is made into a fuel

全被制成了一种燃料

that can be used as renewable energy source.

可以用来做可再生能源。

In total, I found 185 products.

我总共在猪身上找出了185中产品。

And what they showed me

从这些产品中我有一些感触

is that, well, firstly,

首先，

it's at least to say odd

我们没有把猪

that we don't treat these pigs

当成宝贝

as absolute kings and queens.

那就太奇怪了。

And the second, is that we actually don't have a clue

第二，我们根本不知道身边各种产品

of what all these products that surround us are made of.

是由什么制成的。

And you might think I'm very fond of pigs,

你可能以为我对猪很感兴趣，

but actually -- well, I am a little bit --

但是 -- 可能有一点吧 --

but I'm more fond

我更感兴趣的是

of raw materials in general.

各种产品的原材料。

And I think that, in order to take better care

我认为，想要更好地利用

of what's behind our products --

制造产品所需的资源 --

so, the livestock, the crops, the plants,

牲畜，庄稼，植物，

the non-renewable materials,

不可再生资源，

but also the people that produce these products --

还有生产者 --

the first step would actually be to know that they are there.

我们首先必须意识到他们的存在。

Thank you very much.

非常感谢大家。

(Applause)

（掌声）