Pawan Sinha on how brains learn to see

Prevoditelj: Romana Perković Recezent: Predrag Pale

If you are a blind child in India,

Ako ste slijepo dijete u Indiji,

you will very likely have to contend with

vjerojatno ćete se morati suočiti s

at least two big pieces of bad news.

barem dvije loše vijesti.

The first bad news

Prva loša vijest je

is that the chances of getting treatment

da su vam šanse da dobijete liječenje

are extremely slim to none,

vrlo male do nikakve,

and that's because most of the blindness

a to je zato što se većina programa za ublažavanje

alleviation programs in the country

sljepoće u zemlji

are focused on adults,

fokusira na odrasle

and there are very, very few hospitals

i vrlo je malo bolnica

that are actually equipped to treat children.

koje su opremljene za liječenje djece.

In fact, if you were to be treated,

U biti, ako i jeste liječeni,

you might well end up being treated

vjerojatno će vas liječiti

by a person who has no medical credentials

osoba koja nema medicinske kvalifikacije

as this case from Rajasthan illustrates.

kao što to ilustrira ovaj slučaj iz Rajasthana.

This is a three-year-old orphan girl

Ovo je trogodišnja djevojčica siroče

who had cataracts.

koja je imala kataraktu.

So, her caretakers took her

Njezini skrbnici su je odveli

to the village medicine man,

seoskom vraču

and instead of suggesting to the caretakers

i umjesto da je savjetovao skrbnike

that the girl be taken to a hospital,

da djevojčicu odvedu u bolnicu,

the person decided to burn her abdomen

spalio joj je abdomen

with red-hot iron bars

užarenim šipkama

to drive out the demons.

kako bi istjerao demone.

The second piece of bad news

Drugu lošu vijest

will be delivered to you

predočit će vam

by neuroscientists, who will tell you

neuroznanstvenici koji će vam reći

that if you are older than four or five years of age,

da ako ste stariji od 4 ili 5 godina

that even if you have your eye corrected,

i čak ako vam je vid vraćen,

the chances of your brain learning how to see

šanse da vaš mozak nauči vidjeti su

are very, very slim --

vrlo, vrlo male.

again, slim or none.

Opet, male do nikakve.

So when I heard these two things,

Zato, kada sam čuo ove dvije stvari,

it troubled me deeply,

duboko su me zabrinule

both because of personal reasons

zbog osobnih i

and scientific reasons.

znanstvenih razloga.

So let me first start with the personal reason.

Započet ću s osobnim razlogom.

It'll sound corny, but it's sincere.

Zvučat će otrcano, ali je iskreno.

That's my son, Darius.

Ovo je moj sin Darius.

As a new father,

Kao novi otac,

I have a qualitatively different sense

imam kvalitativno drugačiji osjet

of just how delicate babies are,

o tome kako su djeca osjetljiva,

what our obligations are towards them

o našim obavezama prema njima

and how much love

i koliko ljubavi

we can feel towards a child.

možemo osjećati prema djetetu.

I would move heaven and earth

Pomaknuo bih nebo i zemlju

in order to get treatment for Darius,

u svrhu liječenja Dariusa.

and for me to be told

I za mene je to, da mi netko kaže

that there might be other Dariuses

da ondje može biti još jedan Darius

who are not getting treatment,

koji ne može dobiti liječenje,

that's just viscerally wrong.

to je neprihvatljivo i pogrešno.

So that's the personal reason.

Dakle, to je osobni razlog.

Scientific reason is that this notion

Znanstveni razlog je ta konstatacija

from neuroscience of critical periods --

neuroznanosti o kritičnom periodu

that if the brain is older

ako je mozak stariji od

than four or five years of age,

4 ili 5 godina

it loses its ability to learn --

da gubi sposobnost učenja,

that doesn't sit well with me,

s time se ne slažem

because I don't think that idea

jer mislim da ta teorija

has been tested adequately.

nije adekvatno testirana.

The birth of the idea is from

Ideja potiče iz

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's work,

rada Davida Hubela i Torstena Wiesela,

two researchers who were at Harvard,

dva istraživača s Harvarda,

and they got the Nobel Prize in 1981

dobili su Nobelovu nagradu 1981.g.

for their studies of visual physiology,

za istraživanja vizualne psihologije,

which are remarkably beautiful studies,

zapanjujuće prelijepa istraživanja,

but I believe some of their work

ali mislim da su neki od njihovih radova

has been extrapolated

prerano primijenjeni

into the human domain prematurely.

na ljudsku domenu.

So, they did their work with kittens,

Radili su s mačkama

with different kinds of deprivation regiments,

s različitim nedostatcima ili poremećajima,

and those studies,

i sada se te studije

which date back to the '60s,

koje sežu još od šezdesetih

are now being applied to human children.

primjenjuju i na ljudsku djecu.

So I felt that I needed to do two things.

Osjećao sam da trebam učiniti dvije stvari.

One: provide care

Prvo: pobrinuti se za njegu

to children who are currently

djece koja su trenutno

being deprived of treatment.

lišena medicinskog tretmana.

That's the humanitarian mission.

To je humanitarna misija.

And the scientific mission would be

A znanstvena misija bila bi

to test the limits

testirati granice

of visual plasticity.

vizualne plastičnosti mozga.

And these two missions, as you can tell,

Te se dvije misije, kao što možete vidjeti,

thread together perfectly. One adds to the other;

savršeno isprepliću, jedna nadopunjuje drugu.

in fact, one would be impossible without the other.

U biti, jedna ne bi bila moguća bez druge.

So, to implement

Stoga, kako bih ostvario

these twin missions,

ove dvije misije,

a few years ago, I launched Project Prakash.

prije par godina pokrenuo sam projekt Prakash.

Prakash, as many of you know,

Prakash, kao što mnogi od vas već znaju,

is the Sanskrit word for light,

riječ je iz Sanskrta, a znači svijetlo,

and the idea is that

a sama ideja je

in bringing light into the lives of children,

da donese svijetlo u živote djece,

we also have a chance

a mi također imamo priliku

of shedding light on some of the

rasvijetliti neke

deepest mysteries of neuroscience.

od najdubljih tajni neuroznanosti.

And the logo -- even though it looks extremely Irish,

A logo, iako izgleda kao irski,

it's actually derived from

zapravo dolazi od

the Indian symbol of Diya, an earthen lamp.

indijskog simbola Diya, zemaljana svjetiljka.

The Prakash, the overall effort

Prakash, cjelovit trud

has three components:

ima tri komponente,

outreach, to identify children in need of care;

identificirati djecu za potrebu njege,

medical treatment; and in subsequent study.

medicinskog tretmana i kasnijeg istraživanja.

And I want to show you a short video clip

Želim vam pokazati kratak video isječak

that illustrates the first two components of this work.

koji ilustrira prve dvije komponente ovog rada.

This is an outreach station

Ovo je terenska aktivnost provođena

conducted at a school for the blind.

u školi za slijepe.

(Text: Most of the children are profoundly and permanently blind ...)

(Tekst: Većina djece je duboko i trajno slijepa...)

Pawan Sinha: So, because this is a school for the blind,

Budući da je to škola za slijepe,

many children have permanent conditions.

mnoga djeca imaju trajna stanja.

That's a case of microphthalmos,

To je slučaj s microftalmusom,

which is malformed eyes,

što su iskrivljene oči

and that's a permanent condition;

i to je trajno stanje.

it cannot be treated.

Ne može se liječiti.

That's an extreme of micropthalmos

To se kao i ekstremni microftalmus

called enophthalmos.

naziva enoftalmus.

But, every so often, we come across children

Ali svako malo nailazimo na djecu

who show some residual vision,

koja pokazuju znakove rezidualnog vida,

and that is a very good sign

a to je jako dobar znak

that the condition might actually be treatable.

da takvo stanje može biti lječivo.

So, after that screening, we bring the children to the hospital.

Nakon pregleda djecu šaljemo u bolnicu.

That's the hospital we're working with in Delhi,

Ovo je bolnica s kojom radimo u Delhiju,

the Schroff Charity Eye Hospital.

Schroff Charity Eye Hospital.

It has a very well-equipped

Imaju jako dobro opremljen

pediatric ophthalmic center,

pedijatrijski oftalmološki centar,

which was made possible in part

što je omogućeno darom

by a gift from the Ronald McDonald charity.

zaklade Ronalda McDonalda.

So, eating burgers actually helps.

Dakle, jedenje hamburgera zapravo pomaže.

(Text: Such examinations allow us to improve

(Tekst: Takvi pregledi nam omogućuju

eye-health in many children, and ...

da poboljšamo zdravlje očiju kod mnoge djece i

... help us find children who can participate in Project Prakash.)

pomogne nam da pronađemo djecu koja će sudjelovati u projektu Prakash.)

PS: So, as I zoom in to the eyes of this child,

Kad približim oči djeteta,

you will see the cause of his blindness.

vidjet ćete uzrok njegove sljepoće.

The whites that you see in the middle of his pupils

Bjelinu koju možete vidjeti na sredini njegovih zjenica

are congenital cataracts,

su kongenitalne (urođene) katarakte,

so opacities of the lens.

dakle zamućenje leće.

In our eyes, the lens is clear,

U našim očima leća je čista,

but in this child, the lens has become opaque,

ali u očima ovog djeteta leća je postala neprozirna

and therefore he can't see the world.

i zato ono ne može vidjeti svijet.

So, the child is given treatment. You'll see shots of the eye.

Stoga je djetetu pruženo liječenje. Vidjet ćete slike oka.

Here's the eye with the opaque lens,

Ovdje je oko s neprozirnom lećom,

the opaque lens extracted

izvađena neprozirna leća

and an acrylic lens inserted.

i umetnuta umjetna, akrilna leća.

And here's the same child

A ovdje je isto dijete

three weeks post-operation,

tri tjedna nakon operacije

with the right eye open.

s otvorenim desnim okom.

(Applause)

(pljesak)

Thank you.

Hvala.

So, even from that little clip, you can begin to get the sense

Čak i iz ovog malog isječka počinjete dobivati osjećaj

that recovery is possible,

da je oporavak moguć,

and we have now

a primijenili smo

provided treatment to over 200 children,

tretman na više od 200 djece

and the story repeats itself.

i priča se ponavlja.

After treatment, the child

Nakon liječenja dijete ima

gains significant functionality.

značajnu vidnu funkcionalnost.

In fact, the story holds true

U biti, priča je istinita

even if you have a person who got sight

čak ako imate osobu kojoj se povratio vid

after several years of deprivation.

nakon nekoliko godina od gubitka.

We did a paper a few years ago

Napravili smo članak prije nekoliko godina

about this woman that you see on the right, SRD,

o ženi koju vidite s desna, SRD,

and she got her sight late in life,

vratio joj se vid kasnije u životu

and her vision is remarkable at this age.

i sada je izvanredan za tu dob.

I should add a tragic postscript to this --

Nažalost moram dodati tragični komentar da je

she died two years ago

poginula prije dvije godine

in a bus accident.

u autobusnoj nesreći.

So, hers is just a truly inspiring story --

Njezina priča je istinita i nadahnjuje,

unknown, but inspiring story.

nepoznata, ali nadahnjujuća priča.

So when we started finding these results,

Kada smo počeli dobivati ove rezultate,

as you might imagine, it created quite a bit of stir

kao što možete zamisliti, to je stvorilo prilično veliku pomutnju

in the scientific and the popular press.

u znanstvenom i popularnom tisku.

Here's an article in Nature

Ovo je članak iz Nature-a

that profiled this work,

koji je objavio ovaj rad,

and another one in Time.

i još jedan u Time-u.

So, we were fairly convinced -- we are convinced --

Mi smo bili uvjereni, sada smo uvjereni

that recovery is feasible,

da je oporavak moguć

despite extended visual deprivation.

unatoč opsežnom gubitku vida.

The next obvious question to ask:

Sljedeće očigledno pitanje bilo bi:

What is the process of recovery?

Kakav je proces oporavka?

So, the way we study that is,

Proučavamo to ovako,

let's say we find a child who has light sensitivity.

recimo da nađemo dijete koje pokazuje osjetljivost na svjetlost.

The child is provided treatment,

Djetetu je pružen tretman

and I want to stress that the treatment

i želim naglasiti da je tretman

is completely unconditional;

potpuno bezuvjetan.

there is no quid pro quo.

Nije quid pro quo ("ti meni, ja tebi").

We treat many more children then we actually work with.

Liječimo mnogo više djece od onih s kojima zapravo radimo.

Every child who needs treatment is treated.

Svako dijete koje treba liječenje je liječeno.

After treatment, about every week,

Nakon tretmana, otprilike svaki tjedan,

we run the child

testiramo dijete

on a battery of simple visual tests

jednostavnim vizualnim testovima

in order to see how their visual skills

kako bismo pratili napredovanje

are coming on line.

njegovih vještina.

And we try to do this for as long as possible.

I pokušavamo to raditi što je duže moguće.

This arc of development

Ovaj luk razvoja

gives us unprecedented

daje nam

and extremely valuable information

vrlo vrijedne informacije

about how the scaffolding of vision

o tome kako se uspostavlja

gets set up.

kostur vida.

What might be the causal connections

Što može biti uzročna veza

between the early developing skills

između ranog i

and the later developing ones?

kasnog razvoja vještina?

And we've used this general approach to study

Koristili smo ovaj opći pristup kako bismo proučili

many different visual proficiencies,

mnogo različitih vizualnih prepoznavanja,

but I want to highlight one particular one,

ali želim istaknuti jedan određeni,

and that is image parsing into objects.

a to je sastavljanje slika u objekte.

So, any image of the kind that you see on the left,

Svaka slika koju vidite s lijeva,

be it a real image or a synthetic image,

bila ona prava ili sintetička,

it's made up of little regions

sastavljena je od malih regija

that you see in the middle column,

koje vidite na srednjoj slici,

regions of different colors, different luminances.

regije različitih boja i osvjetljenja.

The brain has this complex task

Mozak ima taj složeni zadatak

of putting together, integrating,

da sastavi zajedno, integrira

subsets of these regions

podjedinice tih regija

into something that's more meaningful,

u nešto što ima značenje,

into what we would consider to be objects,

u nešto što ćemo smatrati objektom,

as you see on the right.

kao što vidite s desna.

And nobody knows how this integration happens,

I nitko ne zna kako se ta integracija odvija.

and that's the question we asked with Project Prakash.

A to je pitanje koje pitamo projektom Prakash.

So, here's what happens

Dakle, evo što se dogodi

very soon after the onset of sight.

ubrzo nakon početka gledanja.

Here's a person who had gained sight just a couple of weeks ago,

Ovdje je osoba kojoj se vratio vid prije par tjedana,

and you see Ethan Myers, a graduate student from MIT,

i vidite Ethana Myersa, diplomiranog studenta MIT-a,

running the experiment with him.

kako izvodi pokus s njom.

His visual-motor coordination is quite poor,

Njegova vizualna motorička koordinacija je siromašna,

but you get a general sense

ali dobijete općeniti osjećaj

of what are the regions that he's trying to trace out.

o regijama koje ona pokušava pratiti.

If you show him real world images,

Ako mu pokažete stvarne slike,

if you show others like him real world images,

ako drugima kao što je on pokažete stvarne slike,

they are unable to recognize most of the objects

oni nisu u mogućnosti prepoznati većinu objekata

because the world to them is over-fragmented;

jer je njima slika previše fragmentirana,

it's made up of a collage, a patchwork,

kao da je napravljena od kolaža, niz zakrpa,

of regions of different colors and luminances.

regija s drukčijim bojama i osvjetljenjem.

And that's what's indicated in the green outlines.

To je ovo što pokazuju zelene linije.

When you ask them,

Ako ih pitate

"Even if you can't name the objects, just point to where the objects are,"

da pokažu gdje su objekti iako ih ne mogu imenovati,

these are the regions that they point to.

ovo su regije koje oni pokazuju.

So the world is this complex

Dakle svijet je veliki kompleks

patchwork of regions.

zakrpa, regija.

Even the shadow on the ball

Čak i sjena lopte postaje

becomes its own object.

vlastiti objekt.

Interestingly enough,

Zanimljivo,

you give them a few months,

date im par mjeseci

and this is what happens.

i ovo se dogodi.

Doctor: How many are these?

Doktor: Koliko je ovo?

Patient: These are two things.

Pacijent: To su dvije stvari.

Doctor: What are their shapes?

Doktor: Koji su njihovi oblici?

Patient: Their shapes ...

Pacijent: Njihovi oblici…

This one is a circle,

Ovo je krug,

and this

a ovo je

is a square.

kvadrat.

PS: A very dramatic transformation has come about.

PS: Pojavit će se vrlo dramatična transformacija.

And the question is:

A pitanje je:

What underlies this transformation?

Na čemu počiva ta transformacija?

It's a profound question,

To je vrlo duboko pitanje,

and what's even more amazing is how simple

a iznenađujuće je to što je odgovor

the answer is.

vrlo jednostavan.

The answer lies in motion

Odgovor leži u pokretu

and that's what I want to show you in the next clip.

i to ću vam prikazati u sljedećem isječku.

Doctor: What shape do you see here?

Doktor: Koji oblik vidite ovdje?

Patient: I can't make it out.

Pacijent: Ne mogu razaznati.

Doctor: Now?

Doktor: Sada?

Patient: Triangle.

Pacijent: Trokut.

Doctor: How many things are these?

Doktor: Koliko je to stvari?

Now, how many things are these?

Sad, koliko je to stvari?

Patient: Two.

Pacijent: Dvije.

Doctor: What are these things?

Doktor: Koje su to stvari?

Patient: A square and a circle.

Pacijent: Kvadrat i krug.

PS: And we see this pattern over and over again.

PS: Ovakav razvoj kod pacijenta vidimo uvijek iznova.

The one thing the visual system needs

Jedna stvar koju vizualni sustav treba

in order to begin parsing the world

kako bi počeo raščlanjivati sliku o svijetu je

is dynamic information.

dinamična informacija.

So the inference we are deriving from this,

Dakle zaključak koji iznosimo iz ovoga,

and several such experiments,

i još nekoliko ovakvih pokusa

is that dynamic information processing,

-- procesiranje dinamične informacije

or motion processing,

ili procesiranje pokreta,

serves as the bedrock for building

služi kao temelj za izgradnju

the rest of the complexity of visual processing;

ostatka kompleksa vizualnog procesiranja.

it leads to visual integration

To vodi do vizualne integracije

and eventually to recognition.

i na kraju do prepoznavanja.

This simple idea has far reaching implications.

Ova jednostavna ideja ima dalekosežnu posljedicu.

And let me just quickly mention two,

Dopustite da na brzinu spomenem dva.

one, drawing from the domain of engineering,

Jedan s područja inženjerstva,

and one from the clinic.

a drugi s područja klinike.

So, from the perspective of engineering,

Dakle, iz perspektive inženjerstva,

we can ask: Goven that we know

možemo pitati, znajući da je

that motion is so important for the human visual system,

pokret vrlo bitan za vizualni sustav čovjeka,

can we use this as a recipe

možemo li uzeti to kao recept

for constructing machine-based vision systems

za izgradnju vizualnog sustava kod strojeva

that can learn on their own, that don't need to be programmed

koji samostalno uče,

by a human programmer?

koje onda ne mora čovjek programirati.

And that's what we're trying to do.

To je ono što pokušavamo napraviti.

I'm at MIT, at MIT you need to apply

Ja sam na MIT-u i ondje morate upotrebljavati

whatever basic knowledge you gain.

svako osnovno znanje koje posjedujete.

So we are creating Dylan,

Stvaramo Dylan,

which is a computational system

računalni sustav

with an ambitious goal

s ambicioznim ciljem

of taking in visual inputs

uzimanja vizualnih signala

of the same kind that a human child would receive,

iste vrste koje bi primilo i ljudsko dijete i

and autonomously discovering:

samostalno bi otkrivalo

What are the objects in this visual input?

objekte u tom vizualnom signala.

So, don't worry about the internals of Dylan.

Stoga, ne brinite o unutrašnjosti Dylan.

Here, I'm just going to talk about

Ovdje ću samo pričati

how we test Dylan.

o tome kako smo Dylan testirali.

The way we test Dylan is by giving it

Dakle testirali smo Dylan na taj način da smo joj davali

inputs, as I said, of the same kind

signale iste vrste

that a baby, or a child in Project Prakash would get.

koje je dobila i beba ili dijete koje je sudjelovalo u projektu Prakash.

But for a long time we couldn't quite figure out:

No dugo vremena nismo mogli dokučiti

Wow can we get these kinds of video inputs?

kako dobiti te vrste video podražaja.

So, I thought,

Pa sam mislio

could we have Darius

da bi Darius

serve as our babycam carrier,

mogao poslužiti u te svrhe

and that way get the inputs that we feed into Dylan?

i na taj način dobiti podražaje koje bi pohranili u Dylan.

So that's what we did.

To smo i napravili.

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

I had to have long conversations with my wife.

Imao sam dugi razgovor sa svojom ženom.

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

In fact, Pam, if you're watching this,

U stvari, Pam, ako gledaš ovo,

please forgive me.

molim te oprosti.

So, we modified the optics of the camera

Modificirali smo optiku kamere kako bismo oponašali

in order to mimic the baby's visual acuity.

vizualnu oštrinu vida djeteta.

As some of you might know,

Kako neki od vas možda znaju,

babyies are born pretty much legally blind.

djeca su rođena gotovo slijepa.

Their acuity -- our acuity is 20/20;

Njihova oštrina – naša oštrina vida je 20/20 –

babies' acuity is like 20/800,

oštrina vida beba je 20/800,

so they are looking at the world

tako da gledaju

in a very, very blurry fashion.

vrlo mutno.

Here's what a baby-cam video looks like.

Ovako izgleda video s baby kamere.

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

(Applause)

(pljesak)

Thankfully, there isn't any audio

Srećom, ne postoji zvučni zapis

to go with this.

koji ide uz to.

What's amazing is that working with such

Fascinantno je da bebe s tako

highly degraded input,

degradiranim signalom

the baby, very quickly, is able

mogu otkriti značenje

to discover meaning in such input.

tog signala.

But then two or three days afterward,

Ali tada, 2 do 3 dana kasnije,

babies begin to pay attention

bebe počinju obraćati pozornost

to their mother's or their father's face.

na lice svojih roditelja.

How does that happen? We want Dylan to be able to do that,

Kako se to događa? Želimo da i Dylan to bude u stanju učiniti.

and using this mantra of motion,

I koristeći tu mantru pokreta

Dylan actually can do that.

Dylan to može učiniti.

So, given that kind of video input,

Premda mu je dana ta vrsta video signala

with just about six or seven minutes worth of video,

sa samo 6 ili 7 minuta dužine video zapisa,

Dylan can begin to extract patterns

Dylan može početi razlučivati uzorke

that include faces.

koji uključuju lica.

So, it's an important demonstration

To je vrlo bitna demonstracija

of the power of motion.

moći pokreta.

The clinical implication, it comes from the domain of autism.

Kliničke posljedice nalazimo u domeni autizma.

Visual integration has been associated with autism

Vizualna integriranost je s autizmom povezalo

by several researchers.

nekoliko istraživača.

When we saw that, we asked:

Kad smo to vidjeli, pitali smo se:

Could the impairment in visual integration

Je li oštećenje vizualnog povezivanja

be the manifestation of something underneath,

manifestacija nečega što je stvarni uzrok

of dynamic information processing deficiencies in autism?

manjkavosti u obradbi dinamičkih informacija kod autizma?

Because, if that hypothesis were to be true,

Jer ako je ta pretpostavka točna,

it would have massive repercussions in our understanding

imalo bi to velike posljedice na naše razumijevanje

of what's causing the many different aspects

o tome što uzrokuje mnoge različite

of the autism phenotype.

aspekte autizma.

What you're going to see are

Ono što ćemo vidjeti su

video clips of two children -- one neurotypical,

video isječci dvoje djece, jedno neurotipično ("normalno") i

one with autism, playing Pong.

jedno s autizmom, kako igraju stolni tenis.

So, while the child is playing Pong, we are tracking where they're looking.

Dok igraju, pratimo kamo gledaju.

In red are the eye movement traces.

Crveno označava tragove kretanja očiju,

This is the neurotypical child, and what you see

to je neurotipično dijete i kao što vidite

is that the child is able to make cues

dijete je sposobno prepoznati

of the dynamic information

dinamičke informacije

to predict where the ball is going to go.

kako bi predvidjelo kamo će lopta ići.

Even before the ball gets to a place,

I prije nego što će doći

the child is already looking there.

dijete već gleda prema tamo.

Contrast this with a child

Usporedite to s djetetom

with autism playing the same game.

s autizmom koje je igralo s njim.

Instead of anticipating,

Umjesto predviđanja

the child always follows where the ball has been.

gdje će lopta biti, dijete je uvijek pratilo gdje je lopta bila.

The efficiency of the use

Učinkovitost korištenja

of dynamic information

dinamičke informacije

seems to be significantly compromised in autism.

značajno je umanjena autizmom.

So we are pursuing this line of work

Stoga nastavljamo slijediti ovu liniju rada

and hopefully we'll have

nadajući se da ćemo

more results to report soon.

imati više rezultata za izvijestiti ubrzo.

Looking ahead, if you think of this disk

Gledajući u budućnost, ako zamislite da ovaj krug

as representing all of the children

predstavlja svu djecu koju smo

we've treated so far,

do sad liječili,

this is the magnitude of the problem.

uvidjet ćete značaj ovog problema.

The red dots are the children we have not treated.

Crvene točke predstavljaju djecu koju nismo liječili.

So, there are many, many more children who need to be treated,

Dakle, postoji još mnogo, mnogo više djece koju je potrebno liječiti,

and in order to expand the scope of the project,

stoga da bismo proširili opseg projekta,

we are planning on launching

planiramo pokrenuti

The Prakash Center for Children,

Prakash Centar za Djecu,

which will have a dedicated pediatric hospital,

koji će sadržavati specijaliziranu dječju bolnicu,

a school for the children we are treating

školu za djecu koja su na liječenju

and also a cutting-edge research facility.

te također napredni istraživački odjel.

The Prakash Center will integrate health care,

Prakash Centar će objedinjavati zdravstvenu skrb,

education and research in a way

obrazovanje i istraživanje na način

that truly creates the whole

koji doista stvara cjelinu bolju

to be greater than the sum of the parts.

od pukog zbroja dijelova.

So, to summarize: Prakash, in its five years of existence,

Dakle, da sumiramo, Prakash je u svojih pet godina postojanja

it's had an impact in multiple areas,

imao utjecaj na mnoga područja,

ranging from basic neuroscience

u rasponu od neuroznanosti: osnovne neurološke

plasticity and learning in the brain,

plastičnosti i proučavanja mozga

to clinically relevant hypotheses like in autism,

do klinički relevantnih hipoteza poput onih o autizmu,

the development of autonomous machine vision systems,

razvoja autonomnih uređaja sistema vida,

education of the undergraduate and graduate students,

edukacije preddiplomskih i diplomskih studenata

and most importantly in the alleviation

i, što je najvažnije, smanjivanje i olakšavanje

of childhood blindness.

dječje sljepoće.

And for my students and I, it's been

I za moje studente i mene,

just a phenomenal experience

to je bilo fenomenalno iskustvo

because we have gotten to do interesting research,

jer smo imali priliku provoditi zanimljiva istraživanja,

while at the same time

istodobno

helping the many children that we have worked with.

pomažući mnogoj djeci s kojima smo radili.

Thank you very much.

Puno vam hvala.

(Applause)

(pljesak)