Pawan Sinha on how brains learn to see

Prevodilac: Predrag Zdravkovic Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

If you are a blind child in India,

Ako ste slepo dete u Indiji,

you will very likely have to contend with

veoma je verovatno da ćete se suočiti sa barem dve loše vesti.

at least two big pieces of bad news.

The first bad news

Prva loša vest je da su vam šanse

is that the chances of getting treatment

da budete lečeni veoma male, takoreći nikakve,

are extremely slim to none,

and that's because most of the blindness

zbog toga što je većina programa za ublažavanje posledica slepila u zemlji

alleviation programs in the country

are focused on adults,

usmerena na odrasle,

and there are very, very few hospitals

i zbog toga što je svega nekoliko bolnica uopšte opremljeno za lečenje dece.

that are actually equipped to treat children.

In fact, if you were to be treated,

U stvari, čak i kada biste bili lečeni,

you might well end up being treated

verovatno bi vas lečila osoba bez medicinskih kvalifikacija,

by a person who has no medical credentials

as this case from Rajasthan illustrates.

kao što to ilustruje ovaj slučaj iz Radžastana.

This is a three-year-old orphan girl

Ovo je trogodišnja devojčica siroče koja ima kataraktu.

who had cataracts.

So, her caretakers took her

Njeni staratelji su je odveli kod seoskog vrača,

to the village medicine man,

and instead of suggesting to the caretakers

i umesto da im predloži da je odvedu u bolnicu,

that the girl be taken to a hospital,

the person decided to burn her abdomen

on je odlučio da joj opeče stomak usijalim gvozdenim šipkama

with red-hot iron bars

to drive out the demons.

kako bi isterao demone iz nje.

The second piece of bad news

Drugu lošu vest saopštiće vam neuronaučnici

will be delivered to you

by neuroscientists, who will tell you

koji će vam reći da,

that if you are older than four or five years of age,

ako ste stariji od 4 ili 5 godina,

that even if you have your eye corrected,

čak iako vam se ispravi nedostatak oka, šanse da vaš mozak nauči da vidi,

the chances of your brain learning how to see

are very, very slim --

veoma male - takoreći nikakve.

again, slim or none.

So when I heard these two things,

Kada sam čuo ove dve stvari, duboko su me pogodile,

it troubled me deeply,

both because of personal reasons

kako iz ličnih, tako i iz naučnih razloga.

and scientific reasons.

So let me first start with the personal reason.

Dozvolite mi da počnem sa ličnim razlozima.

It'll sound corny, but it's sincere.

Zvučaće otrcano, ali sam iskren.

That's my son, Darius.

Ovo je moj sin, Darijus.

As a new father,

Kao novopečeni otac, imam potpuno drugačiji osećaj

I have a qualitatively different sense

of just how delicate babies are,

o tome koliko su bebe osetljive,

what our obligations are towards them

o tome koje su naše obaveze prema njima

and how much love

i koliko ljubavi možemo osećati prema detetu.

we can feel towards a child.

I would move heaven and earth

Pomerio bih nebo i zemlju da obezbedim lečenje za Darijusa,

in order to get treatment for Darius,

and for me to be told

a spoznaja da možda postoje drugi kao Darijus,

that there might be other Dariuses

who are not getting treatment,

kojima lečenje nije omogućeno,

that's just viscerally wrong.

za mene je to suštinski pogrešno.

So that's the personal reason.

To bi bio moj lični razlog.

Scientific reason is that this notion

Naučni razlog leži u ideji neuronauka o kritičnom periodu,

from neuroscience of critical periods --

that if the brain is older

da ako je mozak stariji od četiri ili pet godina,

than four or five years of age,

it loses its ability to learn --

on gubi sposobnost učenja.

that doesn't sit well with me,

Ne mogu da prihvatim ovo jer smatram da ideja nije adekvatno ispitana.

because I don't think that idea

has been tested adequately.

The birth of the idea is from

Ova ideja vuče korene iz radova Dejvida Hjubla i Torstena Vizla,

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's work,

two researchers who were at Harvard,

dvojice istraživača sa Harvarda,

and they got the Nobel Prize in 1981

koji su 1981. godine dobili Nobelovu nagradu

for their studies of visual physiology,

za istraživanja fiziologije vida, što su izuzetno lepe studije,

which are remarkably beautiful studies,

but I believe some of their work

ali verujem da je deo njihovih radova

has been extrapolated

prerano primenjen u kontekstu ljudi.

into the human domain prematurely.

So, they did their work with kittens,

Oni su istraživanja radili na mačićima, sa različitim režimima uskraćivanja,

with different kinds of deprivation regiments,

and those studies,

i rezultati tih studija, koji datiraju iz 60-ih godina,

which date back to the '60s,

are now being applied to human children.

sada se primenjuju na deci.

So I felt that I needed to do two things.

Zbog toga sam osećao da bi trebalo da uradim dve stvari.

One: provide care

Prva: da pružim negu deci kojoj je tretman trenutno uskraćen.

to children who are currently

being deprived of treatment.

That's the humanitarian mission.

To je humanitarna misija.

And the scientific mission would be

Naučna misija bi bila testiranje granica vizuelne plastičnosti mozga.

to test the limits

of visual plasticity.

And these two missions, as you can tell,

Ove dve misije se, kao što možete videti,

thread together perfectly. One adds to the other;

savršeno uklapaju.

Jedna dopunjuje drugu.

in fact, one would be impossible without the other.

Zapravo, nijedna ne bi bila moguća

bez one druge.

So, to implement

Da bih primenio ove dve misije,

these twin missions,

a few years ago, I launched Project Prakash.

pre par godina sam pokrenuo projekat Prakaš.

Prakash, as many of you know,

Prakaš, kao što mnogi od vas znaju, na sanskritu označava svetlo,

is the Sanskrit word for light,

and the idea is that

i ideja je da kroz donošenje svetla u živote dece,

in bringing light into the lives of children,

we also have a chance

takođe imamo priliku da osvetlimo neke od najdubljih misterija neuronauka.

of shedding light on some of the

deepest mysteries of neuroscience.

And the logo -- even though it looks extremely Irish,

Logo, iako deluje izuzetno irski,

it's actually derived from

izveden je iz indijskog simbola dije,

the Indian symbol of Diya, an earthen lamp.

odnosno zemljane lampe.

The Prakash, the overall effort

Projekat Prakaš se sastoji iz tri dela,

has three components:

outreach, to identify children in need of care;

aktivnosti u zajednici kojima se pronalaze deca kojima je potrebna nega,

medical treatment; and in subsequent study.

medicinskog tretmana i naposletku, naučnog istraživanja.

And I want to show you a short video clip

Želeo bih da vam pokažem kratak snimak

that illustrates the first two components of this work.

koji ilustruje prve dve komponente

ovog projekta.

This is an outreach station

Ovo je stanica za aktivnosti u zajednici koje se sprovode u školi za slepe.

conducted at a school for the blind.

(Tekst: Većina dece je skoro ili potpuno slepa.)

(Text: Most of the children are profoundly and permanently blind ...)

Pawan Sinha: So, because this is a school for the blind,

Pavan Sinha: Pošto je ovo škola za slepe, stanje većine ove dece je trajno.

many children have permanent conditions.

That's a case of microphthalmos,

Ovo je slučaj mikroftalmije, a to je nedovoljna razvijenost oka;

which is malformed eyes,

and that's a permanent condition;

trajna je i ne može se lečiti.

it cannot be treated.

That's an extreme of micropthalmos

Ovo je ekstremni primer mikroftalmije koji se naziva anoftalmija.

called enophthalmos.

But, every so often, we come across children

Ipak, povremeno, kod neke dece se mogu pronaći ostaci vida,

who show some residual vision,

and that is a very good sign

a to je veoma dobar znak.

that the condition might actually be treatable.

da je kod njih lečenje moguće.

So, after that screening, we bring the children to the hospital.

Nakon pregleda, dovodimo decu u bolnicu.

That's the hospital we're working with in Delhi,

Ovo je bolnica sa kojom radimo u Delhiju, Šrofova dobrotvorna očna bolnica.

the Schroff Charity Eye Hospital.

It has a very well-equipped

Ima veoma dobro opremljen pedijatrijski oftalmološki centar

pediatric ophthalmic center,

which was made possible in part

koja je delom omogućena zahvaljujući donaciji

by a gift from the Ronald McDonald charity.

humanitarne organizacije Ronalda Makdonalda.

So, eating burgers actually helps.

Dakle, jedenje hamburgera zaista pomaže.

(Tekst: Ovakvi pregledi nam omogućavaju da popravimo vid mnoge dece, i...

(Text: Such examinations allow us to improve

eye-health in many children, and ...

pomažu da pronađemo decu pogodnu za učešće u projektu Prakaš.)

... help us find children who can participate in Project Prakash.)

PS: So, as I zoom in to the eyes of this child,

PS: Dakle, kako budem zumirao oči ovog deteta,

you will see the cause of his blindness.

videćete uzrok njegovog slepila.

The whites that you see in the middle of his pupils

Belilo koje vidite u sredini njegovih zenica je urođena katarakta,

are congenital cataracts,

so opacities of the lens.

odnosno neprovidnost sočiva.

In our eyes, the lens is clear,

U našim očima, sočiva su prozirna,

but in this child, the lens has become opaque,

ali su kod ovog deteta sočiva postala neprozirna

and therefore he can't see the world.

i zbog toga ono ne može da vidi svet.

So, the child is given treatment. You'll see shots of the eye.

Dete će zbog toga biti lečeno.

Videćete snimke oka.

Here's the eye with the opaque lens,

Evo oka sa neprozirnim sočivom, ono se odstranjuje

the opaque lens extracted

and an acrylic lens inserted.

i na njegovo mesto se stavlja akrilno veštačko sočivo.

And here's the same child

Evo istog deteta tri nedelje posle operacije

three weeks post-operation,

with the right eye open.

sa otvorenim desnim okom.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

So, even from that little clip, you can begin to get the sense

Dakle, čak i iz ovako kratkog snimka,

možete da steknete utisak kako je oporavak moguć.

that recovery is possible,

and we have now

Do sada smo tretman obezbedili za preko 200 mališana

provided treatment to over 200 children,

and the story repeats itself.

i priča se ponavlja svaki put.

After treatment, the child

Posle intervencije, dete stiče značajnu funkcionalnost.

gains significant functionality.

In fact, the story holds true

Štaviše, ovo važi čak i za osobe koje su progledale

even if you have a person who got sight

after several years of deprivation.

posle više godina života bez vida.

We did a paper a few years ago

Pre par godina smo objavili rad o ženi koju vidite sa desne strane, SRD;

about this woman that you see on the right, SRD,

and she got her sight late in life,

njoj je vid vraćen kasnije u životu

and her vision is remarkable at this age.

i vid joj je izvanredan u ovim godinama.

I should add a tragic postscript to this --

Trebalo bi da dodam i tragičan epilog ove priče -

she died two years ago

umrla je pre dve godine u autobuskoj nesreći.

in a bus accident.

So, hers is just a truly inspiring story --

Njena priča je zaista inspirativna, nepoznata, ali inspirativna.

unknown, but inspiring story.

So when we started finding these results,

Objavljivanjem prvih rezultata, kao što možete zamisliti,

as you might imagine, it created quite a bit of stir

uzburkali smo naučnu i popularnu štampu.

in the scientific and the popular press.

Here's an article in Nature

Evo članka u časopisu „Priroda“ koji prikazuje naš rad,

that profiled this work,

and another one in Time.

a evo još jednog u časopisu „Tajm“.

So, we were fairly convinced -- we are convinced --

Dakle, bili smo prilično ubeđeni da je oporavak moguć,

that recovery is feasible,

despite extended visual deprivation.

uprkos produženom periodu vizuelne deprivacije.

The next obvious question to ask:

Sledeće pitanje koje se nameće: kako teče oporavak?

What is the process of recovery?

So, the way we study that is,

Ovo je način na koji smo to proučavali.

Recimo da naiđemo na dete koje pokazuje osetljivost na svetlost.

let's say we find a child who has light sensitivity.

The child is provided treatment,

Dete dobija tretman,

and I want to stress that the treatment

a želeo bih da naglasim da je tretman bez ikakvih obaveza,

is completely unconditional;

there is no quid pro quo.

od pacijenata ne očekujemo ništa zauzvrat.

We treat many more children then we actually work with.

Lečimo mnogo više dece od broja onih sa kojima radimo.

Every child who needs treatment is treated.

Svako dete kome treba tretman bude lečeno.

After treatment, about every week,

Posle tretmana, na oko nedelju dana,

we run the child

ispitujemo dete nizom jednostavnih vizuelnih testova

on a battery of simple visual tests

in order to see how their visual skills

da bi videli kako napreduju njihove vizuelne sposobnosti.

are coming on line.

And we try to do this for as long as possible.

Nastojimo da ovo radimo što je duže moguće.

This arc of development

Krivulja razvoja nam daje jedinstvene i veoma korisne informacije

gives us unprecedented

and extremely valuable information

about how the scaffolding of vision

o načinu uspostavljanja razvoja vida.

gets set up.

What might be the causal connections

Koja bi mogla biti uzročna veza između veština koje se rano razvijaju

between the early developing skills

and the later developing ones?

i onih koje se razvijaju kasnije?

And we've used this general approach to study

Koristili smo opšti pristup pri istraživanju

many different visual proficiencies,

različitih vizuelnih sposobnosti,

but I want to highlight one particular one,

ali želim da istaknem jednu od njih.

and that is image parsing into objects.

To je razbijanje slike na sastavne delove.

So, any image of the kind that you see on the left,

Dakle, bilo koja slika slična onoj koju vidite levo,

be it a real image or a synthetic image,

bilo da je reč o realnoj ili veštačkoj slici,

it's made up of little regions

sastoji se od sitnijih regija koje vidite u srednjoj koloni.

that you see in the middle column,

regions of different colors, different luminances.

Te regije su različitih boja i nivoa osvetljenosti.

The brain has this complex task

Mozak ima složen zadatak

of putting together, integrating,

da sastavi i integriše podskupove ovih regija

subsets of these regions

u nešto što ima više smisla,

into something that's more meaningful,

into what we would consider to be objects,

nešto što možemo smatrati predmetima, što možete videti desno.

as you see on the right.

And nobody knows how this integration happens,

Niko ne zna kako se odvija ova integracija,

and that's the question we asked with Project Prakash.

a to je pitanje koje postavljamo u projektu Prakaš.

So, here's what happens

Evo šta se događa ubrzo posle pojavljivanja vida.

very soon after the onset of sight.

Here's a person who had gained sight just a couple of weeks ago,

Evo osobe koja je progledala pre par nedelja,

and you see Ethan Myers, a graduate student from MIT,

a vidite i Itana Majersa,

postdiplomca sa MIT-a koji vrši eksperiment sa njim.

running the experiment with him.

His visual-motor coordination is quite poor,

Njegova vizuomotorna koordinacija je prilično loša,

but you get a general sense

ali stiče se predstava o tome koje regije pokušava da iscrta.

of what are the regions that he's trying to trace out.

If you show him real world images,

Ako mu pokažete stvarne slike, ako ih pokažete drugima poput njega,

if you show others like him real world images,

nisu u mogućnosti da prepoznaju većinu predmeta

they are unable to recognize most of the objects

because the world to them is over-fragmented;

jer za njih je svet izuzetno fragmentisan, sačinjen je iz kolaža, zakrpa,

it's made up of a collage, a patchwork,

of regions of different colors and luminances.

regija različitih boja i osvetljenosti.

And that's what's indicated in the green outlines.

To je označeno zelenim konturama.

When you ask them,

Kada ih pitate, čak i ako ne mogu da imenuju predmet,

"Even if you can't name the objects, just point to where the objects are,"

da samo pokažu gde se nalazi,

these are the regions that they point to.

oni pokazuju ove regije.

So the world is this complex

Dakle, za njih je svet kompleksni skup zakrpa različitih regija.

patchwork of regions.

Even the shadow on the ball

Čak i senka lopte postaje predmet za sebe.

becomes its own object.

Interestingly enough,

Zanimljivo je da, ako im date nekoliko meseci, desiće se sledeća stvar.

you give them a few months,

and this is what happens.

Doctor: How many are these?

Lekar: Koliko vidite predmeta?

Pacijent: Vidim dva.

Patient: These are two things.

Doctor: What are their shapes?

Lekar: Kog su oblika?

Patient: Their shapes ...

Pacijent: Kog su oblika...

This one is a circle,

Ovo je krug,

and this

a ovo je kvadrat.

is a square.

PS: A very dramatic transformation has come about.

PS: Došlo je do dramatične transformacije.

And the question is:

Postavlja se pitanje šta je uzrok ove transformacije.

What underlies this transformation?

It's a profound question,

Ovo je bitno pitanje,

and what's even more amazing is how simple

a još je fascinantnija jednostavnost odgovora.

the answer is.

Odgovor leži u pokretu.

The answer lies in motion

and that's what I want to show you in the next clip.

To je ono što vam želim pokazati u sledećem snimku.

Lekar: Koji oblik vidite?

Doctor: What shape do you see here?

Patient: I can't make it out.

Pacijent: Ne mogu da razaznam.

Doctor: Now?

Lekar: A sad?

Patient: Triangle.

Pacijent: Trougao.

Doctor: How many things are these?

Lekar: Koliko stvari je ovde?

Now, how many things are these?

A sad, koliko ih je sad?

Patient: Two.

Pacijent: Dve.

Doctor: What are these things?

Lekar: Šta vidite vidite?

Patient: A square and a circle.

Pacijent: Kvadrat i krug.

PS: And we see this pattern over and over again.

PS: Ovaj šablon viđamo iznova i iznova.

The one thing the visual system needs

Ono što je vizuelnom sistemu potrebno kako bi raščlanio svet

in order to begin parsing the world

je dinamična informacija.

is dynamic information.

So the inference we are deriving from this,

Zaključak koji izvlačimo iz ovoga i nekoliko sličnih eksperimenata

and several such experiments,

is that dynamic information processing,

je da obrada dinamičkih informacija ili obrada pokreta

or motion processing,

služi kao temelj za izgradnju ostatka složenosti vizuelne obrade,

serves as the bedrock for building

the rest of the complexity of visual processing;

it leads to visual integration

dovodi do vizuelne integracije i konačno do prepoznavanja.

and eventually to recognition.

This simple idea has far reaching implications.

Ova jednostavna ideja ima dalekosežne implikacije.

And let me just quickly mention two,

Dozvolite mi da spomenem dve, jednu iz domena inženjeringa

one, drawing from the domain of engineering,

and one from the clinic.

i drugu iz kliničkog domena.

So, from the perspective of engineering,

Iz ugla inženjeringa, možemo se zapitati,

we can ask: Goven that we know

s obzirom na to da znamo da je pokret toliko važan za ljudski vizuelni sistem,

that motion is so important for the human visual system,

can we use this as a recipe

da li možemo to da iskoristimo kao recept

for constructing machine-based vision systems

za konstrukciju vizuelnog sistema zasnovanom na mašini

that can learn on their own, that don't need to be programmed

koji može da uči samostalno,

kome nije neophodno da ga programira čovek.

by a human programmer?

And that's what we're trying to do.

To je ono što pokušavamo.

I'm at MIT, at MIT you need to apply

Ja radim na MIT-u, a tamo morate naći primenu

whatever basic knowledge you gain.

svakom osnovnom znanju koje steknete.

So we are creating Dylan,

Zbog toga kreiramo Dilana, računarski sistem sa ambicioznim ciljem

which is a computational system

with an ambitious goal

of taking in visual inputs

da prima vizuelne ulazne informacije iste vrste kao što bi i dete,

of the same kind that a human child would receive,

and autonomously discovering:

i da samostalno otkriva šta su predmeti u tim informacijama.

What are the objects in this visual input?

So, don't worry about the internals of Dylan.

Ne brinite za tehničke detalje Dilana,

Here, I'm just going to talk about

ovde ću samo govoriti o tome kako ga testiramo.

how we test Dylan.

Testiramo ga stimulacijom, kao što sam već rekao,

The way we test Dylan is by giving it

inputs, as I said, of the same kind

istog tipa koju dobijaju bebe i deca u projektu Prakaš.

that a baby, or a child in Project Prakash would get.

But for a long time we couldn't quite figure out:

Međutim, dugo nismo mogli da utvrdimo kako da dobijemo

Wow can we get these kinds of video inputs?

ovaj tip vizuelnog stimulusa.

So, I thought,

Pomislio sam da bi Darijus

could we have Darius

serve as our babycam carrier,

mogao da nam posluži kao bebi kamerman

and that way get the inputs that we feed into Dylan?

i na taj način snimi stimuluse koje bi bili informacija za Dilana.

So that's what we did.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Morao sam dugo da ubeđujem suprugu.

I had to have long conversations with my wife.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

In fact, Pam, if you're watching this,

Zapravo, Pem, ako gledaš ovo, molim te, oprosti mi.

please forgive me.

So, we modified the optics of the camera

Dakle, modifikovali smo optiku kamere

in order to mimic the baby's visual acuity.

tako da oponaša bebine vizuelne sposobnosti.

As some of you might know,

Kao što možda znate, bebe su po rođenju praktično slepe.

babyies are born pretty much legally blind.

Their acuity -- our acuity is 20/20;

Naša oštrina vida je 6/6, a kod beba je 6/240

babies' acuity is like 20/800,

so they are looking at the world

dakle, one vide svet kao veoma zamućen.

in a very, very blurry fashion.

Here's what a baby-cam video looks like.

Ovako izgleda video snimljen ovom kamerom.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thankfully, there isn't any audio

Na svu sreću, nemamo zvučni zapis koji bi išao uz ovo.

to go with this.

What's amazing is that working with such

Ono što je fascinantno je da, sa ovako lošim vizuelnim informacijama,

highly degraded input,

the baby, very quickly, is able

bebe veoma brzo uspevaju da otkriju značenje ovakvog stimulusa.

to discover meaning in such input.

But then two or three days afterward,

U roku od dva do dana po rođenju,

babies begin to pay attention

bebe počinju da obraćaju pažnju na majčino ili očevo lice.

to their mother's or their father's face.

How does that happen? We want Dylan to be able to do that,

Kako se ovo dešava?

Želimo da Dilan bude u stanju da to uradi,

and using this mantra of motion,

a koristeći ideju pokreta,

Dylan actually can do that.

Dilan zaista to može da uradi.

So, given that kind of video input,

Dakle, sa takvim video informacijama,

with just about six or seven minutes worth of video,

nakon samo šest do sedam minuta trajanja snimka,

Dylan can begin to extract patterns

Dilan može početi da razaznaje šablone koji uključuju lica.

that include faces.

So, it's an important demonstration

Ovo je važna demonstracija moći pokreta.

of the power of motion.

The clinical implication, it comes from the domain of autism.

Kliničke implikacije dolaze iz domena autizma.

Visual integration has been associated with autism

Nekoliko istraživača povezuje vizuelnu integraciju sa autizmom.

by several researchers.

When we saw that, we asked:

Kada smo to videli, postavili smo pitanje

Could the impairment in visual integration

da li je moguće da je oštećenje vizuelne integracije

be the manifestation of something underneath,

manifestacija nečega ispod toga,

of dynamic information processing deficiencies in autism?

nedovoljne obrade dinamičkih informacija kod autizma.

Because, if that hypothesis were to be true,

Ako je ova hipoteza tačna,

it would have massive repercussions in our understanding

to bi imalo dalekosežne posledice u našem razumevanju

of what's causing the many different aspects

uzročnika mnogih različitih aspekata autističkog fenotipa.

of the autism phenotype.

What you're going to see are

Ono što ćete sad videti su snimci dva deteta,

video clips of two children -- one neurotypical,

jednog neurotipičnog i jednog sa autizmom kako igraju pong.

one with autism, playing Pong.

So, while the child is playing Pong, we are tracking where they're looking.

Dakle, dok deca igraju pong, mi pratimo gde gledaju.

In red are the eye movement traces.

Crvenim su prikazani pokreti očiju.

This is the neurotypical child, and what you see

Ovde vidimo neurotipično dete

i možete videti da dete u stanju da stvara naznake

is that the child is able to make cues

of the dynamic information

na osnovu znakova dinamičke informacije da bi predvidelo gde će lopta ići.

to predict where the ball is going to go.

Even before the ball gets to a place,

Čak i pre nego što loptica dođe do određene tačke, dete već gleda tamo.

the child is already looking there.

Contrast this with a child

Uporedimo ovo sa autističnim detetom koje igra istu igru.

with autism playing the same game.

Instead of anticipating,

Umesto da predviđa, dete uvek prati loptu gde je bila.

the child always follows where the ball has been.

The efficiency of the use

Efikasnost upotrebe dinamičke informacije se čini ozbiljno ugroženom kod autizma.

of dynamic information

seems to be significantly compromised in autism.

So we are pursuing this line of work

Nastavljamo da u radu idemo ovim putem

and hopefully we'll have

i nadamo se da ćemo uskoro imati još rezultata.

more results to report soon.

Looking ahead, if you think of this disk

Ako pogledamo napred,

uzevši ovaj disk tako da predstavlja svu decu koju smo lečili do sada,

as representing all of the children

we've treated so far,

ovo je opseg problema.

this is the magnitude of the problem.

The red dots are the children we have not treated.

Crvene tačkice predstavljaju decu koju još nismo lečili.

So, there are many, many more children who need to be treated,

Dakle, ima još mnogo dece kojoj je tretman neophodan,

and in order to expand the scope of the project,

a kako bismo proširili domet projekta,

we are planning on launching

planiramo da pokrenemo Prakeš centar za decu

The Prakash Center for Children,

which will have a dedicated pediatric hospital,

koji će u svom sklopu imati pouzdanu pedijatrijsku bolnicu,

a school for the children we are treating

školu za decu koju lečimo i savremenu istraživačku stanicu.

and also a cutting-edge research facility.

The Prakash Center will integrate health care,

Centar Prakaš će integrisati zdravstvenu zaštitu,

education and research in a way

edukaciju i istraživanje

na način koji stvara celinu veću od prostog zbira pojedinačnih delova.

that truly creates the whole

to be greater than the sum of the parts.

So, to summarize: Prakash, in its five years of existence,

Da sumiramo, Prakaš je, za svojih pet godina postojanja,

it's had an impact in multiple areas,

imao uticaj na veliki broj oblasti,

ranging from basic neuroscience

idući od osnove neuronauka, plastičnosti mozga i učenja,

plasticity and learning in the brain,

to clinically relevant hypotheses like in autism,

do klinički relevantnih hipoteza, kao kod autizma,

the development of autonomous machine vision systems,

razvoja autonomnih, veštačkih vizuelnih sistema,

education of the undergraduate and graduate students,

obrazovanja studenata osnovnih studija i postdiplomaca,

and most importantly in the alleviation

i što je najvažnije, na uklanjanje slepila kod dece.

of childhood blindness.

And for my students and I, it's been

Za moje studente i mene, ovo je bilo fenomenalno iskustvo

just a phenomenal experience

because we have gotten to do interesting research,

jer smo bili u prilici da sprovodimo interesantno istraživanje

while at the same time

a da istovremeno pomažemo velikom broju dece sa kojom smo radili.

helping the many children that we have worked with.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam puno.

(Aplauz)

(Applause)