Hanna Rosin: New data on the rise of women

91,697 views ・ 2010-12-15

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Guo Tang 校对人员: Huaiju Liu
00:15
We are now going through an amazing and unprecedented moment
0
15260
3000
我们现在正在经历着一个惊人的,史无前例的时刻
00:18
where the power dynamics between men and women
1
18260
2000
男人和女人之间的力量
00:20
are shifting very rapidly,
2
20260
3000
正在迅速地转换着。
00:23
and in many of the places where it counts the most,
3
23260
2000
并且在很多重要的地方,
00:25
women are, in fact, taking control of everything.
4
25260
3000
女性,实际上,控制着一切。
00:28
In my mother's day, she didn't go to college.
5
28260
2000
在我母亲的那个时代,她没有上过大学。
00:30
Not a lot of women did.
6
30260
2000
大部分女性都没上大学。
00:32
And now, for every two men who get a college degree,
7
32260
3000
然而如今,在五个获得大学学位的人中,
00:35
three women will do the same.
8
35260
2000
两名是男性而三名是女性。
00:37
Women, for the first time this year,
9
37260
2000
女性,这一年头一次,
00:39
became the majority of the American workforce.
10
39260
2000
成为了美国劳动力的多数。
00:41
And they're starting to dominate lots of professions --
11
41260
3000
并且她们逐渐开始主导很多职业--
00:44
doctors, lawyers,
12
44260
2000
医生,律师,
00:46
bankers, accountants.
13
46260
2000
银行家,会计师。
00:48
Over 50 percent of managers are women these days,
14
48260
3000
目前超过百分之五十的经理是女性。
00:51
and in the 15 professions
15
51260
2000
预计将在未来十年中
00:53
projected to grow the most in the next decade,
16
53260
2000
发展最快的十五个行业中,
00:55
all but two of them are dominated by women.
17
55260
2000
有十三个行业被女性主导。
00:57
So the global economy is becoming a place
18
57260
2000
也就是说在全球经济上
00:59
where women are more successful than men,
19
59260
2000
女性比男性更加成功。
01:01
believe it or not,
20
61260
2000
信不信由你,
01:03
and these economic changes
21
63260
2000
这些经济变化
01:05
are starting to rapidly affect our culture --
22
65260
2000
将迅速地影响我们的文化--
01:07
what our romantic comedies look like,
23
67260
2000
影响我们的浪漫喜剧,
01:09
what our marriages look like,
24
69260
2000
我们的婚姻,
01:11
what our dating lives look like,
25
71260
2000
我们的恋爱,
01:13
and our new set of superheroes.
26
73260
2000
和我们新一代的超级英雄。
01:15
For a long time, this is the image of American manhood that dominated --
27
75260
3000
很长一段时间,占主导地位的美国男子气概的形象是这样的--
01:18
tough, rugged,
28
78260
2000
坚韧的,粗犷的,
01:20
in control of his own environment.
29
80260
2000
能够控制他的周围环境。
01:22
A few years ago, the Marlboro Man was retired
30
82260
2000
几年前,这个万宝路男人退休了
01:24
and replaced by this
31
84260
2000
并且被这个
01:26
much less impressive specimen,
32
86260
2000
给人印象不深的家伙,
01:28
who is a parody of American manhood,
33
88260
2000
一个恶搞美国男子气概的人所替代了。
01:30
and that's what we have in our commercials today.
34
90260
3000
这就是我们现在的广告。
01:33
The phrase "first-born son"
35
93260
2000
'头胎生子'的俗语
01:35
is so deeply ingrained in our consciousness
36
95260
3000
是如此根深蒂固地在我们的意识中
01:38
that this statistic alone shocked me.
37
98260
2000
以至于这个统计数据使我十分震惊。
01:40
In American fertility clinics,
38
100260
2000
在美国生育诊所,
01:42
75 percent of couples
39
102260
2000
百分之七十五的夫妇
01:44
are requesting girls and not boys.
40
104260
2000
希望生个女孩而非男孩。
01:46
And in places where you wouldn't think,
41
106260
2000
在一些你想象不到的地方,
01:48
such as South Korea, India and China,
42
108260
3000
如,韩国,印度和中国,
01:51
the very strict patriarchal societies
43
111260
2000
这些非常严谨的父系社会
01:53
are starting to break down a little,
44
113260
2000
体系正被打破,
01:55
and families are no longer
45
115260
2000
而这些家庭们也不再
01:57
strongly preferring first-born sons.
46
117260
3000
强烈地偏好儿子。
02:00
If you think about this, if you just open your eyes to this possibility
47
120260
3000
如果你想到这些,如果你向这些可能性睁开你的眼睛
02:03
and start to connect the dots,
48
123260
2000
并且开始连接这些点,
02:05
you can see the evidence everywhere.
49
125260
2000
你可以看见证据无所不在。
02:07
You can see it in college graduation patterns,
50
127260
2000
你可以看见它体现在大学的毕业形势中,
02:09
in job projections,
51
129260
2000
在工作规划中,
02:11
in our marriage statistics,
52
131260
2000
在我们的婚姻统计中,
02:13
you can see it in the Icelandic elections, which you'll hear about later,
53
133260
3000
在后面你也会看到,还体现在冰岛的大选中,
02:16
and you can see it on South Korean surveys on son preference,
54
136260
3000
而且你可以从韩国对儿子的偏好的调查数据中,
02:19
that something amazing and unprecedented
55
139260
2000
看到关于女性的
02:21
is happening with women.
56
141260
2000
一些惊人的史无前例的事件正在发生。
02:23
Certainly this is not the first time that we've had great progress with women.
57
143260
3000
当然这不是女性第一次的巨大进步。
02:26
The '20s and the '60s also come to mind.
58
146260
3000
又比如二十年代和六十年代。
02:29
But the difference is that, back then,
59
149260
2000
但不同的是,在当时,
02:31
it was driven by a very passionate feminist movement
60
151260
3000
是被一个试图实现自身欲望的
02:34
that was trying to project its own desires,
61
154260
2000
非常激烈的女性运动所驱动,
02:36
whereas this time, it's not about passion,
62
156260
2000
而这次,不是关于激情,
02:38
and it's not about any kind of movement.
63
158260
2000
也不是关于什么运动。
02:40
This is really just about the facts
64
160260
2000
这真的是仅仅关于
02:42
of this economic moment that we live in.
65
162260
2000
我们现在所处的经济状态的现实。
02:44
The 200,000-year period
66
164260
2000
这二十万年
02:46
in which men have been top dog
67
166260
2000
男人当权的时代
02:48
is truly coming to an end, believe it or not,
68
168260
3000
正走向尽头,信不信由你,
02:51
and that's why I talk about the "end of men."
69
171260
3000
这就是为什么我说是男人的尽头。
02:54
Now all you men out there,
70
174260
2000
所有在座的各位男士,
02:56
this is not the moment where you tune out or throw some tomatoes,
71
176260
3000
现在并不用漠视我或扔给我西红柿,
02:59
because the point is that this
72
179260
2000
因为重点是
03:01
is happening to all of us.
73
181260
2000
这正发生在我们每个人身上。
03:03
I myself have a husband and a father
74
183260
3000
我有一位丈夫和一位父亲
03:06
and two sons whom I dearly love.
75
186260
2000
和两个我深爱着的儿子。
03:08
And this is why I like to talk about this,
76
188260
2000
这也正是为什么我想谈论这个,
03:10
because if we don't acknowledge it,
77
190260
2000
因为如果我们不承认它,
03:12
then the transition will be pretty painful.
78
192260
2000
那么这个演变将会十分地痛苦。
03:14
But if we do take account of it,
79
194260
2000
但是如果我们重视它,
03:16
then I think it will go much more smoothly.
80
196260
2000
我认为它将演变的更加平稳。
03:19
I first started thinking about this about a year and a half ago.
81
199260
3000
我第一次考虑到这件事的时候大约是在一年半之前。
03:22
I was reading headlines about the recession just like anyone else,
82
202260
3000
我和所有人一样在阅读关于经济萎靡的头条新闻,
03:25
and I started to notice a distinct pattern --
83
205260
2000
我发现了一个独特的模式--
03:27
that the recession was affecting men
84
207260
3000
经济衰退影响男人的程度
03:30
much more deeply than it was affecting women.
85
210260
2000
大于对女人的影响程度。
03:32
And I remembered back to about 10 years ago
86
212260
2000
我还记得大约十年前
03:34
when I read a book by Susan Faludi
87
214260
3000
当我在读苏珊·法露迪的
03:37
called "Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man,"
88
217260
3000
“失信:美国男人的背叛”这本书
03:40
in which she described how hard the recession had hit men,
89
220260
3000
书中她描述了经济衰退是如何剧烈地影响男人们。
03:43
and I started to think about
90
223260
2000
我于是开始想
03:45
whether it had gotten worse this time around in this recession.
91
225260
3000
是否这次经济衰退更糟呢?
03:48
And I realized that two things were different this time around.
92
228260
3000
然后我意识到了这次有两件事情不同。
03:51
The first was that
93
231260
2000
第一件事就是
03:53
these were no longer just temporary hits
94
233260
2000
经济衰退带给男人们的
03:55
that the recession was giving men --
95
235260
2000
不再是暂时的冲击--
03:57
that this was reflecting a deeper
96
237260
2000
这映射出我们全球经济的
03:59
underlying shift in our global economy.
97
239260
2000
深层的变化。
04:01
And second, that the story was no longer
98
241260
2000
第二,这不再
04:03
just about the crisis of men,
99
243260
2000
仅仅是男人们的危机,
04:05
but it was also about what was happening to women.
100
245260
2000
还对女人们产生了影响。
04:07
And now look at this second set of slides.
101
247260
2000
现在请看第二组幻灯片。
04:09
These are headlines about what's been going on with women in the next few years.
102
249260
3000
这些标题是关于接下来的几年内女性们将发生什么样的变化。
04:12
These are things we never could have imagined a few years ago.
103
252260
3000
有些事情是我们在过去这些年从未想到过的。
04:15
Women, a majority of the workplace.
104
255260
2000
女人,劳动力的主体。
04:17
And labor statistics: women take up most managerial jobs.
105
257260
3000
劳动力统计结果:女性占据大部分的管理层工作。
04:20
This second set of headlines --
106
260260
2000
第二个标题:
04:22
you can see that families and marriages are starting to shift.
107
262260
3000
你可以看到家庭和婚姻正在开始发生变化。
04:25
And look at that last headline --
108
265260
2000
再来看看最后一个标题:
04:27
young women earning more than young men.
109
267260
2000
年轻女性比年轻男性挣的更多。
04:29
That particular headline comes to me from a market research firm.
110
269260
3000
这个标题来源于一个市场调查公司。
04:32
They were basically asked by one of their clients
111
272260
3000
他们被一个客户询问
04:35
who was going to buy houses in that neighborhood in the future.
112
275260
3000
谁将购买那样一个街区的房子。
04:38
And they expected that it would be young families,
113
278260
2000
他们预测将会是年轻的家庭,
04:40
or young men, just like it had always been.
114
280260
2000
或者青年,一如既往。
04:42
But in fact, they found something very surprising.
115
282260
2000
但事实上,他们惊奇地发现
04:44
It was young, single women
116
284260
2000
那样一个街区房子的主要买主
04:46
who were the major purchasers of houses in the neighborhood.
117
286260
3000
是一个年轻的,单身女性。
04:49
And so they decided, because they were intrigued by this finding,
118
289260
3000
因为他们的好奇心被激起了,因此,他们决定
04:52
to do a nationwide survey.
119
292260
2000
去做一个全国性的调查。
04:54
So they spread out all the census data,
120
294260
2000
他们分析了所有的人口统计数据,
04:56
and what they found, the guy described to me as a shocker,
121
296260
3000
他们发现,他的描述对我而言是一个震惊,
04:59
which is that in 1,997
122
299260
3000
在一九九七年,
05:02
out of 2,000 communities,
123
302260
2000
两千个社区中,
05:04
women, young women,
124
304260
2000
女性,年轻女性,
05:06
were making more money than young men.
125
306260
2000
比年轻男性挣得更多。
05:08
So here you have a generation of young women
126
308260
2000
这一代的年轻女性
05:10
who grow up thinking of themselves
127
310260
2000
在“她们是
05:12
as being more powerful earners
128
312260
2000
比其周围年轻男性
05:14
than the young men around them.
129
314260
2000
更强大的挣钱者”的想法中成长。
05:16
Now, I've just laid out the picture for you,
130
316260
3000
现在,我仅仅将这些画面展示给你,
05:19
but I still haven't explained to you why this is happening.
131
319260
3000
我还未向你们解释为什么这些事情会发生。
05:22
And in a moment, I'm going to show you a graph,
132
322260
2000
过一会,我将向你们展示一个图表,
05:24
and what you'll see on this graph --
133
324260
2000
你可以从这个图表中看到--
05:26
it begins in 1973,
134
326260
2000
从一九七三年开始,
05:28
just before women start flooding the workforce,
135
328260
2000
在女性充斥劳动力市场之前,
05:30
and it brings us up to our current day.
136
330260
3000
转移到今天。
05:33
And basically what you'll see
137
333260
2000
基本上你看到的
05:35
is what economists talk about
138
335260
2000
就是经济学家谈论的
05:37
as the polarization of the economy.
139
337260
2000
经济两极分化。
05:39
Now what does that mean?
140
339260
2000
这表明了什么呢?
05:41
It means that the economy is dividing into high-skill, high-wage jobs
141
341260
3000
这表明经济被分为高技术、高薪工作
05:44
and low-skill, low-wage jobs --
142
344260
2000
和低技术、低薪工作--
05:46
and that the middle, the middle-skill jobs,
143
346260
3000
在这中间,中等技术工作,
05:49
and the middle-earning jobs, are starting to drop out of the economy.
144
349260
3000
中薪工作正愈消亡。
05:52
This has been going on for 40 years now.
145
352260
2000
这已经持续发生了四十年。
05:54
But this process is affecting men
146
354260
2000
但是这个过程对男人
05:56
very differently than it's affecting women.
147
356260
2000
和女人的影响是十分不同的。
05:58
You'll see the women in red, and you'll see the men in blue.
148
358260
3000
红色的是女人,蓝色的是男人。
06:01
You'll watch them both drop out of the middle class,
149
361260
3000
你可以看到他们都从中产阶级中脱离出来,
06:04
but see what happens to women and see what happens to men.
150
364260
2000
但是看看女人发生了什么,男人又发生了什么变化。
06:08
There we go.
151
368260
2000
这就对了。
06:10
So watch that. You see them both drop out of the middle class.
152
370260
3000
看那个,你看到他们都从中产阶级中脱离出来。
06:13
Watch what happens to the women. Watch what happens to the men.
153
373260
3000
看看女人发生了什么变化,男人又发生了什么变化。
06:16
The men sort of stagnate there,
154
376260
2000
男人在这里似乎停滞了,
06:18
while the women zoom up in those high-skill jobs.
155
378260
2000
但女人急涨至高技术工作中。
06:20
So what's that about?
156
380260
2000
到底怎么回事?
06:22
It looks like women got some power boost on a video game,
157
382260
3000
看起来好像女人像是电子游戏里一样得到很多的力量。
06:25
or like they snuck in some secret serum into their birth-control pills
158
385260
3000
或者在她们的避孕药丸中偷偷地得到了种神奇的浆液
06:28
that lets them shoot up high.
159
388260
2000
从而使得她们崛起。
06:30
But of course, it's not about that.
160
390260
2000
当然不是那样。
06:32
What it's about is that the economy has changed a lot.
161
392260
3000
其原因就是经济变化了很多。
06:35
We used to have a manufacturing economy,
162
395260
2000
我们曾拥有一个制造性经济,
06:37
which was about building goods and products,
163
397260
2000
也就是制造商品,
06:39
and now we have a service economy
164
399260
3000
现在我们是服务性经济
06:42
and an information and creative economy.
165
402260
2000
一个信息化和创造性的经济。
06:44
Those two economies require very different skills,
166
404260
3000
这两个经济模式要求十分不相同的技能。
06:47
and as it happens, women have been much better
167
407260
2000
正是由于这个变化,女性
06:49
at acquiring the new set of skills than men have been.
168
409260
3000
比男性更好地获取新的技术。
06:52
It used to be that you were
169
412260
2000
曾经是这样的,
06:54
a guy who went to high school
170
414260
2000
你从高中学校出来,
06:56
who didn't have a college degree,
171
416260
2000
没有大学文凭,
06:58
but you had a specific set of skills,
172
418260
2000
但是你有一些特殊的技能,
07:00
and with the help of a union,
173
420260
2000
借助于工会的帮助,
07:02
you could make yourself a pretty good middle-class life.
174
422260
2000
你可以让自己过上很不错的中产阶级的生活。
07:04
But that really isn't true anymore.
175
424260
2000
但是现在不再是这样了。
07:06
This new economy is pretty indifferent
176
426260
2000
新经济对个头和力量
07:08
to size and strength,
177
428260
2000
不再依赖,
07:10
which is what's helped men along all these years.
178
430260
2000
过去的时间里对于个头和力量的依赖显然帮助了男人。
07:12
What the economy requires now
179
432260
2000
现在的经济要求的
07:14
is a whole different set of skills.
180
434260
2000
是完全不一样的技术。
07:16
You basically need intelligence,
181
436260
2000
基本上你需要智力,
07:18
you need an ability to sit still and focus,
182
438260
3000
你需要能够稳定地坐着并保持集中,
07:21
to communicate openly,
183
441260
2000
开放地交流
07:23
to be able to listen to people
184
443260
2000
能够倾听别人
07:25
and to operate in a workplace that is much more fluid than it used to be,
185
445260
3000
能够在一个更流动的工作场所下作业。
07:28
and those are things that women do extremely well,
186
448260
2000
这些正是女人们可以做的非常的好,
07:30
as we're seeing.
187
450260
2000
正如我们所见。
07:32
If you look at management theory these days,
188
452260
2000
如果你观察一下当今的管理理论,
07:34
it used to be that our ideal leader
189
454260
2000
我们曾经的理想化的领导是
07:36
sounded something like General Patton, right?
190
456260
2000
像乔治-巴顿一样的人。
07:38
You would be issuing orders from above.
191
458260
2000
你可以从上向下发令。
07:40
You would be very hierarchical.
192
460260
2000
你可以非常的阶级化。
07:42
You would tell everyone below you what to do.
193
462260
2000
你可以告诉你下面的每一个人做什么。
07:44
But that's not what an ideal leader is like now.
194
464260
2000
但是这不再是今天的理想化领导。
07:46
If you read management books now,
195
466260
2000
如果你现在读管理类的书,
07:48
a leader is somebody who can foster creativity,
196
468260
3000
领导是那种可以激发创造力,
07:51
who can get his -- get the employees -- see, I still say "his" --
197
471260
3000
可以令他的--员工们--看吧,我仍然说“他的”--
07:54
who can get the employees to talk to each other,
198
474260
2000
让员工们相互交谈,
07:56
who can basically build teams and get them to be creative.
199
476260
3000
可以组建团队并令他们拥有创造力的人。
07:59
And those are all things that women do very well.
200
479260
3000
女性可以将所有这些事情做的非常的好。
08:02
And then on top of that, that's created a kind of cascading effect.
201
482260
3000
再加上,(她们)创造了一种级联效应。
08:05
Women enter the workplace at the top,
202
485260
2000
女人进入工作场所的上级,
08:07
and then at the working class,
203
487260
2000
然后在工薪阶层,
08:09
all the new jobs that are created
204
489260
2000
所有被创造的新工作
08:11
are the kinds of jobs that wives used to do for free at home.
205
491260
3000
曾是主妇们在家里做的免费的工作。
08:14
So that's childcare,
206
494260
2000
也就是照看小孩,
08:16
elder care and food preparation.
207
496260
2000
照顾老年人和准备食物。
08:18
So those are all the jobs that are growing,
208
498260
2000
这些工作正在增加,
08:20
and those are jobs that women tend to do.
209
500260
2000
这些工作也正是女人们愿意去做的。
08:22
Now one day it might be
210
502260
2000
有一天
08:24
that mothers will hire an out-of-work,
211
504260
3000
妈妈们将雇佣一名失业的,
08:27
middle-aged, former steelworker guy
212
507260
2000
中年,曾为造铁工人的男人
08:29
to watch their children at home,
213
509260
2000
在家里照看他们的小孩,
08:31
and that would be good for the men, but that hasn't quite happened yet.
214
511260
3000
这对男人也有好处,但是这至今还没有发生。
08:34
To see what's going to happen, you can't just look at the workforce that is now,
215
514260
3000
想知道发生了什么,你不能仅观察现在的工作情形,
08:37
you have to look at our future workforce.
216
517260
3000
你需要观察未来的工作情形。
08:40
And here the story is fairly simple.
217
520260
3000
这其实很简单。
08:43
Women are getting college degrees
218
523260
2000
女人们正在以一个
08:45
at a faster rate than men.
219
525260
2000
比男人们更快的速度获得大学学位。
08:47
Why? This is a real mystery.
220
527260
2000
为什么?这的确不可思议。
08:49
People have asked men, why don't they just go back to college,
221
529260
3000
人们问男人,为什么不回到大学,
08:52
to community college, say, and retool themselves,
222
532260
2000
回到社区大学,重组自己,
08:54
learn a new set of skills?
223
534260
2000
学一些新的技术。
08:56
Well it turns out that they're just very uncomfortable doing that.
224
536260
3000
事实上他们对此感到十分的不舒服。
08:59
They're used to thinking of themselves as providers,
225
539260
2000
他们习惯于认为他们是提供者,
09:01
and they can't seem to build the social networks
226
541260
2000
他们似乎看起来不能社会关系网
09:03
that allow them to get through college.
227
543260
2000
来允许他们完成大学。
09:05
So for some reason
228
545260
2000
因此,
09:07
men just don't end up going back to college.
229
547260
2000
男人最终不能返回学校。
09:09
And what's even more disturbing
230
549260
2000
更加令人不安的是
09:11
is what's happening with younger boys.
231
551260
2000
发生在年轻的男孩子身上的事情。
09:13
There's been about a decade of research
232
553260
2000
这有一个进行了大约十年的调查
09:15
about what people are calling the "boy crisis."
233
555260
2000
关于人们所谓的男生危机是什么。
09:17
Now the boy crisis is this idea
234
557260
2000
现在的男生危机是
09:19
that very young boys, for whatever reason,
235
559260
3000
年幼的男生,不知道为什么,
09:22
are doing worse in school than very young girls,
236
562260
3000
在学校里表现得比年幼的女生差。
09:25
and people have theories about that.
237
565260
2000
人们有关于这件事情的理论。
09:27
Is it because we have an excessively verbal curriculum,
238
567260
2000
是因为我们有过多的语言课程,
09:29
and little girls are better at that than little boys?
239
569260
2000
小女孩在这个方面比男孩做得更好吗?
09:31
Or that we require kids to sit still too much,
240
571260
3000
又或者是我们过多地要求孩子们坐着不动
09:34
and so boys initially feel like failures?
241
574260
2000
所以男孩子们觉得很失败?
09:36
And some people say it's because,
242
576260
2000
有一些人说因为,
09:38
in 9th grade, boys start dropping out of school.
243
578260
2000
在九年级的时候,男孩子开始退学。
09:40
Because I'm writing a book about all this, I'm still looking into it,
244
580260
3000
因为我在写一本关于这个的书,我仍然在做调查,
09:43
so I don't have the answer.
245
583260
2000
所以我还没有结果。
09:45
But in the mean time, I'm going to call on the worldwide education expert,
246
585260
3000
但同时,我将呼吁世界级教育专家,
09:48
who's my 10-year-old daughter, Noa,
247
588260
2000
也就是我十岁的女儿,诺亚,
09:50
to talk to you about
248
590260
2000
和你们谈谈
09:52
why the boys in her class do worse.
249
592260
3000
为什么男孩子在他们班表现比较差。
09:55
(Video) Noa: The girls are obviously smarter.
250
595260
2000
(视频)诺亚:女生的确更聪明。
09:57
I mean they have much larger vocabulary.
251
597260
3000
我是说她们有更多的词汇量。
10:00
They learn much faster.
252
600260
2000
她们学得更快。
10:02
They are more controlled.
253
602260
2000
她们更遵守纪律。
10:04
On the board today for losing recess tomorrow, only boys.
254
604260
3000
在今天的黑板上只有男生被罚失去明天的休息时间。
10:07
Hanna Rosin: And why is that?
255
607260
2000
汉娜 罗森:为什么呢?
10:09
Noa: Why? They were just not listening to the class
256
609260
2000
诺亚:为什么?他们不听讲
10:11
while the girls sat there very nicely.
257
611260
2000
而女生坐得很端正。
10:13
HR: So there you go.
258
613260
2000
汉娜 罗森:所以你现在知道了。
10:15
This whole thesis really came home to me
259
615260
2000
这个论文
10:17
when I went to visit a college in Kansas City --
260
617260
3000
是当我在访问堪萨斯市的一所大学时决定的--
10:20
working-class college.
261
620260
2000
一所工薪阶层的大学。
10:22
Certainly, when I was in college, I had certain expectations about my life --
262
622260
3000
当然当我在大学的时候,我对我的人生有非常明确的期望--
10:25
that my husband and I would both work,
263
625260
3000
我的丈夫和我都工作,
10:28
and that we would equally raise the children.
264
628260
2000
我们平等地共同抚养孩子。
10:30
But these college girls
265
630260
2000
但是这些大学女孩儿们
10:32
had a completely different view of their future.
266
632260
2000
对她们的未来有着完全不同的看法。
10:34
Basically, the way they said it to me is
267
634260
3000
基本上,他们对我说的是,
10:37
that they would be working 18 hours a day,
268
637260
2000
他们将一天工作十八个小时,
10:39
that their husband would maybe have a job,
269
639260
2000
他们的丈夫有可能有工作,
10:41
but that mostly he would be at home taking care of the kiddies.
270
641260
3000
但是大部分他们将在家里照看孩子。
10:44
And this was kind of a shocker to me.
271
644260
2000
这对我来说是一个震惊。
10:46
And then here's my favorite quote from one of the girls:
272
646260
2000
这个是我最喜欢的一个女孩的话:
10:48
"Men are the new ball and chain."
273
648260
3000
“男人是新的累赘”
10:51
(Laughter)
274
651260
3000
(笑声)
10:54
Now you laugh,
275
654260
2000
你觉得好笑,
10:56
but that quote has kind of a sting to it, right?
276
656260
2000
但是那句话有些刺痛,对吧。
10:58
And I think the reason it has a sting
277
658260
2000
我认为它有刺的原因
11:00
is because thousands of years of history
278
660260
2000
是因为数千年的历史
11:02
don't reverse themselves
279
662260
2000
是不会颠覆,
11:04
without a lot of pain,
280
664260
2000
如果没有疼痛的话。
11:06
and that's why I talk about
281
666260
2000
这也是为什么我谈到
11:08
us all going through this together.
282
668260
2000
我们都将一起经历这个。
11:11
The night after I talked to these college girls,
283
671260
2000
在我和这些大学女孩儿谈过之后的那天夜里,
11:13
I also went to a men's group in Kansas,
284
673260
2000
我也去访问了在堪萨斯州的一个男生团体。
11:15
and these were exactly the kind of victims of the manufacturing economy
285
675260
3000
这些正是制造业经济的受害者,
11:18
which I spoke to you about earlier.
286
678260
2000
正如我较早前对你们说的。
11:20
They were men who had been contractors,
287
680260
2000
他们是那些曾经的承包商,
11:22
or they had been building houses
288
682260
2000
或者他们曾建造房屋
11:24
and they had lost their jobs after the housing boom,
289
684260
2000
在房屋建造繁荣期过去之后他们失去了工作,
11:26
and they were in this group because they were failing to pay their child support.
290
686260
3000
他们属于这个团体因为他们不能为他们的孩子支付抚养费。
11:29
And the instructor was up there in the class
291
689260
2000
指导者站在教室前
11:31
explaining to them all the ways
292
691260
2000
向他们解释
11:33
in which they had lost their identity in this new age.
293
693260
3000
他们是如何在新时代失去他们的身份。
11:36
He was telling them they no longer had any moral authority,
294
696260
3000
他告诉他们,他们不再有任何道义上的权威,
11:39
that nobody needed them for emotional support anymore,
295
699260
2000
没有人需要他们来作为情感上的支撑,
11:41
and they were not really the providers.
296
701260
2000
他们也不是提供者。
11:43
So who were they?
297
703260
2000
那么他们是谁呢?
11:45
And this was very disheartening for them.
298
705260
2000
这对他们来说是十分的沮丧的。
11:47
And what he did was he wrote down on the board
299
707260
2000
他所作的就是在黑板上写下
11:49
"$85,000,"
300
709260
2000
八万五千美元,
11:51
and he said, "That's her salary,"
301
711260
2000
然后他说,“这是她的工资。”
11:53
and then he wrote down "$12,000."
302
713260
3000
然后他写下一万两千美金。
11:56
"That's your salary.
303
716260
2000
“这是你的工资。
11:58
So who's the man now?" he asked them.
304
718260
2000
那么现在谁是一家之主?” 他问他们。
12:00
"Who's the damn man?
305
720260
2000
“谁是那个一家之主?
12:02
She's the man now."
306
722260
2000
她现在成了一家之主。”
12:04
And that really sent a shudder through the room.
307
724260
2000
那真的使整个屋子颤栗。
12:06
And that's part of the reason I like to talk about this,
308
726260
2000
那也是我想要谈论这个的一部分原因,
12:08
because I think it can be pretty painful,
309
728260
2000
因为我认为它可以很刺痛,
12:10
and we really have to work through it.
310
730260
2000
我们也的确需要攻克它。
12:12
And the other reason it's kind of urgent
311
732260
2000
这件事情比较紧急的另一个原因是
12:14
is because it's not just happening in the U.S.
312
734260
2000
因为它不仅仅发生在美国。
12:16
It's happening all over the world.
313
736260
2000
它发生在整个世界。
12:18
In India, poor women are learning English
314
738260
2000
在印度,贫穷的女人们学习英语
12:20
faster than their male counterparts
315
740260
2000
比男同伴们更快
12:22
in order to staff the new call centers
316
742260
2000
为了应聘在印度
12:24
that are growing in India.
317
744260
2000
迅速发展的客服中心。
12:26
In China, a lot of the opening up of private entrepreneurship
318
746260
3000
在中国,很多私人企业家
12:29
is happening because women are starting businesses,
319
749260
2000
正在崛起,因为女人们开始着手于商业,
12:31
small businesses, faster than men.
320
751260
2000
小型商业,比男人更快。
12:33
And here's my favorite example, which is in South Korea.
321
753260
3000
这是我最喜欢的一个例子,在韩国。
12:36
Over several decades,
322
756260
2000
过去的几十年里,
12:38
South Korea built one of the most patriarchal societies we know about.
323
758260
3000
韩国建立起我们所知的最严格的父系社会。
12:41
They basically enshrined the second-class status of women
324
761260
4000
他们甚至将女性的二等地位
12:45
in the civil code.
325
765260
2000
铭记于民法里。
12:47
And if women failed to birth male children,
326
767260
2000
如果女人不能生男孩,
12:49
they were basically treated like domestic servants.
327
769260
3000
她们将基本上被视为家里的佣人。
12:52
And sometimes family would pray to the spirits to kill off a girl child
328
772260
3000
有些时候一些家庭向神灵祈祷能杀死一个女孩
12:55
so they could have a male child.
329
775260
2000
然后他们可以拥有一个男孩。
12:57
But over the '70s and '80s,
330
777260
2000
但是在七十年代和八十年代,
12:59
the South Korea government decided they wanted to rapidly industrialize,
331
779260
3000
韩国政府决定要加快工业化,
13:02
and so what they did was,
332
782260
2000
他们所作的就是,
13:04
they started to push women into the workforce.
333
784260
2000
开始推动女性进入劳动市场。
13:06
Now they've been asking a question since 1985:
334
786260
3000
从一九八五年到现在他们一直在问一个问题:
13:09
"How strongly do you prefer a first-born son?"
335
789260
2000
“你对长子有多么强烈的偏好?”
13:11
And now look at the chart.
336
791260
2000
现在请看这个图表。
13:13
That's from 1985 to 2003.
337
793260
3000
是从一九八五年到二零零三年。
13:16
How much do you prefer a first-born son?
338
796260
2000
你多么偏好于长子?
13:18
So you can see that these economic changes
339
798260
2000
你可以发现这些经济变化
13:20
really do have a strong effect on our culture.
340
800260
3000
的确对我们的文化有着强烈的影响。
13:23
Now because we haven't fully processed this information,
341
803260
3000
现在因为我们还没有完全地处理这些信息,
13:26
it's kind of coming back to us in our pop culture
342
806260
2000
它似乎回归到我们的通俗文化
13:28
in these kind of weird and exaggerated ways,
343
808260
3000
以一种奇怪的夸张的方式,
13:31
where you can see that the stereotypes are changing.
344
811260
3000
你可以看到固有观念正在发生变化。
13:34
And so we have on the male side
345
814260
2000
所以在男性这边,
13:36
what one of my colleagues likes to call the "omega males" popping up,
346
816260
3000
我的同事喜欢称之为“欧米加男性”跳出,
13:39
who are the males who are romantically challenged losers
347
819260
2000
他们是那些得不到爱情的失败者
13:41
who can't find a job.
348
821260
2000
那些不能找到工作的人。
13:43
And they come up in lots of different forms.
349
823260
3000
他们以很多不同的形式出现。
13:46
So we have the perpetual adolescent.
350
826260
3000
因此我们有终身的青春期。
13:49
We have the charmless misanthrope.
351
829260
3000
我们有毫无魅力愤世嫉俗者。
13:52
Then we have our Bud Light guy
352
832260
2000
有终日赖在沙发上边看电视
13:54
who's the happy couch potato.
353
834260
2000
边喝百威淡啤的男子。
13:56
And then here's a shocker: even America's most sexiest man alive,
354
836260
3000
这里有一个震惊:甚至于美国最性感的男性,
13:59
the sexiest man alive
355
839260
2000
存活的最性感的男人
14:01
gets romantically played these days in a movie.
356
841260
2000
如今在电影中被浪漫地耍弄。
14:03
And then on the female side, you have the opposite,
357
843260
3000
而在女性的层面,恰恰相反,
14:06
in which you have these crazy superhero women.
358
846260
3000
有这些疯狂的女性超级英雄。
14:09
You've got Lady Gaga.
359
849260
3000
有Lady Gaga。
14:12
You've got our new James Bond, who's Angelina Jolie.
360
852260
3000
有新一代的詹姆斯·邦德, 安吉丽娜·朱莉。
14:15
And it's not just for the young, right?
361
855260
3000
不仅仅是那些年轻人,对吧。
14:18
Even Helen Mirren can hold a gun these days.
362
858260
3000
如今甚至连海伦·米伦都可以握着一把枪。
14:21
And so it feels like we have to move from this place
363
861260
3000
所以感觉上我们需要离开这个
14:24
where we've got these uber-exaggerated images
364
864260
3000
有着过分夸张印象的地方,
14:27
into something that feels a little more normal.
365
867260
3000
使之变得更加正常化。
14:30
So for a long time in the economic sphere,
366
870260
2000
很长一段时间在经济领域里,
14:32
we've lived with the term "glass ceiling."
367
872260
2000
我们和一种叫做无形顶障(妇女等在职务升迁上遇到的无形障碍)的术语生活在一起。
14:34
Now I've never really liked this term.
368
874260
2000
现在我们将永远不会喜欢这个术语。
14:36
For one thing, it puts men and women
369
876260
2000
首先,它将男人和女人
14:38
in a really antagonistic relationship with one another,
370
878260
3000
放在一个相互敌对的关系上,
14:41
because the men are these devious tricksters up there
371
881260
2000
因为在这里男人是
14:43
who've put up this glass ceiling.
372
883260
2000
放置这个无形顶障的狡猾的骗子。
14:45
And we're always below the glass ceiling, the women.
373
885260
3000
而我们,女人们,常常在这个无形顶障之下。
14:48
And we have a lot of skill and experience,
374
888260
3000
我们有很多的技术和经历,
14:51
but it's a trick, so how are you supposed to prepare
375
891260
2000
但这是一个诡计,你应该如何准备
14:53
to get through that glass ceiling?
376
893260
2000
冲破那个无形的顶障?
14:55
And also, "shattering the glass ceiling" is a terrible phrase.
377
895260
3000
并且,击碎无形顶障是一个糟糕的词组。
14:58
What crazy person
378
898260
2000
多么疯狂的人
15:00
would pop their head through a glass ceiling?
379
900260
2000
将会用他的头撞穿一个无形顶障?
15:02
So the image that I like to think of,
380
902260
2000
我想象一个图像,
15:04
instead of glass ceiling,
381
904260
2000
来代替无形顶障,
15:06
is the high bridge.
382
906260
2000
是一个高桥。
15:08
It's definitely terrifying to stand at the foot of a high bridge,
383
908260
3000
站在高桥下是十分恐怖的,
15:11
but it's also pretty exhilarating,
384
911260
2000
但也是很令人高兴的,
15:13
because it's beautiful up there,
385
913260
2000
因为那上面很美,
15:15
and you're looking out on a beautiful view.
386
915260
3000
你眺望美丽的远景。
15:18
And the great thing is there's no trick like with the glass ceiling.
387
918260
3000
更好的事情是与无形顶障不同的,这里没有诡计。
15:21
There's no man or woman standing in the middle
388
921260
2000
这里没有男人或是女人在中间
15:23
about to cut the cables.
389
923260
2000
准备切断缆绳。
15:25
There's no hole in the middle that you're going to fall through.
390
925260
2000
这中间没有会令你掉下去的洞。
15:27
And the great thing is that you can take anyone along with you.
391
927260
3000
最好的事情是你可以带任何一个人和你一起。
15:30
You can bring your husband along.
392
930260
2000
你可以带着你的丈夫。
15:32
You can bring your friends, or your colleagues,
393
932260
2000
你可以带着你的朋友,或者你的同事,
15:34
or your babysitter to walk along with you.
394
934260
2000
又或者是你的保姆和你一起走。
15:36
And husbands can drag their wives across, if their wives don't feel ready.
395
936260
3000
丈夫们可以拉他们的妻子过去,如果他们的妻子们还没有准备好。
15:39
But the point about the high bridge
396
939260
2000
但是关于这个高桥重要的是
15:41
is that you have to have the confidence
397
941260
2000
你需要有自信
15:43
to know that you deserve to be on that bridge,
398
943260
2000
知道你应当在那个桥上,
15:45
that you have all the skills and experience you need
399
945260
3000
因为你有所需的技巧和经历
15:48
in order to walk across the high bridge,
400
948260
3000
为了走过那个高桥,
15:51
but you just have to make the decision
401
951260
2000
但是你需要做个决定
15:53
to take the first step and do it.
402
953260
2000
走出第一步并且行动。
15:55
Thanks very much.
403
955260
2000
谢谢。
15:57
(Applause)
404
957260
9000
(掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7