Hanna Rosin: New data on the rise of women

91,512 views ・ 2010-12-15

TED


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譯者: Hermia Tsai 審譯者: Shelley Krishna Tsang
00:15
We are now going through an amazing and unprecedented moment
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我們正在經歷驚人且前所未有的時刻
00:18
where the power dynamics between men and women
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此時男人和女人之間的權力,
00:20
are shifting very rapidly,
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正迅速的移轉。
00:23
and in many of the places where it counts the most,
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在許多重量級的領域,
00:25
women are, in fact, taking control of everything.
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女人正在掌管一切。
00:28
In my mother's day, she didn't go to college.
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在我母親那個時代,她沒有上大學,
00:30
Not a lot of women did.
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大部分的女人都沒有。
00:32
And now, for every two men who get a college degree,
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而如今,每兩個男性得到大學學位的同時,
00:35
three women will do the same.
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就有三個女人亦達到相同成就。
00:37
Women, for the first time this year,
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在今年女性首度
00:39
became the majority of the American workforce.
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成為美國勞動力的多數人口,
00:41
And they're starting to dominate lots of professions --
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且她們開始在許多職業中佔重要地位—
00:44
doctors, lawyers,
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醫生、律師、
00:46
bankers, accountants.
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銀行家、會計師...
00:48
Over 50 percent of managers are women these days,
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現今有超過半數的經理人皆為女性,
00:51
and in the 15 professions
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預計在未來十年
00:53
projected to grow the most in the next decade,
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會大幅成長的十五種職業領域中,
00:55
all but two of them are dominated by women.
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有十三種會被女性所主宰。
00:57
So the global economy is becoming a place
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故可知女性在全球經濟場域中,
00:59
where women are more successful than men,
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表現已逐漸比男性突出,
01:01
believe it or not,
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信不信由你。
01:03
and these economic changes
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這些在經濟上的改變
01:05
are starting to rapidly affect our culture --
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正開始迅速的影響我們的文化—
01:07
what our romantic comedies look like,
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我們的浪漫喜劇、
01:09
what our marriages look like,
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我們的婚姻形式、
01:11
what our dating lives look like,
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我們的男女交往方式、
01:13
and our new set of superheroes.
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以及我們對超級英雄的新詮釋。
01:15
For a long time, this is the image of American manhood that dominated --
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長久以來,這就是美國男子氣概的形象:
01:18
tough, rugged,
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剛硬、粗曠、
01:20
in control of his own environment.
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掌控著自己的領域。
01:22
A few years ago, the Marlboro Man was retired
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萬保龍先生在幾年前已退休了(譯註:萬寶龍曾在廣告中以牛仔強調自家商品的男子氣概)
01:24
and replaced by this
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取而代之的是這個—
01:26
much less impressive specimen,
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不那麼令人印象深刻的典型—
01:28
who is a parody of American manhood,
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美國男子氣概的搞怪版,
01:30
and that's what we have in our commercials today.
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這就是我們現在的廣告。
01:33
The phrase "first-born son"
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「長子」這個字眼
01:35
is so deeply ingrained in our consciousness
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在我們的腦中是如此根深蒂固,
01:38
that this statistic alone shocked me.
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以致於單單是這個數據就使我震驚:
01:40
In American fertility clinics,
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在美國人工生育診所,
01:42
75 percent of couples
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有四分之三的夫妻
01:44
are requesting girls and not boys.
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要求女孩而非男孩;
01:46
And in places where you wouldn't think,
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並且在你絕對想像不到的地方,
01:48
such as South Korea, India and China,
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像是南韓、印度、和中國,
01:51
the very strict patriarchal societies
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這些嚴格的父系家族長制社會,
01:53
are starting to break down a little,
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正在鬆動,
01:55
and families are no longer
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且這些家庭
01:57
strongly preferring first-born sons.
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不再對長子有著強烈偏愛。
02:00
If you think about this, if you just open your eyes to this possibility
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如果你去思考這件事、如果你張開眼睛看看這個可能性,
02:03
and start to connect the dots,
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並開始連接這些點,
02:05
you can see the evidence everywhere.
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你可以發現證據無所不在,
02:07
You can see it in college graduation patterns,
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在大學的畢業情形、
02:09
in job projections,
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在工作預估、
02:11
in our marriage statistics,
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在我們的婚姻統計數據上。
02:13
you can see it in the Icelandic elections, which you'll hear about later,
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你可以在冰島的選舉中看見,等一下你將會聽到,
02:16
and you can see it on South Korean surveys on son preference,
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你也可以在南韓關於對兒子的偏愛的研究上看到,
02:19
that something amazing and unprecedented
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一些驚人且空前的事情
02:21
is happening with women.
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發生在女性身上。
02:23
Certainly this is not the first time that we've had great progress with women.
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當然這不是女性的第一次重大進展,
02:26
The '20s and the '60s also come to mind.
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1920年代和1960年代也是,
02:29
But the difference is that, back then,
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但不同之處在於,那個時候,
02:31
it was driven by a very passionate feminist movement
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是由試著要實現自身欲望的、
02:34
that was trying to project its own desires,
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熱血的女權運動所推動;
02:36
whereas this time, it's not about passion,
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反之,這次,無關乎激情、
02:38
and it's not about any kind of movement.
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也無關乎任何類型的運動,
02:40
This is really just about the facts
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這完全只繫於,
02:42
of this economic moment that we live in.
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我們所處的經濟時代的現實。
02:44
The 200,000-year period
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二十萬年來
02:46
in which men have been top dog
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男性當道的時期,
02:48
is truly coming to an end, believe it or not,
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已經走到了盡頭,信不信由你,
02:51
and that's why I talk about the "end of men."
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那就是我為何我說這是男性的終點。
02:54
Now all you men out there,
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在座的各位男性,
02:56
this is not the moment where you tune out or throw some tomatoes,
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現在不是裝作沒看到或丟番茄的時候,(譯註:在西方,丟蕃茄有時是表達不滿之意)
02:59
because the point is that this
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因為重點是,
03:01
is happening to all of us.
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這正發生在我們所有人身上。
03:03
I myself have a husband and a father
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我本人有丈夫和父親、
03:06
and two sons whom I dearly love.
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還有兩個我深愛的兒子
03:08
And this is why I like to talk about this,
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這就是為何我想談論這件事,
03:10
because if we don't acknowledge it,
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因為如果我們不承認之,
03:12
then the transition will be pretty painful.
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則過渡期會很痛苦;
03:14
But if we do take account of it,
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但若我們有考慮過,
03:16
then I think it will go much more smoothly.
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則我認為會進行的更加順利。
03:19
I first started thinking about this about a year and a half ago.
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我開始思考這件事是在一年半前,
03:22
I was reading headlines about the recession just like anyone else,
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我那時正在和其他人一樣,閱讀關於經濟衰退的頭條新聞,
03:25
and I started to notice a distinct pattern --
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然後我開始注意到一個明顯的狀況—
03:27
that the recession was affecting men
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那就是經濟不景氣對男性的影響
03:30
much more deeply than it was affecting women.
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遠大於對女性的影響。
03:32
And I remembered back to about 10 years ago
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我記得約十年前,
03:34
when I read a book by Susan Faludi
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當我正閱讀Susan Faludi所著的
03:37
called "Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man,"
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《僵局:美國男性的背叛》一書時,
03:40
in which she described how hard the recession had hit men,
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她在書中描述不景氣是如何嚴重打擊了男性,
03:43
and I started to think about
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我開始思考
03:45
whether it had gotten worse this time around in this recession.
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是不是這次的不景氣更嚴重呢?
03:48
And I realized that two things were different this time around.
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然後我意識到這次有兩件事不同:
03:51
The first was that
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首先,
03:53
these were no longer just temporary hits
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這些不再只是不景氣對男性
03:55
that the recession was giving men --
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暫時的衝擊;
03:57
that this was reflecting a deeper
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這反映出全球經濟
03:59
underlying shift in our global economy.
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一個更深層的轉變。
04:01
And second, that the story was no longer
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第二,這不再只關係到
04:03
just about the crisis of men,
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男性的危機,
04:05
but it was also about what was happening to women.
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也關係到女性。
04:07
And now look at this second set of slides.
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現在,來看看第二組投影片:
04:09
These are headlines about what's been going on with women in the next few years.
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這是幾則關於未來幾年將發生關於女性的頭條新聞
04:12
These are things we never could have imagined a few years ago.
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這是我們過去幾年完全無法想像的事情—
04:15
Women, a majority of the workplace.
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女性,職場上的主體。
04:17
And labor statistics: women take up most managerial jobs.
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勞動力統計數據:女性佔管理職務的大半。
04:20
This second set of headlines --
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第二組頭條:
04:22
you can see that families and marriages are starting to shift.
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你可以看到家庭和婚姻開始轉變。
04:25
And look at that last headline --
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再來看最後一則頭條:
04:27
young women earning more than young men.
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年輕女性賺得比男性更多。
04:29
That particular headline comes to me from a market research firm.
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我從一個市調問卷發現這則特別的頭條,
04:32
They were basically asked by one of their clients
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他們被他們的一個客戶詢問:
04:35
who was going to buy houses in that neighborhood in the future.
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未來誰會在該社區購買房屋?
04:38
And they expected that it would be young families,
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他們原以為答案會是年輕小家庭
04:40
or young men, just like it had always been.
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或年輕男性,一如以往。
04:42
But in fact, they found something very surprising.
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但事實上,他們很驚訝的發現,
04:44
It was young, single women
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答案是—年輕單身的女性
04:46
who were the major purchasers of houses in the neighborhood.
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才是該社區中主要的房屋購買者。
04:49
And so they decided, because they were intrigued by this finding,
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因為這項發現激起他們的好奇,
04:52
to do a nationwide survey.
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他們決定要做一個全國性的調查,
04:54
So they spread out all the census data,
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故他們分析了所有統計資料,
04:56
and what they found, the guy described to me as a shocker,
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然後他們發現了,那人很驚訝的向我敘述,
04:59
which is that in 1,997
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就是—在1997年,
05:02
out of 2,000 communities,
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在2000個社區裡面,
05:04
women, young women,
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女性,年輕的女性,
05:06
were making more money than young men.
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賺的錢比年輕男性更多。
05:08
So here you have a generation of young women
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在這個世代,
05:10
who grow up thinking of themselves
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年輕女性成長在
05:12
as being more powerful earners
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覺得自己可以比週遭年輕男性
05:14
than the young men around them.
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更會賺錢的認知中。
05:16
Now, I've just laid out the picture for you,
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我已向你們提出這些景況,
05:19
but I still haven't explained to you why this is happening.
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我仍未解釋為何會發生,
05:22
And in a moment, I'm going to show you a graph,
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等一下我要給各位看一張圖表,
05:24
and what you'll see on this graph --
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你會在這張圖上看到,
05:26
it begins in 1973,
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從1973年開始,
05:28
just before women start flooding the workforce,
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在女性開始大量湧入勞動力市場之前,
05:30
and it brings us up to our current day.
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然後變到這樣。
05:33
And basically what you'll see
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基本上你會看到的是
05:35
is what economists talk about
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經濟學家所說的
05:37
as the polarization of the economy.
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經濟結構的分化。
05:39
Now what does that mean?
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這意謂著什麼?
05:41
It means that the economy is dividing into high-skill, high-wage jobs
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這表示經濟結構現在漸分裂成高技術高薪資工作
05:44
and low-skill, low-wage jobs --
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和低技術低薪資工作,
05:46
and that the middle, the middle-skill jobs,
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而在中間的,中等技術
05:49
and the middle-earning jobs, are starting to drop out of the economy.
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和中等報酬的工作已開始在經濟結構中被淘汰。
05:52
This has been going on for 40 years now.
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這已經進行了40年,
05:54
But this process is affecting men
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但這個過程對男人的影響
05:56
very differently than it's affecting women.
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和對女人的影響相當不同。
05:58
You'll see the women in red, and you'll see the men in blue.
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從下張圖你可以看到紅色代表女性,藍色代表男性,
06:01
You'll watch them both drop out of the middle class,
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你可以看到他們都脫離了中產階級,
06:04
but see what happens to women and see what happens to men.
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但請看看在女性部份和男性部份分別發生什麼變化。
06:08
There we go.
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就是這樣,
06:10
So watch that. You see them both drop out of the middle class.
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請看,你看他們都脫離中產階級,
06:13
Watch what happens to the women. Watch what happens to the men.
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看看女性發生什麼變化?男性又發生什麼變化?
06:16
The men sort of stagnate there,
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男性部份有點停滯不前,
06:18
while the women zoom up in those high-skill jobs.
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然而女性卻在那些高技術性的工作急速上升。
06:20
So what's that about?
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這表示什麼?
06:22
It looks like women got some power boost on a video game,
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好像是女性在電玩中得到加強功力,
06:25
or like they snuck in some secret serum into their birth-control pills
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或悄悄在避孕藥裡得到神奇的漿液,
06:28
that lets them shoot up high.
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使她們步步高升,
06:30
But of course, it's not about that.
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當然不是這樣的。
06:32
What it's about is that the economy has changed a lot.
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這代表的是經濟結構有很大的改變:
06:35
We used to have a manufacturing economy,
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我們過去擁有的是工業的經濟,
06:37
which was about building goods and products,
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也就是製造出產品;
06:39
and now we have a service economy
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現在是服務業的經濟,
06:42
and an information and creative economy.
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是資訊及創意的經濟。
06:44
Those two economies require very different skills,
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這兩種經濟型態需要的是很不同的技能,
06:47
and as it happens, women have been much better
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當這一切發生,
06:49
at acquiring the new set of skills than men have been.
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女性在取得新技能方面較男性擅長。
06:52
It used to be that you were
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在以前,
06:54
a guy who went to high school
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如果你上過高中、
06:56
who didn't have a college degree,
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沒有大學學歷、
06:58
but you had a specific set of skills,
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但擁有一技之長,
07:00
and with the help of a union,
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藉由工會的幫助
07:02
you could make yourself a pretty good middle-class life.
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你可以讓你自己過著優渥的小康生活。
07:04
But that really isn't true anymore.
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這一套已經行不通了。
07:06
This new economy is pretty indifferent
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這個新經濟型態對於
07:08
to size and strength,
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多年來幫助著男性的
07:10
which is what's helped men along all these years.
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個頭和身高完全不感興趣,
07:12
What the economy requires now
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現在這個經濟型態所需要的,
07:14
is a whole different set of skills.
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是完全不同的技能,
07:16
You basically need intelligence,
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基本上你需要智慧、
07:18
you need an ability to sit still and focus,
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你需要安坐和聚焦的能力、
07:21
to communicate openly,
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開放的溝通、
07:23
to be able to listen to people
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能夠傾聽人們說話、
07:25
and to operate in a workplace that is much more fluid than it used to be,
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在比從前更加變動不居的工作環境中工作。
07:28
and those are things that women do extremely well,
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這些都是女性做的非常好的事情,
07:30
as we're seeing.
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如同我們所見。
07:32
If you look at management theory these days,
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如果你看看近來的管理理論,
07:34
it used to be that our ideal leader
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以前像是鐵血將軍巴頓這樣的類型
07:36
sounded something like General Patton, right?
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可說是理想的領袖,對吧?
07:38
You would be issuing orders from above.
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你可以高高在上發號施令、
07:40
You would be very hierarchical.
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你可以很有權威、
07:42
You would tell everyone below you what to do.
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你可以叫所有底下的人做事。
07:44
But that's not what an ideal leader is like now.
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但現在理想的領袖不是那樣子,
07:46
If you read management books now,
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現在如果你去讀經營管理的書,
07:48
a leader is somebody who can foster creativity,
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領導人是能夠激發創造力、
07:51
who can get his -- get the employees -- see, I still say "his" --
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能夠使他的—使員工—瞧,我依然說「他的」,
07:54
who can get the employees to talk to each other,
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能夠使員工彼此溝通的人,
07:56
who can basically build teams and get them to be creative.
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是能夠建立團隊並使其具有創造力的人,
07:59
And those are all things that women do very well.
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以上都是女性做的非常好的事項。
08:02
And then on top of that, that's created a kind of cascading effect.
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在加上,女性創造了一種串接效應:
08:05
Women enter the workplace at the top,
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女性進入職場的頂端,
08:07
and then at the working class,
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然後在一般勞動階級,
08:09
all the new jobs that are created
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所有新創造出來的工作機會,
08:11
are the kinds of jobs that wives used to do for free at home.
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是那些曾經由家庭主婦們免費做的事,
08:14
So that's childcare,
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就是帶小孩、
08:16
elder care and food preparation.
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照顧老人和準備三餐。
08:18
So those are all the jobs that are growing,
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這些工作正在增加,
08:20
and those are jobs that women tend to do.
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女人也樂意去從事這種工作,
08:22
Now one day it might be
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可能有一天,
08:24
that mothers will hire an out-of-work,
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媽媽們會僱用一個失業的、
08:27
middle-aged, former steelworker guy
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中年的前任打鐵工
08:29
to watch their children at home,
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來家裡幫她們帶小孩,
08:31
and that would be good for the men, but that hasn't quite happened yet.
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這對男人來說也是好事一樁,但目前還沒發生。
08:34
To see what's going to happen, you can't just look at the workforce that is now,
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要明白未來會發生什麼事,你不能只著眼於現在的勞動力情勢,
08:37
you have to look at our future workforce.
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你必須觀察未來的勞動力。
08:40
And here the story is fairly simple.
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這相當的單純,
08:43
Women are getting college degrees
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獲得大學文憑的女性比例
08:45
at a faster rate than men.
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比男性快速增長。
08:47
Why? This is a real mystery.
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為什麼?這是一個謎,
08:49
People have asked men, why don't they just go back to college,
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人們問男性,為何他們不回去大學、
08:52
to community college, say, and retool themselves,
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回到社區大學再充實自己、
08:54
learn a new set of skills?
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學習新技能?
08:56
Well it turns out that they're just very uncomfortable doing that.
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事實上是,他們對於做這件事感到很不自在,
08:59
They're used to thinking of themselves as providers,
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他們習慣於認為自己是養家活口的人,
09:01
and they can't seem to build the social networks
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而且他們似乎無法建立起
09:03
that allow them to get through college.
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使他們可以撐過大學的新社群網絡,
09:05
So for some reason
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故基於一些理由
09:07
men just don't end up going back to college.
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男性終是無法回去唸大學。
09:09
And what's even more disturbing
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而更加令人不安的
09:11
is what's happening with younger boys.
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是發生在年輕男孩身上的事。
09:13
There's been about a decade of research
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有一個已持續約莫十年的研究,
09:15
about what people are calling the "boy crisis."
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是關於人們所稱的「男孩危機」,
09:17
Now the boy crisis is this idea
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「男孩危機」這個概念
09:19
that very young boys, for whatever reason,
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是指年輕男孩,基於某些不知名理由,
09:22
are doing worse in school than very young girls,
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在學校表現比同齡女孩不佳。
09:25
and people have theories about that.
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關於這點,人們提出了一些理論:
09:27
Is it because we have an excessively verbal curriculum,
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—因為有的課程很偏語言,
09:29
and little girls are better at that than little boys?
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小女孩比小男孩對此來得擅長;
09:31
Or that we require kids to sit still too much,
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—或是我們太要求小孩乖乖坐好,
09:34
and so boys initially feel like failures?
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因此男孩們一開始就輸在起跑點上?
09:36
And some people say it's because,
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還有一些人說那是因為
09:38
in 9th grade, boys start dropping out of school.
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九年級正好是男孩開始退學的時候。
09:40
Because I'm writing a book about all this, I'm still looking into it,
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因為我正在撰寫一本關於這個主題的書,我仍在深入研究,
09:43
so I don't have the answer.
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所以我也沒有答案,
09:45
But in the mean time, I'm going to call on the worldwide education expert,
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但同時我將要請來全球教育專家
09:48
who's my 10-year-old daughter, Noa,
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—我的十歲小女兒Noah
09:50
to talk to you about
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來跟各位談談
09:52
why the boys in her class do worse.
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為何她班上的小男生們表現較差。
09:55
(Video) Noa: The girls are obviously smarter.
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Noah:女生很顯然比較聰明,
09:57
I mean they have much larger vocabulary.
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我是說她們字彙量較豐富、
10:00
They learn much faster.
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她們學得較快、
10:02
They are more controlled.
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她們比較守規矩,
10:04
On the board today for losing recess tomorrow, only boys.
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今天黑板上只有男生明天要被罰不能下課。
10:07
Hanna Rosin: And why is that?
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Hanna Rosin: 為什麼會這樣呢?
10:09
Noa: Why? They were just not listening to the class
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Noah: 為什麼?他們就是不好好聽課,
10:11
while the girls sat there very nicely.
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而女生都乖乖的坐好。
10:13
HR: So there you go.
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HR: 好啦
10:15
This whole thesis really came home to me
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這就是當我拜訪過坎薩斯洲的一所學校—
10:17
when I went to visit a college in Kansas City --
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一所勞動階級學校
10:20
working-class college.
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回家後得到的論點
10:22
Certainly, when I was in college, I had certain expectations about my life --
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無庸置疑,在我大學時期,對於自己生活有明確的期望,
10:25
that my husband and I would both work,
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我和丈夫都上班、
10:28
and that we would equally raise the children.
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我們會平均分擔撫養孩子,
10:30
But these college girls
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但這些大學女生
10:32
had a completely different view of their future.
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對未來有著截然不同的看法。
10:34
Basically, the way they said it to me is
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基本上,她們告訴我的是:
10:37
that they would be working 18 hours a day,
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她們將會一天工作18個小時,
10:39
that their husband would maybe have a job,
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他們的丈夫或許會有工作,
10:41
but that mostly he would be at home taking care of the kiddies.
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但大多數會是在家照顧孩子。
10:44
And this was kind of a shocker to me.
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這對我來說很震驚。
10:46
And then here's my favorite quote from one of the girls:
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這是女孩們所說的,我最喜歡的一句話:
10:48
"Men are the new ball and chain."
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「男人是新的黃臉婆。」
10:51
(Laughter)
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(笑)
10:54
Now you laugh,
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現在你們笑了,
10:56
but that quote has kind of a sting to it, right?
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但這句話中有點帶刺,是吧?
10:58
And I think the reason it has a sting
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而我認為有刺的原因
11:00
is because thousands of years of history
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在於數千年來的歷史
11:02
don't reverse themselves
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不曾在
11:04
without a lot of pain,
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沒有痛苦的情況下被改寫,
11:06
and that's why I talk about
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而這就是我為何會說
11:08
us all going through this together.
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我們要一起經歷這件事。
11:11
The night after I talked to these college girls,
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在和那些大學女生談過話之後的那個晚上,
11:13
I also went to a men's group in Kansas,
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我也去了坎薩斯一個男生團體,
11:15
and these were exactly the kind of victims of the manufacturing economy
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這些正是製造業經濟下的受害者,
11:18
which I spoke to you about earlier.
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就是我先前提到過的。
11:20
They were men who had been contractors,
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他們都曾經是承包商、
11:22
or they had been building houses
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或是蓋過房子,
11:24
and they had lost their jobs after the housing boom,
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在房地產榮景過後失去了工作。
11:26
and they were in this group because they were failing to pay their child support.
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他們加入這個團體是因為他們無法負擔他們孩子的開支,
11:29
And the instructor was up there in the class
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而講師就在台上,
11:31
explaining to them all the ways
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向他們解釋著
11:33
in which they had lost their identity in this new age.
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他們是怎麼在新時代失去身份地位。
11:36
He was telling them they no longer had any moral authority,
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他告訴他們,他們不再握有任何道德權威、
11:39
that nobody needed them for emotional support anymore,
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再也沒有人需要他們當精神支柱、
11:41
and they were not really the providers.
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他們不再是供養者,
11:43
So who were they?
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那他們是誰呢?
11:45
And this was very disheartening for them.
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這令他們很沮喪。
11:47
And what he did was he wrote down on the board
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他所做的就是,
11:49
"$85,000,"
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在白板上寫下$85000
11:51
and he said, "That's her salary,"
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說:「這就是她的薪水!」
11:53
and then he wrote down "$12,000."
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然後再寫下$12000
11:56
"That's your salary.
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「這是你的薪水。」
11:58
So who's the man now?" he asked them.
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他問大家「現在誰才是老大?」
12:00
"Who's the damn man?
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「誰才是個真正的老大?
12:02
She's the man now."
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現在她成了老大啦!」
12:04
And that really sent a shudder through the room.
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這真的使得整個房間打了個冷顫。
12:06
And that's part of the reason I like to talk about this,
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這也是我之所以談論這件事的一部分原因,
12:08
because I think it can be pretty painful,
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因為我認為那可能會很難熬,
12:10
and we really have to work through it.
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我們必須挺過去,
12:12
And the other reason it's kind of urgent
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而另一個理由有點緊急,
12:14
is because it's not just happening in the U.S.
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因為這不僅發生在美國,
12:16
It's happening all over the world.
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這發生在全世界,
12:18
In India, poor women are learning English
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在印度,貧窮的女性比她們的配偶
12:20
faster than their male counterparts
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英文學得更快,
12:22
in order to staff the new call centers
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為了要任職於印度正在成長的
12:24
that are growing in India.
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電話客服中心;
12:26
In China, a lot of the opening up of private entrepreneurship
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在中國,許多私人企業正在竄起,
12:29
is happening because women are starting businesses,
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因為女性開始做起生意,
12:31
small businesses, faster than men.
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一些小生意,比男人更快。
12:33
And here's my favorite example, which is in South Korea.
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這是我最喜歡的例子:在南韓,
12:36
Over several decades,
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數十年來,
12:38
South Korea built one of the most patriarchal societies we know about.
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南韓建立了一套我們所知最嚴格的父系社會,
12:41
They basically enshrined the second-class status of women
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在民法中,
12:45
in the civil code.
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基本上將女人置於次等地位,
12:47
And if women failed to birth male children,
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如果女人無法生出男的子嗣,
12:49
they were basically treated like domestic servants.
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她們會被當作家裡的女傭,
12:52
And sometimes family would pray to the spirits to kill off a girl child
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有時候有的家庭還會向神靈請求殺掉女孩,
12:55
so they could have a male child.
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好讓他們可以得到男孩。
12:57
But over the '70s and '80s,
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但在1970、1980年代
12:59
the South Korea government decided they wanted to rapidly industrialize,
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南韓政府決定要加速工業化,
13:02
and so what they did was,
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他們的做法是:
13:04
they started to push women into the workforce.
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開始將女性推入勞動市場。
13:06
Now they've been asking a question since 1985:
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現在他們提出一個自從1985年就在問的問題:
13:09
"How strongly do you prefer a first-born son?"
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「你有多偏好第一胎生兒子?」
13:11
And now look at the chart.
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現在來看看這個表
13:13
That's from 1985 to 2003.
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從1985年到2003年,
13:16
How much do you prefer a first-born son?
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「你有多偏好第一胎生兒子?」
13:18
So you can see that these economic changes
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你可以看到這些經濟上的改變
13:20
really do have a strong effect on our culture.
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真的對我們的文化有重大影響,
13:23
Now because we haven't fully processed this information,
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因為現在我們還沒有完全處理好這個資料,
13:26
it's kind of coming back to us in our pop culture
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這好像正用一種奇怪、誇張的方式
13:28
in these kind of weird and exaggerated ways,
343
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回歸到我們的大眾文化,
13:31
where you can see that the stereotypes are changing.
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你可以看到刻板印象正在改變,
13:34
And so we have on the male side
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所以在男性方面,
13:36
what one of my colleagues likes to call the "omega males" popping up,
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我一個同事喜歡稱之為「吊車尾男」的出現,
13:39
who are the males who are romantically challenged losers
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他們是那些把不到妹、
13:41
who can't find a job.
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也找不到工作的失敗者,
13:43
And they come up in lots of different forms.
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他們以各種不同形式出現,
13:46
So we have the perpetual adolescent.
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因此有著永遠處於青春期的傢伙、
13:49
We have the charmless misanthrope.
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有著沒有魅力的憤世嫉俗的人、
13:52
Then we have our Bud Light guy
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有著老是賴在沙發上的
13:54
who's the happy couch potato.
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百威淡啤酒男。
13:56
And then here's a shocker: even America's most sexiest man alive,
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有一個震撼彈—即使是美國現存的最性感的男人、
13:59
the sexiest man alive
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那些現存的最性感的男人,
14:01
gets romantically played these days in a movie.
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現今在電影中也只是羅曼史角色;
14:03
And then on the female side, you have the opposite,
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在女性方面,剛好相反,
14:06
in which you have these crazy superhero women.
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有著瘋狂的超級英雌—
14:09
You've got Lady Gaga.
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女神卡卡、
14:12
You've got our new James Bond, who's Angelina Jolie.
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新版詹姆士龐德—安潔麗娜裘莉,
14:15
And it's not just for the young, right?
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不只有年輕人,對吧?
14:18
Even Helen Mirren can hold a gun these days.
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現在即便是海倫米蘭也可以拿著把槍。
14:21
And so it feels like we have to move from this place
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感覺像是我們必須從
14:24
where we've got these uber-exaggerated images
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覺得這件事誇張至極,
14:27
into something that feels a little more normal.
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轉變成覺得還算正常。
14:30
So for a long time in the economic sphere,
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到目前為止很長一段時間,在經濟領域,
14:32
we've lived with the term "glass ceiling."
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我們活在「玻璃天花板」之下(通常專指女性所遭遇的在工作中升級時遇到的一種無形的障礙, 使人不能到達較高階層)
14:34
Now I've never really liked this term.
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我一直都很不喜歡這個詞,
14:36
For one thing, it puts men and women
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其一,此將男性與女性置於
14:38
in a really antagonistic relationship with one another,
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彼此敵對的關係,
14:41
because the men are these devious tricksters up there
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因為男性是搞出玻璃天花板
14:43
who've put up this glass ceiling.
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不光明磊落的騙子,
14:45
And we're always below the glass ceiling, the women.
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而我們女人總是在那片玻璃天花板之下,
14:48
And we have a lot of skill and experience,
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我們具備許多技能和經驗,
14:51
but it's a trick, so how are you supposed to prepare
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但是那是一場詭計,
14:53
to get through that glass ceiling?
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那妳怎麼可能穿過那層玻璃天花板呢?
14:55
And also, "shattering the glass ceiling" is a terrible phrase.
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並且,砸碎玻璃天花板是很可怕的詞彙,
14:58
What crazy person
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這人是瘋了才會
15:00
would pop their head through a glass ceiling?
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拿自己的頭去撞玻璃天花板。
15:02
So the image that I like to think of,
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所以比起玻璃天花板,
15:04
instead of glass ceiling,
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我比較喜歡用來譬喻的形象
15:06
is the high bridge.
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是座高高的橋。
15:08
It's definitely terrifying to stand at the foot of a high bridge,
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站在高橋上絕對是很恐怖的感覺,
15:11
but it's also pretty exhilarating,
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但同時也頗令人興奮
15:13
because it's beautiful up there,
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因為那上面好漂亮,
15:15
and you're looking out on a beautiful view.
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你可以眺望美麗的風景,
15:18
And the great thing is there's no trick like with the glass ceiling.
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更好的是這裡沒有玻璃天花板這種詭計,
15:21
There's no man or woman standing in the middle
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沒有男人或女人站在中間
15:23
about to cut the cables.
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想要切斷纜繩,
15:25
There's no hole in the middle that you're going to fall through.
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橋中間沒有會讓妳掉下去的大洞,
15:27
And the great thing is that you can take anyone along with you.
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還有很好的事情是,你可以帶任何人和你一起上來,
15:30
You can bring your husband along.
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你可以帶著你的先生、
15:32
You can bring your friends, or your colleagues,
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你可以帶著你的朋友、或你的同事
15:34
or your babysitter to walk along with you.
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或是你的保母一起來,
15:36
And husbands can drag their wives across, if their wives don't feel ready.
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如果妻子還沒有準備好,丈夫還可以拉著他們的妻子過去。
15:39
But the point about the high bridge
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但這座高橋主要在於,
15:41
is that you have to have the confidence
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妳必須要有自信
15:43
to know that you deserve to be on that bridge,
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去瞭解到妳有資格站在這座橋上,
15:45
that you have all the skills and experience you need
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妳有著所有要通過這座高橋
15:48
in order to walk across the high bridge,
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所需要的技能和經驗,
15:51
but you just have to make the decision
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而妳必須做出決定,
15:53
to take the first step and do it.
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跨出第一步並且放手去做。
15:55
Thanks very much.
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謝謝。
15:57
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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